Chapter 11 Digestion

Principles of Animal Physiology, 2e (Moyes/Schulte)

1)

The American surgeon William Beaumont began his studies of the digestive process by examining
A)

the effect of gastric juices on retrieved tethered sponges and metal tubes.
B)

the comparative anatomy of vertebrate alimentary canals.

C)

samples of gastric juice from the abdominal fistula of a gunshot patient.

D)

stomach contents from fresh cadavers.

Answer:

C
Page Ref: 526

2)

Which scientist is credited with proposing the existence of pepsin in stomach juices?
A)

Spallanzani
B)

Beaumont
C)

Bernard
D)

Schwann
Answer:

1
D
Page Ref: 526

3)

Digestive physiology is concerned with

A)

the sensory system employed to locate food.

B)

the mechanical disruption of food.

C)

the chemical conversion of food molecules into transportable forms.

D)

all of the above

Answer:

D
Page Ref: 528

4)

Which of the following is the standard unit of measurement that describes the energy of dietary items?
A)

joules
B)

moles
C)

B.T.U.
D)

°C
Answer:

2
A
Page Ref: 529

5)

The same caloric equivalent of a gram of protein or carbohydrate is

A)

2 kcal.
B)

4 kcal.
C)

9 kcal.
D)

12 kcal.
Answer:

B
Page Ref: 529

3
 6)

The root cause of beriberi is

A)

vitamin C deficiency.
B)

thiamine deficiency.
C)

niacin deficiency.
D)

vitamin D deficiency.
Answer:

B
Page Ref: 530

7)

Which one of the following vitamins is fat soluble, can be stored, and has the potential to be toxic?
A)

vitamin A
B)

niacin (B3)
C)

riboflavin (B2)
D)

vitamin C
Answer:

A
Page Ref: 530

4
 8)

Which vitamin plays a major role in the absorption of dietary calcium (Ca 2+)?
A)

vitamin A
B)

vitamin C
C)

vitamin D
D)

vitamin E
Answer:

C
Page Ref: 531

9)

Of the 20 amino acids that animals use to construct proteins, how many are essential?
A)

8
B)

10
C)

12
D)

all 20
Answer:

A
Page Ref: 531

5
 10)

Which one of the following enzymes is incorrectly paired with its substrate?
A)

lipase : triglycerides
B)

trypsin : proteins
C)

amylase : polysaccharides
D)

nuclease : oligosaccharides
Answer:

D
Page Ref: 532

6
 11)

In which portion of the generalized digestive system are symbiotic bacterial populations usually housed?
A)

esophagus
B)

crop
C)

ceca
D)

stomach
Answer:

C
Page Ref: 532

12)

The pogonophorans of deep sea vents are unusual in that they lack which of the following?
A)

a gastrointestinal tract
B)

hemoglobin
C)

cytochrome oxidase
D)

all of the above

Answer:

A
Page Ref: 533

7
 13)

Which of the following generally passes through the GI tracts of animals undigested?
A)

glycogen
B)

disaccharides
C)

cellulose
D)

proteins
Answer:

C
Page Ref: 532

14)

Animals have been shown to increase the total number of SGLT-1 transporters in the gut by
A)

producing more transporters per unit surface area of the gut.

B)

increasing the surface area of the gut per unit length.

C)

increasing the total length of the intestine.

D)

all of the above

Answer:

D
Page Ref: 535

8
 15)

Pancreatic proteases include which of the following?

A)

trypsin
B)

chymotrypsin
C)

carboxypeptidase
D)

all of the above

Answer:

D
Page Ref: 535

16)

By which process do the fatty acids and monoglycerides of micelles cross the enterocyte cell membranes?
A)

active transport
B)

diffusion
C)

pinocytosis
D)

phagocytosis
Answer:

B
Page Ref: 536

9
 17)

What is the composition of bile?

A)

cholesterol
B)

phospholipids
C)

pigments and salts

D)

all of the above

Answer:

D
Page Ref: 536

18)

Which type of lipoprotein is synthesized by the enterocytes of the small intestine?

A)

chylomicron
B)

VLDL
C)

LDL
D)

HDL
Answer:

A
Page Ref: 537

10
 19)

The most important phagostimulants of insects are

A)

Sugars.
B)

amino acids.
C)

fatty acids.
D)

both A and B
Answer:

D
Page Ref: 538

20)

What do bovine spongiform encephalitis, Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, kuru, and scrapie have in common?
A)

They are all inherited disorders of genes coding for transporters of the intestinal tract.
B)

Prions are the causative agents of all four of these diseases.

