STUDIES ON CONCRETE REPLACED WITH WASTE TYRE

RUBBER AS FINE AGGREGATE

REPORT ON PROJECT WORK (PHASE I)
Submitted by

UMAMAHESWARI.B 16CE158
VISHVAA.E 16CE161
AADITHAN.P 16CE201
VISWANATHAN.E 16CE217

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree

of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
of
PONDICHERRY UNVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PONDICHERRY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Autonomous Institution of Govt. Of UT of Puducherry)

PUDUCHERRY- 605 014

OCTOBER-2019
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled STUDIES ON CONCRETE

REPLACED WITH WASTE TYRE RUBBER AS FINE AGGREGATE is a bonafide
record of project work carried by

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELOR
OF TECHNOLOGY in CIVIL ENGINEERING of Pondicherry Engineering College.
The Contents of this project work, has not been submitted for any other degree of
this University.

(Dr. A. MUTHADHI) (Dr.R.SARAVANANE)

GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

PEC, Pondicherry

Date:

Submitted for the University Exam held on____________________________________

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Apart from the efforts made by us, the success of our project depends
largely on the encouragement and guidelines of many others. We take this
opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have been
instrumental in the successful completion of this project.

First and foremost we would like to express our profound gratitude

to our guide and mentor, Dr.A.MUTHADHI, Associate Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College,
Puducherry for her immeasurable and perpetual help and guidance
rendered to our project. We have been benefited enormously from her
support and guidance, who genuinely shown our mistakes and corrected us
in each and every step. Our entire study has been completed under her
constant boost.

Its great pleasure to express our deepest sense of gratitude

to Dr.R.SARAVANANE, Professor& Head of the Department of Civil
Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry for extending
all the facilities in the department.

We also thank Dr.S.KOTHANDARAMAN, Principal,

Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry for providing us an
opportunity to carry out this project.

We owe a great thanks to our dear parents for their continuous love
unending support and constant encouragement and above almighty for the
successful completion of our project. We also thank all the faculty members,
lab assistants and instructors for their help.

Last but not least our sincere thanks and appreciations also go to our
friends in developing the project and people who have helped us with their
abilities.
 ABSTRACT
Concrete is one of the most extensively used construction material all over the
world. Many researchers are in quest for developing alternate construction material
that are environment friendly and contribute towards sustainable development.
Huge amount of rubber tyres waste is being generated day by day which creates the
disposal problem and has many environmental issues. As these rubber wastes is an
elastic material having less specific gravity and energy absorbent material, they can
be used as a partial replacement material for obtaining light weight concrete. In this
project work, fine aggregate has to be partially replaced by rubber aggregates in
proportion from 0% to 60% by volume in concrete. Workability in terms of slump
test has to be determined. Density, compressive strength, impact strength, flexural
strength, water absorption has to be determined at various ages.

Keywords: Rubber aggregates, compressive strength, impact strength, flexural

strength, water absorption.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Need of study 2
1.3 Tyre rubber 2
1.4 Objective 4
1.5 Scope 4

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 General 5
2.2 Effect of rubber tyre in concrete 5
2.2.1 Workability 5
2.2.2 Water absorption 6
2.2.3 Compressive strength 6
2.2.4 Flexural strength 8
2.2.5 Impact strength 9
2.3 Summary of literature

CHAPTER 3 MATERIAL PROPERTIES

3.1 General 11
3.1.1 Cement 12
3.1.2 Fine aggregate 13
3.1.3 Rubber aggregate 15
3.1.4 Coarse aggregate 17
3.2 Mix proportioning
3.2.1 Mix design 19
3.2.2 Casting and specimen preparation 20
3.3 Testing procedure
3.3.1 Compressive strength test 21
3.3.2 Flexural strength test 21
3.3.3 Water absorption test 22
3.3.4 Impact strength test 22
 LIST OF TABLES
Table no Title Page no
3.1 Physical properties of OPC 43 grade cement 10
3.2 Physical properties of M sand 11
3.3 Sieve analysis of M sand 12
3.4 Physical properties of rubber aggregate 14
3.5 Sieve analysis of rubber analysis 14
3.6 Physical properties of coarse aggregate 16
3.7 Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate 17
3.8 Trial mix proportion of M30 grade of cement 19
3.9 Specimen details 20

