GRADE X BIOLOGY EXACT LOCATION AND FUNCTION

SR NO. STRUCTURE EXACT LOCATION FUNCTION

1 Cell membrane Outermost in animal Regulates the entry of certain solutes

cells. Lies next to cell and ions.
wall in plant cells.
2. Cell wall Surrounding plasma Allows substances in solution to
membrane/ cell enter and leave the cell without
membrane in plant hindrance and gives rigidity and
cells. shape to the plant cell.
3. Centrosome Region surrounding the Region surrounding the centrioles
centrioles located near located near the nucleus in an animal
the nucleus in an animal cell.
cell.
4. Chloroplast 1.In the cytoplasm of
plant cells. Trap solar energy for photosynthesis.
2.located mainly
contained in the
mesophyll cells located
between the upper
epidermis and the lower
epidermis(i.e in palisade
cells and spongy cells)
of leaves.
3. Found in the guard
cells of stomata and in
the outer layers of
young green stems.

5. Chromatin In the nucleoplasm in Carry hereditary information or genes

fibres interphase stage of
nucleus.

6 Genes located on Encode particular protein which

chromosomes. express in form of some particular
feature/character or traits of the body
of an organism

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 Clear spaces in 1.Gives turgidity to plant cells by
7 Vacuoles cytoplasm with water or pressing against the cell wall.
other substances in 2. storage of water and other
solution substances, food, pigments and waste
products.
Stomata In epidermal layer on both Diffusion of gases carbon dioxide for
8 surfaces of leaves, green photosynthesis and oxygen for
surfaces of stem of
cellular respiration.
herbaceous plants.

9 Lenticels On the surfaces of old Diffusion of gases carbon dioxide for

woody stem. photosynthesis and oxygen for
cellular respiration.

10 Hydathodes On the margins of Guttation or Exudation

leaves at the tip of vein
endings
11 Thylakoids In the grana of Site of light reaction of
chloroplast photosynthesis
12 Stroma Matrix of chloroplast Site of biosynthetic phase of
photosynthesis

13 Heart Located in the centre Pumps oxygenated blood through

between the two lungs aorta to all parts of body and pumps
and above the deoxygenated blood through
diaphragm pulmonary artery to lungs for
oxygenation
14 Pacemaker Located at the base of Initiates and regulates heart beat
superior vena cava in
the walls of right
atrium.
15 Tricuspid valve At the aperture Maintains unidirectional flow of
between the right deoxygenated blood from the right
atrium and the right atrium to right ventricle.
ventricle
16 Bicuspid or At the aperture Maintain unidirectional flow of
Mitral valve between the left atrium oxygenated blood from the left
and the left atrium to the left ventricle.
ventricle
17 Pulmonary At the opening of the Maintains unidirectional flow of
Semilunar right ventricle into the deoxygenated blood from the right
valves pulmonary artery ventricle into the pulmonary artery.

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 Aortic Maintains unidirectional Prevents backflow of oxygenated
18 Semilunar flow of deoxygenated blood from the aorta into the left
valves blood from the right ventricle.
ventricle into the
pulmonary artery.
19 Pocket shaped In the lumen of veins Maintains unidirectional flow of blood
valves towards the heart
20 Tonsils Sides of the neck. Localize infections and prevent it from
spreading to the body as a whole.
21 Spleen In the abdomen, Acts as a blood reservoir, produces
behind the stomach lymphocytes, destroys worn out red
above the left kidney. blood cells, in an embryo it produces
RBCs.

22 Pancreas Located in the secrets hormones Insulin and

abdomen behind the glucagon which regulates glucose
stomach in loop of concentration in blood.
duodenum Secretes pancreatic juices for
digestion.
23 Kidneys One on either side of Primary excretory organs for removal
the backbone and of mainly nitrogenous waste products
protected by the last such as urea, uric acid etc. and also
two ribs maintains osmoregulation.
24 Ureter Arising from the Hilum Transports urine from the pelvis
in the median surface region of kidney to the urinary
of each kidney and bladder.
connects behind the
urinary bladder in the
lower part of the
abdomen
25 Renal Pelvis Expanded portion of the Receives urine from the collecting
ureter in each kidney ducts
26 Urinary Muscular sac in the Stores urine temporarily till it is
Bladder pelvis just above and expelled.
behind the pubic bone
27 Bowman’s In the renal cortex Receives the ultrafiltrate.
capsule
28 Glomerulus Lodged in the Performs ultrafiltration.
Bowman’s capsule

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29 Proximal In the renal cortex. Reabsorbs2/3rd of water and much of
Convoluted glucose
tubule
30 Distal In the renal cortex. Reabsorption of remaining chlorides
Convoluted and some water. Walls secreting
tubule potassium ions and foreign chemicals
such as Penicillin and other drugs into
forming urine
31 Loop of Henle In the renal medulla Some absorption of water and
sodium ions
32 Central cortex Outer portion of the Enables us to think and reason out,
cerebrum invent, plan and memorize.