C)

All four have been shown to be largely untreatable autoimmune diseases.

D)

They tend to occur in isolated regions of third-world countries.

Answer:

B
Page Ref: 539

11
 21)

Lacking a mouth and digestive system, in many ways the anatomy of this invertebrate resembles that of a
gut turned inside out.
A)

sponge
B)

Hydra
C)

cestode
D)

sea urchin
Answer:

C
Page Ref: 541

22)

Which animal is incorrectly matched with the anatomical feature associated with feeding?
A)

sponge : choanocytes
B)

Hydra : tentacles
C)

snail : radula
D)

spider : proboscis
Answer:

D
Page Ref: 540-541

12
 23)

The beak of birds is covered by a sheath of overlapping keratin scales called the
A)

rhamphotheca.
B)

rostrum.
C)

osculum.
D)

manubrium.
Answer:

A
Page Ref: 542

24)

The four types of teeth that occur in mammals are the

A)

incisors, molars, precanines, and canines.

B)

incisors, bicuspids, tricuspids, and canines.

C)

incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.

D)

incisors, canines, epimolars, and molars.

Answer:

C
Page Ref: 543

13
 25)

The enamel of the mammalian tooth is composed of crystals of

A)

calcium carbonate.
B)

calcium fluoride.
C)

calcium phosphate.
D)

calcium chloride.
Answer:

C
Page Ref: 543

26)

A two-way gut system (i.e., gastrovascular cavity) is a characteristic of

A)

platyhelminths.
B)

annelids.
C)

arthropods.
D)

molluscs.
Answer:

A
Page Ref: 544

14
 27)

The space between the body wall and the GI tract of vertebrates is known as the
A)

gastric vestibule.
B)

peritoneal cavity.
C)

visceral mass.
D)

abdominal lumen.
Answer:

B
Page Ref: 546

28)

Although derived from three germ layers, the __________ lack coeloms.
A)

cnidarians
B)

platyhelminths
C)

rotifers
D)

nematodes
Answer:

A
Page Ref: 547

15
16
 29)

During development in __________, the blastopore develops into the anus and the mouth is secondarily
derived.
A)

molluscs
B)

annelids
C)

arthropods
D)

echinoderms
Answer:

D
Page Ref: 547

30)

During embryonic development in vertebrates, the foregut gives rise to the

A)

esophagus.
B)

stomach.
C)

anterior region of the duodenum.

D)

all of the above

Answer:

D
Page Ref: 547

17
 31)

The upper GI tract of __________ is more complex than that of other vertebrates due to the presence of a
crop.
A)

sharks
B)

amphibians
C)

reptiles
D)

birds
Answer:

D
Page Ref: 550

32)

What is the function of saliva?

A)

initiation of enzymatic degradation

B)

lubrication and dissolution of ingested food

C)

antimicrobial cleansing of the mouth

D)

all of the above

Answer:

D
Page Ref: 551

18
 33)

The interior lining of the stomach is composed of __________ epithelial cells.

A)

squamous
B)

cuboidal
C)

columnar
D)

transitional
Answer:

C
Page Ref: 551

19
 34)

Of the cells lining the gastric pits of the stomach, which does NOT secrete a substance into the lumen?
A)

mucous neck cells

B)

parietal cells
C)

chief cells
D)

enteroendocrine cells
Answer:

D
Page Ref: 552

35)

Moving from the lumen outward, which of the following describes the correct order of the layers
comprising the intestinal wall?
A)

mucosa, submucosa, circular smooth muscle, longitudinal smooth muscle

B)

circular smooth muscle, longitudinal smooth muscle, mucosa, submucosa

C)

circular smooth muscle, mucosa, submucosa, longitudinal smooth muscle

D)

submucosa, mucosa, circular smooth muscle, longitudinal smooth muscle

Answer:

A
Page Ref: 552

20
 36)

The __________ layer of the intestinal wall is primarily composed of connective tissue.
A)

mucosa
B)

submucosa
C)

circular smooth muscle

D)

longitudinal smooth muscle

Answer:

B
Page Ref: 553

37)

__________ is a hormone secreted by the stomach that stimulates appetite.

A)

Gastrin
B)

Ghrelin
C)

Leptin
D)

Secretin
Answer:

B
Page Ref: 554

21
 38)

__________ is an appetite-suppressing hormone secreted by white adipose tissue.

A)

Gastrin
B)

Ghrelin
C)

Leptin
D)

Secretin
Answer:

C
Page Ref: 555

22
 39)

The mechanism of acid secretion by the parietal cells of the stomach involves the actions of the
A)

enzyme pepsid anhydrase.