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no. Title page no

3.1 Gradation curve of M sand 13
3.2 Gradation curve of rubber aggregate 15
3.3 Gradation curve of coarse aggregate 16

NOTATIONS
1. OPC Ordinary Portland cement
2. w/c Water cement ratio
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Concrete is the most widely used man-made construction material in the world. It is
obtained by mixing cementitious materials, aggregate, water and sometimes
admixtures in required proportions. Sustainable development and producing a
greener concrete material in the construction industry is required. Nowadays, for a
number of reasons, the concrete construction industry is not sustainable.

Mainly, it requires to find an alternative for aggregates which can again require for
next generations. The continuous usage of natural sand leads to the depletion of
river beds which results in ecological imbalance. A lot of damage has been caused to
ecosystem by carrying out dredging operations on sand beds leading to depletions
of ground water level lowers stream bottom threat to nearby structures such as
bridges due to under mining effects which may go up to its depth of excavation,
bank erosion, and also leads to destruction of aquatic life. Waste tyre rubbers are
either dumped, reclaimed and incineration. Hence if these wastes tyre rubbers are
used as aggregates instead of natural aggregates, it would not only be economical,
but also help to create a sustainable and pollution free environment.

1
1.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY

1. The rubber fine aggregate reduces the self weight of concrete.

2. Replacement of rubber aggregate increases the impact strength of the

concrete.

3. Waste tyre rubbers can be used effectively in concrete, instead of dumping

them in bare lands.

4. To introduce as an alternative for fine aggregate inorder to overcome the

scarcity of river sand.

1.3 WASTE TYRE RUBBER

Every year nearly one billion waste rubber tyres are produced. India's contribute to
about 6% to 7% of the global waste rubber tyres. Due to the increase in tyre
production by 12% per annum, proportionately waste rubber tires volume is also
increasing. Rubbers are majorly disposed as landfills and sometimes burnt, which
creates environmental pollution and impacts. India is second largest producer of
reclaimed rubber after china. In 2018, India produced 90000 metric tonnes of
reclaimed rubber from waste rubbers. Research work on utilization of waste tyre
rubber in concrete makes it eco-friendly and hence reduces the pollution of
environment due to waste tyre rubber.

1.4 OBJECTIVE

To study the mechanical properties of concrete partially replaced with waste tyre
rubber as fine aggregate.

2
1.5 SCOPE

• Waste tyre rubber has to be used as fine aggregate.

• Fine rubber aggregate is collected from Excel tyre re-treading company,

Vanur taluk, Villupuram district.

• Fine aggregate has to be partially replaced with waste tyre rubber from 0% to
60% by volume.

• M30 grade of concrete has to be proportioned.

• To find optimum proportions of waste tyre rubber by conducting

Compressive strength, Flexural strength, Impact strength and Water

absorption at various ages.

3
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 GENERAL

In this chapter, the work carried out by various investigators on the use of waste
tyre aggregate as partial replacement of fine aggregate.

2.2 EFFECT OF WASTE TYRE RUBBER IN CONCRETE /MORTAR

2.2.1 Workability

Albano et al. (2005) partially replaced natural sand in concrete mixtures with
recycled rubber from automobile tyre at levels of 0%, 5% and 10%, by weight, with
particle sizes of 0.29 mm and 0.59 mm. The workability decreased with increasing
rubber sand content. The reduction in the slump value was 87.5% and 93.75% with
the inclusion of 5% and 10% rubber sand with a particle size of 0.29 mm or 0.59 mm,
respectively. They also reported that no segregation was observed in rubberized
mixtures.

Youssf et al. (2014) partially replaced natural sand in concrete mixtures with crumb
rubber (size 2.36 and 1.18 mm) at levels of 0% 5%, 10% and 20%, by volume. Fixed
w/c ratio and fixed dosage of super plasticiser (SP) were used. Results showed that
the inclusion of 5% rubber sand exhibited similar workability to the control mixture.