33 Cerebellum Just at the base of the 1.Helps in maintaining body balance,

brain and under the posture and equilibrium along with
cerebrum the internal ear.
2. Coordinates the working of
voluntary muscles
34 Corpus Between the two Transfers nerve impulses from one
Callosum cerebral hemispheres cerebral hemispheres to the other.
internally
35 Medulla Lowest portion of the Controls involuntary activities of
Oblongata brain at the base of the internal organs like peristalsis of the
skull alimentary canal, movement of
breathing, beating of the heart etc.
36 Pons varolli Centre of the brain Breathing along with the Medulla
below the cerebellum oblongata
37 Thalamus In the Diencephalon Relays pain and pressure impulses
from the various parts of the body to
the cerebrum
38 Hypothalamus Below the thalamus in Controls body temperature, anger,
the Diencephalon hunger, thirst and the pituitary
gland.
39 Midbrain Small tubular part of the Reflexes involving eyes and ears
brain
40 ANS Pair of chains of Controls involuntary actions of the
nerves and ganglia on internal organs
either sides
of the backbone
41 Sympathetic Nerves arise from the Prepares the body for violent actions
nervous spinal cord between against abnormal conditions
system the neck and the waist
region

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42 Para Anteriorly in the head Concerned with re-establishing
sympathetic c and the neck and the normal conditions after the violent
Nervous other posterior in the act is over.
system sacral region
43 CSF Between the meninges, Acts like a cushion and protects the
ventricles of the brain, brain and spinal cord for injuries by
central canal of the absorbing mechanical shocks
spinal cord.
44 Spinal cord Extends from the MO Concerned with reflexes below the
down almost the neck, conducts sensory impulses
whole length of the from the skin and muscles to the
backbone to the end brain, conducts motor responses
of the second lumbar from the brain to the muscles of the
vertebrae and lies trunk and limbs
within the neural canal
of the vertebrae
45 Lacrimal Upper sideward portion Secrete tears that have bactericidal
glands of the orbit lysozymes to kill germs, lubricate the
eyes, and keep the front face of the
eye clean by washing away dust
particles.
46 Yellow spot At the back of the eye Region of acute, brightest and color
almost at the center on vision.
the horizontal axis of
the eyeball.
47 Blind spot Lateral to the yellow Point of no vision and origin of optic
spot on the nasal side nerve.
of the retina.
48 Aqueous Front chamber between Filled with aqueous humor that keeps
chamber the lens and the cornea the lens moist and protects it from
physical shock, refracts light.
49 Vitreous Larger cavity behind The vitreous humor helps to maintain
chamber the eye lens and the shape of the eyeball and protects
retina in the eye. the retina and the nerve endings.
50 Ear ossicles In the middle ear cavity Their lever like movement transmits
wherein the handle of and amplifies sound vibrations from
the Malleus is attached the tympanum to the oval window.
to the inner surface of
the ear drum, and the
flat part of the stapes
to the oval window and
the Incus is found in
between the two.

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51 Eustachian Connecting the middle Equalizes air pressure on either side
tube ear cavity with the of the Tympanum allowing it to
pharynx vibrate freely.
52 Organ of Corti In the median cochlear Converts sound vibrations to nerve
canal impulses, helps in differentiating
between sounds of various pitches.
53 Adrenal Glands Fitting like caps above Secretions of Glucocorticoids,
the kidneys Mineralocorticoids by the Adrenal
Cortex and Adrenaline and Non-
adrenaline by the Medulla.
55 Pancreas In the abdomen behind Islets of Langerhans that secrete
stomach the stomach in Glucagon, Insulin, Somatostatin.
the duodenal loop of
small intestine.
56 Thyroid Bilobed, butterfly like Secretes Thyroxine and Calcitonin
structure saddled onto
the trachea, just below
the larynx in front of
the neck.
57 Pituitary Small projection Secretes Gonadotropins, other tropic
hanging from the base hormones, Oxytocin, ADH.
of the midbrain below
the hypothalamus.
58 Testes In thin walled Spermatogenesis.
cutaneous pouches
called scrotal sacs extra-
abdominally
59 Leydig’s or Packaging tissues Secrete androgens of which the main
interstitial cells between the coils of the one is Testosterone.
Seminiferous tubules.
60 Epididymis Fitting like a cap on the Stores sperms for some days till they
upper pole of the testis mature and motile
61 Vas Deferens Arising from each Transports sperms from the
Testis, travelling epididymis region of Testis to the
upward through the urethra.
inguinal canal, looping
over the ureters of
their side, coming
together and joining
the urethra at the back
of the urinary bladder.

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62 Seminal Between the posterior Produces a secretion that serves as a
vesicles surface of the urinary medium for transportation of the
bladder and the rectum sperms and activates them.
63 Prostate gland Surrounding the urethra Pours an alkaline secretion into the
close to its origin from semen as it passes through the
the urinary bladder urethra and this neutralizes the acid
in the female vagina.
64 Bulbo- Open into the urethra Its secretion lubricates the tipof the
urethral or just before it enters the penis during coitus.
Cowper’s penis
gland
65 Penis In front of the scrotum Serves for passing out of semen and
urine.
66 Ovaries In women that are Oogenesis.
located in the pelvis,
one on each side of the
uterus.
67 Oviducts One on either side of Site of fertilization
the uterus opening near
the ovary
68 Uterus In the pelvic cavity Site of implantation of the blastocyst
between the Urinary and growth of the fetus.
Bladder and the rectum
69 Placenta Disc-like structure Allows diffusion of Oxygen, nutrients,
attached to the uterine from mother to the fetus, eliminates
wall. carbon dioxide, urea and other
wastes from fetus to the mother,
acts as an endocrine gland and
secretes estrogens and progesterone.
70 Amnion Sac around the embryo Has the amniotic fluid that protects
even before the the embryo from physical damage by
formation of the jerks or mechanical shocks, keeps
allantois even pressure all around the embryo,
allows the fetus, some restricted
movement, prevents sticking of the
fetus to the amnion.