B)

K+/H+ ATPase proton pump.

C)

Cl-/H+ exchanger.
D)

all of the above

Answer:

B
Page Ref: 558

40)

Treatments for excessive stomach-acid secretion target the

A)

K+/H+ ATPase proton pump of the parietal cells.

B)

H2 receptors of the parietal cells.

C)

neuroendocrine G cells of the stomach that release gastrin.

D)

both A and B
Answer:

D
Page Ref: 558

23
 41)

What is the role of the myenteric plexus?

A)

regulation of gut motility and enzyme secretion

B)

ion and water transport by the gut

C)

regeneration of the intestinal epithelium and mucus secretion

D)

all of the above

Answer:

A
Page Ref: 560

42)

Which of the following events is most likely to occur when blood glucose levels are high and the pancreas
responds by secreting insulin?
A)

glycogen breakdown in the liver is stimulated

B)

adipose tissue uptake of glucose and its conversion to triglycerides is stimulated

C)

down regulation of the GLUT-4 transporter in skeletal muscle

D)

all of the above

Answer:

B
Page Ref: 563

24
 43)

__________ are most important as part of a metabolic stress response.

A)

Glucocorticoids
B)

Insulin and glucagon

C)

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

D)

Acetylcholine and nitric oxide

Answer:

A
Page Ref: 563

25
 44)

Glucocorticoids serve which of the following functions?

A)

induction of gluconeogenesis
B)

reduction of glucose uptake by peripheral tissues

C)

mobilization of triglycerides in the form of fatty acids

D)

all of the above

Answer:

D
Page Ref: 563

45)

The function of adipokinetic hormone in insects is the

A)

mobilization of energy stores of the fat body.

B)

stimulation of the corpora cardiacum to release ecdysteroids.

C)

conversion of flight muscle proteins into the blood sugar trehalose.

D)

all of the above

Answer:

A
Page Ref: 563

26
 46)

During long-term starvation,

A)

glycogen stores become depleted.

B)

skeletal muscle experiences protein degradation.

C)

fatty acids and amino acids are converted into ketone bodies.
D)

all of the above

Answer:

D
Page Ref: 564

47)

What accounts for the differences in metabolic rates of animals?

A)

body size
B)

activity level
C)

temperature
D)

all of the above

Answer:

D
Page Ref: 564

27
 48)

During dormancy, black bears are able to regenerate amino acids from ammonia, presumably by
A)

using the activity of GI bacteria.

B)

converting urea directly into glycine via the action of the enzyme urease.
C)

modification of the Krebs cycle and its intermediates.

D)

all of the above

Answer:

A
Page Ref: 565

49)

Adipose tissue acts as an endocrine tissue, playing roles related to

A)

inflammation.
B)

blood clotting and blood pressure.

C)

dietary status.
D)

all of the above

Answer:

D
Page Ref: 567

28
 50)

The main metabolic effects of obesity include all but which one of the following?
A)

high blood pressure

B)

insulin resistance
C)

low blood glucose levels

D)

low HDL
Answer:

C
Page Ref: 567

51)

Claude Bernard and many of his contemporaries believed that each tissue produced the same digestive
agent, but that its behavior differed as a result of variation in acidity.
Answer:

TRUE
Page Ref: 527

52)

Arthur Kornberg has described the 1920s to 1930s of metabolic biochemistry and nutrition research as
being dominated by the "vitamin hunters."
Answer:

TRUE
Page Ref: 527

53)

Assimilation is a sequential process involving both the acquisition and absorption of nutrients.
Answer:

29
TRUE
Page Ref: 528

54)

Nonessential nutrients are the sundry chemicals that the body has consumed in excess.
Answer:

FALSE
Page Ref: 529

55)

In general, plant tissues provide a better source of dietary amino acids than do animal tissues.
Answer:

FALSE
Page Ref: 531

56)

Several animals possess genes for cellulase, thereby having the ability to digest cellulose.
Answer:

FALSE
Page Ref: 532

57)

Despite differences in the juvenile stages among mammals, upon reaching maturity, the jaws of all adults
possess four types of teeth.
Answer:

FALSE
Page Ref: 543

58)

The peritoneal cavity is an example of a vertebrate coelom.