4
For the remaining replacement levels, the workability decreased with increasing
rubber sand content.

2.2.2 Water absorption

Kunal Bisht (2017), Waste crumb rubber is used in PPC based concrete as a
replacement of fine aggregates at optimum (4–5.5%) percentages. Concrete of mean
target strength 31.6 N/mm2 was designed with W/C ratio 0.40. Crumb rubber with
a size of 0.600 mm having specific gravity 1.05. it has been observed that water
absorption increases with increase in the percentage of crumb rubber in concrete.
The water absorption of crumb rubber concrete after 28-day of curing for 5.5%
replacement is 3.21%, however for control concrete substitution, water absorption is
1.91%.

Gupta et al.(2014) ,Water absorption of rubber ash concrete for each selected w/c
ratio (0.35 or 0.45 or 0.55). It is observed that the percentage of water absorption of
rubber ash concrete increases with the increase of percentage of rubber ash for 0.35,
0.45 and 0.55 w/c ratio. Water absorption of rubber ash concrete (28 day) is 1.26 for
20% replacement level at 0.45 w/c ratio whereas for the same w/c ratio, the water
absorption is 1.08 for 0% replacement level. This increase in water absorption was
due to improper compaction of rubberized concrete owing to the lower density of
rubber.

2.2.3 Compressive strength

Gerges et al. (2018) specimens of standard cylinders of 150 mm by 300 mm were

utilized to determine the compressive strength of the rubber concrete. Four concrete
mix designs of M30, M35, M40, M50 with W/C ratios of 0.55, 0.50, 0.45, 0.40
respectively, were used to understand the behaviour of rubber concrete at rubber
content 0%, 5%, 10%,15% and 20% of natural fine aggregate. The reduction in the

5
compressive strength is consistent and almost at a constant ratio with the increase in
the percent of powdered rubber. The reduction in strength is an average of 30, 35, 50,
and 63% against a powdered rubber replacement of fine aggregates at 5, 10, 15, and
20%, respectively.

Yang et al. (2019) The crumb rubber particles of size 0.85 mm and the volume
fractions of sand replaced by rubbers particles were 0%, 10%, 30% and 50% (named
as NC, RC10, RC30, and RC50, respectively). With mix PO 42.5 casting of 11 slabs of
size 2000 mm* 2000 mm* 100 mm were made , with the 8 mm diameter plain steel
reinforcement in both compression and tension zones with spacing 200 mm in which
2 consisted of 3 normal concrete slabs (NC) as a control group, 2 rubber concrete
slabs with 10% replacement of fine aggregate (RC10), 4 rubber concrete slabs with
30% replacement of fine aggregate (RC30), and 2 rubber concrete slabs with 50%
replacement of fine aggregate (RC50). The compressive strength of normal concrete
is 34.91Mpa whereas for RC10 is 32.58Mpa, RsC30 is 27.93Mpa, and RC50 is 24.63.
From the above results, it is concluded that the compression strength decreases with
increase in rubber content.

Bisht (2017), Waste crumb rubber is used in PPC based concrete as a replacement of
fine aggregates at optimum 4–5.5% by weight basis. Concrete of mean target
strength 31.6 N/mm2 was designed with W/C ratio 0.40. Crumb rubber with a size
of 0.600 mm having specific gravity 1.05. It has been observed that concrete strength
decreases with increase in the percentage of crumb rubber. The incorporation of 4%
and 5.5% crumb rubber in concrete as an alternative to fine aggregates results in a
decrease of compressive strength by 3.79% and 17.8% respectively as compared to
control mix samples. The decrease in strength is generally due to the lack of
adhesion between the smooth rubber particles and cement paste. Cracks will
develop quickly around the rubber particles at the time of loading which results in

6
rapid rupture of concrete. Decrease in compressive strength occurs also due to
generation of voids which might have developed due to fine nature of crumb
rubber. It is clear from that as the percentage of crumb rubber in concrete mix
increases, percentage of voids also increases.

Gupta et al. (2014), Compressive strength of rubber ash at 28 days for 0.35, 0.45 and
0.55 w/c ratios. It is observed that the compressive strength of rubber ash is
decreased with the increasing percentage of rubber ash for the w/c of 0.35 and 0.45
whereas for w/c ratio 0.55, compressive strength is increased marginally. At w/c
ratio 0.55, rubber particles produce efficient packing due to higher workability of
this mix. Therefore increase in the strength of mix is observed due to homogeneous
and improved packing. 90 days compressive strength of rubber ash concrete for
various w/c ratios has been also observed in this study. It can be seen that
compressive strength for w/c ratios 0.35 and 0.45 at 90 days reduces as in the case of
28 days strength of rubber ash concrete. However, minor increase in compressive
strength was observed for 0.55 w/c ratio as in the case of 28 days strength.

2.2.4 Flexural strength

Bisht (2017), Waste crumb rubber is used in PPC based concrete as a replacement of
fine aggregates at optimum (4–5.5%) percentages. Concrete of mean target strength
31.6 N/mm2 was designed with W/C ratio 0.40.The third point loading
arrangement was used to evaluate flexural strength on UTM using three 100mm x
100mm x 500 mm specimen of each concrete mix after 28-day of curing. It has been
observed that flexural strength of crumb rubber concrete decreases, as the
percentage of crumb rubber in the concrete increases. The results shows that with
incorporation of 4% and 5.5% crumb rubber, strength decreases by 2.9% and 16.5%
respectively, which is due to the shape of crumb rubber utilized in this study was

7
highly irregular which does not allow bonding between cement paste and crumb
rubber.

Gupta et al. (2014), 28 Days flexural strength of waste rubber ash concrete for w/c
ratio 0.35, 0.45 and 0.55 is decreased with the increase in percentage of rubber ash.
The reduction in flexural strength is dependent on the shape of the rubber particles.
In the case of rubber ash, fine particles were used as partial replacement of fine
aggregates. Poor interlocking is thus resulted and reduction in flexural strength is
observed. The variation of flexural strength of modified concrete (10% rubber ash
and varied percentage of rubber fibers) at 28 days for w/c ratio 0.35, 0.45 and 0.55. It
is observed that the flexural strength of this modified concrete increases with the
increase of percentage of rubber fibers. In this study, rubber fibers of aspect ratio 8–
10 have been used. The increase in flexural strength is owing to fibers which provide
a better bridge between propagated cracks.

2.2.4 Impact strength

Hameed et al. (2016) investigated the concrete experimentally by replacing 15% by

volume fraction of fine aggregate by crumb rubber to find the impact resistance. The
cement used was OPC 53 Grade .river sand passing through 4.75 mm of specific
gravity 2.62 was used as fine aggregate and crushed aggregate with maximum size
of 12.5 mm with specific gravity of 2.81 was used as coarse aggregate. Bulk density
and specific gravity of fine rubber is 0.498 and 0.894 kg/m3. It was clear from the
result that the percentage increase in the impact resistance was high for low grade
concrete but adding the rubber to the concrete produced significant increase in the
number of blows. The impact resistance of crumb rubber concrete was enhanced by
50% when compared to ordinary concrete. This is due to the energy absorption
capacity of the crumb rubber.

8
Gesoglu et al. (2014) partially replaced natural aggregate in concretes with crumb
rubber (size either 4mm or 2mm) at levels of 0%, 10%, 20%,by total aggregate
volume. Results showed an increase in the fracture energy with the inclusion of
rubber aggregate (size 4mm). The fracture energy increased by 1.38 and 1.33 times
greater with the inclusion of 10% and 20% rubber aggregate, respectively. On the
other hand, the inclusion of 10% and 20% rubber aggregate with a size of 2mm
decreased fracture energy by 26.2% and 18.5% respectively.