Answer:

TRUE
Page Ref: 546

30
 59)

A pseudocoelom may be described as a persistent gap that originated between the embryonic endoderm
and mesoderm.
Answer:

TRUE
Page Ref: 547

60)

Carnivores tend to have longer guts than herbivores because the food is more difficult to digest.
Answer:

FALSE
Page Ref: 548

61)

The intestine of ruminants is composed of four chambers.

Answer:

FALSE
Page Ref: 550

62)

The Paneth cells located within the crypt of Lieberk hn secrete antimicrobial molecules into the lumen of
the intestine.
Answer:

TRUE
Page Ref: 552-554

63)

Bicarbonate secretions from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder neutralize the acidity of stomach
contents upon entry into the small intestine.
Answer:

TRUE
Page Ref: 559

31
 64)

Nectar-feeding birds tend to have fast gut-passage rates to promote the rapid clearance of the GI tract in
preparation for the next meal.
Answer:

FALSE
Page Ref: 559

65)

The interstitial cells of Cajal spontaneously depolarize to initiate peristalsis of the GI tract.
Answer:

TRUE
Page Ref: 560

66)

Epinephrine stimulates smooth muscle contraction of the small intestine by increasing Ca2+ levels.
Answer:

FALSE
Page Ref: 560

67)

Once a python feeds, its atrophied GI tract is rebuilt just ahead of the bolus.
Answer:

TRUE
Page Ref: 565

68)

During dormancy, black bears are able to use ammonia to resynthesize amino acids required for
biosynthesis.
Answer:

TRUE
Page Ref: 565

69)

32
In obese individuals, the adipocytes become hypotrophied.
Answer:

FALSE
Page Ref: 567

70)

One of the major consequences of obesity is the disruption of normal insulin signaling.
Answer:

TRUE
Page Ref: 567

71)

The gross energy of food materials can be quantified experimentally using the technique known as
__________.
Answer:

calorimetry
Page Ref: 529

72)

The heat generated in the body of an endotherm from its ingested food is known as the __________.
Answer:

specific dynamic action

Page Ref: 529

73)

Protein digestion takes place in the __________ and the __________.

Answer:

stomach; small intestine

Page Ref: 535

74)

In the small intestine, the __________ and __________ found in bile act in concert to organize lipids into
small droplets called micelles.
Answer:

33
phospholipids; salts
Page Ref: 536

75)

__________ are lipid complexes synthesized by the cells of the small intestine and released into circulation
by way of the lymph.
Answer:

Chylomicrons
Page Ref: 537

76)

The middle layer of the mammalian tooth is a living tissue known as the __________.
Answer:

dentin
Page Ref: 543

77)

The early embryonic gut of vertebrates is derived from the __________.

Answer:

endoderm
Page Ref: 547

78)

The functional length of the straight gut of a shark is increased by an internal membranous network
known as the __________.
Answer:

spiral valve
Page Ref: 548

79)

The surface area of enterocytes is increased by the presence of microscopic protrusions called __________.
Answer:

microvilli
Page Ref: 549

34
 80)

In one-way digestive tracts, muscular valves called __________ control the passage of food from one
compartment to the next.
Answer:

sphincters
Page Ref: 550

81)

Bile is produced by the __________ and stored in the __________.

Answer:

liver; gallbladder
Page Ref: 553

82)

Pancreatic proteases are produced in an inactive form called __________.

Answer:

proenzymes
Page Ref: 553

83)

Peptide YY, leptin, and ghrelin, the appetite-controlling hormones, exert their effects on the region of the
brain called the __________.
Answer:

hypothalamus
Page Ref: 555

84)

The secretion of pepsinogen by the chief cells of the gastric pits is induced by the hormone __________.
Answer:

gastrin
Page Ref: 559

85)
__________ is the slow wave of contraction that progresses down the GI tract to push food along its

35
length.
Answer:

Peristalsis
Page Ref: 560

86)

__________ is the hormone antagonist of insulin.

Answer:

Glucagon
Page Ref: 563

87)

When blood glucose levels are high, the __________ cells of the pancreas respond by secreting insulin.
Answer:

beta
Page Ref: 563

88)

In the insects, the product of the corpora cardiacum called __________ triggers the mobilization of
triglycerides stored in the fat body.
Answer:

adipokinetic hormone (AdK)

Page Ref: 563

89)

Nervous tissue relies almost exclusively on __________ as fuel.