Al-Tayeb et al. (2013) reported that the inclusion of crumb rubber (size 1mm) in
concretes at levels of 5%, 10% and 20%, by volume, as natural sand replacement
improved the impact load behavior. They also reported an increase in the fracture
energy of concrete with the inclusion of rubber sand. The enhancement in the
fracture energy was 34.61%, 38.46%, 46.15% with the inclusion of 5%, 10% and 20%
rubber sand respectively.

9
2.3 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE

1. The workability and amount of admixtures required depends on the

replacement of rubber content in concrete. If the rubber used is more
finer than fine aggregate, then ultimately to meet the required slump
more quantity of admixtures is required.

2. Addition of crumb rubber in concrete influences the hardened density of

the concrete mix, with inclusion of 5.5% crumb rubber, density of
concrete decreases by 10% as compared to control mix.

3. Compressive strength of concrete decreases with increase in rubber

content and shows more than 50% reduction in strength for 20%
replacement when compared to conventional concrete.

4. Increase in rubber content reduces the flexural strength of the concrete,

due to its irregular shape of particles.

5. Inclusion of rubber aggregate up to 50% increases the impact strength of

concrete, further increase in the rubber content leads to the reduction in
the impact strength.

10
 CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS PROPERTIES AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 GENERAL

Experimental investigations were carried out to study the behaviour of concrete as

various partial replacements of fine aggregate by rubber. This chapter includes the
plan of experiments, material properties, concrete mix proportioning, specimen
castings and their details of testing.

3.1.1 Cement

Ordinary Portland cement of 43 grade of confirming to IS: 8112-2013 is used in this

project work. The physical properties of the cement used in this work were tested in
accordance with IS 4031-1988 and the test values are given in the Table 3.1

Specific gravity 3.15

Standard consistency % 29

Initial setting time(min) 145

Final setting time(min) 210

Compressive strength (N/mm2) 3 days 25.8

7 days 36.87

11
3.1.2 Fine Aggregate

M sand passing 4.75 mm sieve is used as fine aggregate. Properties of aggregates

were evaluated as per IS 2386-1963, and is tabulated in Table 3.2 & 3.3. The

gradation curve of fine aggregate is given in Fig 3.1

Table 3.2 Physical properties of M sand

TEST ON FINE AGGREGATE (M-SAND) RESULT

Bulk density (kg/m3 ) 1691.03

Specific gravity 2.66

Water absorption (%) 1.98

Fineness modulus 8.743

Grading zone Zone II

12
 Table 3.3 Sieve analysis of M sand

S.No Sieve size Weight Weight Cumulative % passing

(mm) retained retained Percentage
(kg) (%) retained
(%)
1 4.75 0 0 0 0

2 2.36 0.066 6.6 6.6 93.4

3 1.18 0.257 25.7 32.3 67.7

4 0.6 0.217 21.7 54 46

5 0.3 0.323 32.3 86.3 13.7

6 0.15 0.090 9 95.3 4.7

Cumulative percentage retained ∑C= 274.3%

Fineness modulus= 2.74

13
As per IS 383-2016, the grading zone of rubber aggregate is Zone II

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF M SAND

100

90

80

70

60
%FINER

50

40

30

20

10

0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100

SIEVE SIZE (mm)

Fig 3.1 Gradation curve of M sand

3.1.3 Rubber

Rubber passing 4.75mm is used as fine aggregate replacement material. The rubber

used in this investigation is obtained from retreading company at Vanur taluk,

shown in Fig 3.2. Properties of aggregates were evaluated as per IS 2386-1963 and is

tabulated in Table 3.4, 3.5. The gradation curve of fine aggregate is given in Fig 3.3.

14
Table 3.4 Physical properties of rubber aggregate

TEST ON RUBBER RESULT

AGGREGATE

Specific gravity 0.647

Water absorption 18%

Bulk density (kg/m3) 412.8

Fineness modulus 3.17

Grading zone Zone I

15
 Table 3.5 Sieve analysis of rubber aggregate

S .No Sieve size Weight Weight Cumulative % passing

(mm) retained retained Percentage
(kg) (%) retained
(%)
1 4.75 0.0034 0.68 0.68 99.32

2 2.36 0.0226 4.56 5.24 94.76

3 1.18 0.156 31.2 36.44 63.56

4 0.6 0.201 40.2 76.64 23.36

5 0.3 0.106 21.2 97.84 2.16

6 0.15 0.0105 2.1 99.944 0.06

16
Fig 3.2 Gradation curve of rubber aggregate

17
3.1.4 Coarse aggregate

Crushed stone aggregates of 20mm size to 4.75mm size aggregates have to be used

as coarse aggregate. Properties of aggregates were evaluated as per IS 2386-1963 and

is tabulated in Table 3.6 and 3.7. The gradation curve of fine aggregate is given in Fig

3.4

Table 3.6 Physical properties of coarse aggregate

TEST ON COARSE RESULTS

AGGREGATE

3
Bulk density (kg/m ) 1504.6

Specific gravity 2.67

Water absorption (%) 0.5

Fineness modulus 8.7

18
 Table 3.7 Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate

S. No Sieve size Weight Weight Cumulative

(mm) retained retained Percentage % passing
(kg) (%) retained
(%)

1 20 0.910 18.2 18.2 81.8

2 16 2.092 41.84 60.04 39.96

3 12.5 1.698 33.96 94 6

4 10 0.249 4.98 98.98 1.02

5 4.75 0.003 0.06 99.04 0.96

19
Fig 3.3 Gradation curve of coarse aggregate

20
3.2 MIX PROPORTIONING

3.2.1 Mix Proportioning

The process of selecting relative proportions of cement, fine aggregate, coarse

aggregate, water, so as to obtain the desired strength and consistency is known
as mix proportioning of concrete.

To get the desired properties of the plastic and hardened state of concrete, the
necessary of the ingredients such as cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate,
water, were evaluated and given in the previous sections. In this study, the mix
proportion of M30 grade of concrete has been arrived for various cement
contents. The various trial mixes that were obtained are given in Table 3.8.

Table 3.8 Mix proportion of M30 grade of concrete

MATERIALS TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2

w/c ratio 0.45 0.45

Cement (kg/m3) 380 400

Water content (kg/m3) 171 180

Fine aggregate (kg/m3) 693 679

Coarse aggregate(kg/m3) 1188 1164

21
3.2.2 Casting and Specimen preparation

The moulds used for casting of specimens should be checked, cleaned and

applied with oil. Cubes of standard size 100 x 100 x 100 mm conforming to IS

10086:1982 have to be casted for evaluating the compressive strength. Prism if

size 100 x 100 x 500 mm have to be casted for evaluating the flexural tensile

strength. For the freshly mixed concrete, mixed with hand, the slump values

have to be determined and the concrete should be filled in the mould and

vibrated in the vibrating table. The vibrated concrete moulds have to be levelled

to have even surface and then should be de-moulded after 24 hours as

prescribed in IS 56. Then the specimens have to be put in water tub and cured

till the respective dates. The specimen details are mentioned in Table 3.9

Table 3.9 Specimen Details

Description Compression Water Flexural Impact

strength test absorption strength test
test test
Rubber sand replacement 7 7 7 7
(0%,10%,15%,20%,30%,40%,50%,60%)
Ages 3 3 1 1
( 7 Days, 28 Days, 60 Days)

Number of specimens 4 1 3 3
Dimensions 10cm x 10cm× 50cm x 10cm
10cmx10cm 10cm×10cm 15cm x ×6.35cm
15cm

Total number of specimens 63 21 21 21

22
3.3 TESTING PROCEDURE

Tests which were carried out to study the concrete properties with partial
replacements of rubber sand are listed below and are explained in subsequent
sections.