Answer:

glucose
Page Ref: 564

90)

Insulin insensitivity causes the liver to __________ (increase or decrease) lipid storage.
Answer:

36
increase
Page Ref: 567

91)

Describe the various forms of energy that are NOT available from the food an animal ingests.
Answer:

The total or gross energy of ingested food consists of two components: digestible energy and indigestible
energy, the latter of which takes the form of feces. Of the digestible energy, some is unmetabolizable,
leaving the body as urine. The remaining metabolizable energy is usable net energy and specific dynamic
action (or body heat).
Page Ref: 529

37
 92)

Describe the processes by which animals can produce de novo a variety of fatty acids that differ in chain
length and desaturation.
Answer:

Using the enzyme fatty acid synthase, acetyl CoA can be converted in palmitate and subsequently
lengthened into other fatty acids via elongases. Double bonds are introduced via desaturases.
Page Ref: 531

93)

Describe the process of the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates.

Answer:

Starch and glycogen are converted into oligosaccharides and disaccharides by the actions of salivary and
pancreatic amylases. Specific disaccharidases in the duodenum convert disaccharides into
monosaccharides that are then absorbed by the intestinal epithelium.
Page Ref: 534

94)

What is the mechanism by which the glucose transporter SGLT-1 increases the ability of the small
intestine to absorb glucose?
Answer:

The SGLT-1 transporter serves as a glucose sensor that triggers a signaling pathway leading to the rapid
synthesis of another glucose transporter, GLUT-2, and its intracellular transport to the microvilli.
Page Ref: 535

95)

Describe the processing of vegetation through the stomach of a ruminant.

Answer:

Vegetation enters the first pair of compartments, the rumen and reticulum, where fermentative bacteria
digest the cellulose. The partially processed food is regurgitated, chewed, and then passed through the
esophagus to the second set of stomachs, the omasum and abomasum. The abomasum secretes digestive
enzymes to serve as the glandular stomach.
Page Ref: 550

96)
Explain how the molecular structure of bile salts permits them to function as emulsifiers.

38
 Answer:

Bile salts are amphipathic molecules with a polar region that interacts with water and a nonpolar region
that binds to fats. By coating the surface, the fat droplets are stabilized in the aqueous solution of the
intestine.
Page Ref: 553

97)

Describe the events of the trypsinogen cascade.

Answer:

The three pancreatic proteases are secreted as inactive proenzymes to protect the secreting cells from
proteolytic degradation. Upon entering the lumen of the duodenum, trypsinogen is cleaved into active
trypsin by a membrane-bound enterokinase. Trypsin then converts chymotrypsinogen and
procarboxypeptidase into chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase, respectively, via enzymatic cleavage.
Page Ref: 553

39
 98)

Describe the roles of leptin, ghrelin, and peptide YY in regulating appetite.

Answer:

Ghrelin is an appetite-stimulating hormone that is released by gastric cells when the stomach is empty. In
contrast, peptide YY is released by enteroendocrine cells to inhibit hunger when the colon is full. Both
have short-term effects, whereas leptin, secreted by white adipose tissue, serves as a long-term
suppressor of appetite based on the body's fat stores.
Page Ref: 555

99)

Describe the series of events triggered by the entry of acidic stomach contents into the duodenum.
Answer:

The sudden change in acidity triggers the duodenal release of secretin and vasoactive peptide (VIP) into
the bloodstream to induce the pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate. Cholecystokinin (CCK), released into
the bloodstream by other intestinal cells in response to lumenal amino acid and fatty acid levels, acts on
the pancreas to stimulate digestive enzyme secretion and on the gallbladder to trigger the release of bile
via smooth muscle contractions.
Page Ref: 559

100)

What is the role played by adipokinetic hormone in the regulation of insect flight?
Answer:

During energy-demanding activities such as flight, adipokinetic hormone (AdK) is released by the
corpora cardiacum and stimulates the mobilization of insect fat body lipid and glycogen stores. The
resultant mobilized products (i.e., DAG, fatty acids, and trehalose) provide energy to the flight muscles.
Page Ref: 563

40