1) Compressive strength test

2) Flexural strength test

3) Water absorption test

4) Impact test

3.3.1 Compressive Strength Test

The samples were prepared for 100mm cube which were compacted and then
cured properly up to 60 days. The compressive strength test on concrete was
performed on Standard Compression Testing Machine as shown in Fig 3.5 of
2000KN capacity as per IS:516-1959. Totally 120 number of cubical specimen of
size 100mm were casted and tested for the compressive strength at the ages of 7
days, 28 days and 60 days. Each of compressive strength test data corresponds
to the average value of the compressive strength of three cubes tests.

3.3.2 Flexural Strength Test

The flexural strength test on concrete specimens incorporated with rubber sand
was performed by providing with two steel rollers of 38mm in diameter, on
which the specimen is to be supported, and these rollers shall be mounted that
the distance from centre to centre is 40cm for 10cm specimens. The load shall be
applied through two similar rolled mounted at third points of the supporting
span, that is spaced at 13.3cm centre to centre.

23
3.3.3 Water absorption test

The required number of concrete are cast in mould, cubes are demoulded after
air drying for 24 hours and are placed in curing tank. After 7 and 28 days curing,
the cube specimens are taken out of the curing and kept in an oven at 105 0 C for
24 hours. The dry specimens are cooled to room temperature and weighed
accurately and noted as dry weight. Dry specimens are to be immersed in a tub
containing water. Weights at 1 hour interval are to be taken after wiping the
surface with dry cloth. This process is continued up to constant weight are to be
obtained in two successive observation and the percentage of water absorption
is evaluated.

WATER ABSORPTION = SATURATED WEIGHT – DRY WEIGHT x 100

DRY WEIGHT

3.3.4 Impact test

Casting of concrete cylinders was conducted. The impact resistance of the

specimen was determined by using the drop weight method of the impact test.
The size of the specimen recommended is 150mm in diameter and 63.5mm in
thickness and the weight of hammer developed is 4.54 kg with a drop height of
457mm.In the curing process, the cylinders moulds were covered with plastic
sheets to prevent the evaporation of water. The next day, the concrete cylinders
were removed from the mould and placed in a water tank at a controlled
temperature for 28 days. The concrete samples are plated on the bottom of the
mechanism with a thin layer of petroleum jelly or a heavy grease and placed on
the base plate. The positioning bracket is then bolted in a place and the

24
hardened steel ball is placed on the top of the specimen within the bracket. The
drop hammer is placed with its base upon the steel ball and held there to keep it
from bouncing off during the test. The drop hammer is dropped repeatedly and
the number blows required to cause the first visible crack and to cause ultimate
failure are both recorded. This number offers a qualitative estimate of the energy
absorbed by the specimen. Impact energy (IE) is calculated using

IE =N m g h

Where N= No of blows

m=mass of the drop hammer (kg)

h= height of drop hammer (m)

g= gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/sec2)

25
 Annexure I

MIX DESIGN OF M30 GRADE OF CONCRETE

Data: cement content = 400 kg/m3

Specific gravity of coarse aggregate =2.67

Specific gravity of fine aggregate =2.65

Target strength:

fck= fck’ + 1.65 s

From table 2, s=5

fck =30+8.25 =38.25 N/mm2

Water content:

Assumed w/c =0.45

Cement content =400 kg/m3

Water content =400×0.45 =180 kg/m3

Volume of coarse and fine aggregate:

Volume of coarse aggregate =0.62+0.01 =0.63 m3

Volume of fine aggregate = 1-0.63 = 0.37 m3

Mix calculations:

a) Total volume = 1m3

b) Volume of cement = (400/3.15)×(1/1000) =0.127 m3

c) Volume of water =(180/1)(1/1000) =0.180 m3

26
d) Volume of all in aggregate = (1-(b+c))

= (1-(0.127+0.180)) =0.692

e) Mass of coarse aggregate = 0.692 ×0.63×2.67 ×1000 =1164 kg/m3

f) Mass of fine aggregate = 0.692×0.37 ×2.65×1000 =679 kg/m3

Cement content 400

W/c 0.45

Water content 180

Fine aggregate content 679

Coarse aggregate content 1164

27
 Reference:

• Trilok Gupta, Sandeep Chaudhary, Ravi K. Sharma, Assessment of

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