Indefinite Integration

Let F(x) be a differentiable function of x such that d/dx[F(x)] = f(x). Then F(x) is called the integral of f(x).
Symbolically, it is written as ∫ f(x) dx = F(x).
f(x), the function to be integrated, is called the integrand.
F(x) is also called the anti-derivative (or primitive function) of f(x).
As the differential coefficient of a constant is zero, we have
d/dx (F(x)) = f(x) ⇒ d/dx [F(x) + c] = f(x).
Therefore, ∫ f(x) dx = F(x) + c. This constant c is called the constant of integration and can take any real value.
Basic Formulae
Some of the important integrals of some frequently used functions are listed below:
( ax + b )
n +1

(i) ∫ ( ax + b )n dx = + c, n ≠ −1
a ( n + 1)
dx 1
(ii) ∫ ax + b = a ln ( ax + b ) + c
1 ax +b
(iii) ∫ eax +b dx = e +c
a
1
(iv) ∫ sin ( ax + b ) dx = − cos ( ax + b ) + c
a
(v) ∫ cos ( ax + b ) dx = 1 sin ( ax + b ) + c
a
1
(vi) ∫ tan ( ax + b ) dx = ln sec ( ax + b ) + c
a
(vii) ∫ cot ( ax + b ) dx = 1 ln sin ( ax + b ) + c
a
1
(viii) ∫ tan ( ax + b ) dx = ln sec ( ax + b ) + c
a
1
(ix) ∫ cot ( ax + b ) dx = ln sin ( ax + b ) + c
a
1
(x) ∫ sec 2 ( ax + b ) dx = tan ( ax + b ) + c
a
1
(xi) ∫ cos ec ( ax + b ) dx = − cot ( ax + b ) + c
2

a
1
(xii) ∫ sec ( ax + b ) tan ( ax + b ) dx = sec ( ax + b ) + c
a
1
(xiii) ∫ cos ec ( ax + b ) cot ( ax + b ) dx = − co sec ( ax + b ) + c
a
π x
(xiv) ∫ sec xdx = ln ( sec x + tan x ) + c or ln tan  +  + c
4 2  
x
(xv) ∫ co sec x dx = ln ( co sec x − cot x ) + c or ln tan + c or ln ( cos ecx − cot x ) + c
2
dx x
(xvi) ∫ = sin−1 + c
a2 − x 2 a
dx 1 x
(xvii) ∫a = tan−1 + c
+ x2 a
2
a
dx 1 x
(xviii) ∫ = sec −1 + c
x x −a
2 2 a a
dx
(xix) ∫ = ln  x + x 2 + a2 
x + a2 2  
dx
(xx) ∫ = ln  x + x 2 − a2 
x 2 − a2  
 dx 1 a + x 
(xxi) ∫a = ln
− x 2 2a  a − x 
2
+ c,

(xxii) ∫ 2 dx 2 = 1 ln  x − a  + c
x −a 2a x +a
x a2 −1 x
(xxiii) ∫ a2 − x 2 dx =
2
a2 − x 2 +
2
sin
a
+c

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
While solving integrals by the substitution method, some integrals can be computed using the direct substitutions
while some need indirect substitutions. There are certain types of functions in which some standard substitutions
are to be applied. Hence, in the substitution method, there are three major types of substitutions:
Direct Substitution
If the integral is of the form ∫ f(g(x)) g'(x) dx, then put g(x) = t, provided ∫ f(t) exists.
∫ f '( x) / f ( x)dx = ln f ( x) + c
The given integral is ∫ f'(x)/f(x) dx
Put f(x) = t ⇒ f'(x) dx = dt
⇒ ∫ dt/t = ln |t| + c = ln |f (x)| + c.
∫ f '( x) / f ( x )dx = 2 f ( x) + c
The given integral is ∫ f'(x)/√f(x) dx
Put f (x) = t
Then the given integral becomes
= ∫ dt/√t = 2 √t + c = 2 √f(x) + c.
Standard Substitutions
In certain standard integrands, some standard substitutions prove helpful:
• For terms of the form (x2 + a2) or √(x2 + a2), put x = a tan θ or a cot θ
• For terms of the form (x2 - a2) or √(x2 – a2), put x = a sec θ or a cosec θ
• For terms of the form (a2 - x2) or √(x2 + a2), put x = a sin θ or a cos θ
• If both √(a+x), √(a–x) are present, then put x = a cos 2θ
• For terms of the type 2x/( - ), 2x/( + ), ( - )/( + ),the substitution x = a tan θ
proves useful
• For the type √(x–a)(b–x), put x = a cos2θ + b sin2θ
Indirect Substitutions
If the integrand f(x) can be written as the product of two functions of the form f(x)g(x), where g(x) is a function of
the integral of f(x), then put integral of f(x) = t.

If ∫ f(x) dx = g(x), then ∫ f(ax + b) dx = 1/a g(ax + b)

∫ f’(x)/ f(x) dx = log {f(x)} + c

∫ f’(x)/√f(x) dx = 2√f(x) + c

∫ [f(x)]n f’(x) dx = [f(x)]n+1/(n+1) + C, n ≠ 1

Remark:
Sometimes it is useful to write the integral as a sum of two related integrals which can be evaluated by making
suitable substitutions.
Examples of such integrals are:
Algebraic Twins
2x2 x2 + 1 x2 − 1
∫ x4 + 1 ∫ x4 + 1 ∫ x 4 + 1dx
dx = dx +

2 x2 + 1 x2 −1
∫ x4 + 1 ∫ x4 + 1 ∫ x4 + 1dx
dx = dx −
Integration by Parts:
If u and v be two functions of x, then the integral of product of these two functions is given
 du 
∫ ∫
by: u.vdx = u vdx −  ∫  dx ∫ vdx  dx
Note: In applying the above rule care has to be taken in the selection of the first function (u) and
the second function (v) depending on which function can be integrated easily. Normally we use the following
methods for making this choice:
If both of the functions are directly integrable then the first function is chosen in such a way that the derivative of
the function thus obtained under integral sign is easily integrable. Usually we use the following preference order
for the first function.
(Inverse, Logarithmic, Algebraic, Trigonometric, Exponent)
This rule is called as ILATE which states that the inverse function should be assumed as the first function while
performing integration. Hence, the functions are to be assumed in the order from left to right depending on the
type of functions involved.
Integration by Partial Fractions:
If P(x) and Q(x) are two polynomials, then P(x)/Q(x) is called a rational function. It may further be classified as a
proper rational function or an improper rational function.
If deg P(x) < deg Q(x), then it is called a proper rational function.
If deg P(x) ≥ deg Q(x), then it is called an improper rational function.
If P(x)/Q(x) is an improper rational function then we divide P(x) by Q(x) so as to express the rational function
P(x)/Q(x) in the form a(x) + b(x)/Q(x), where a(x) and b(x) are polynomials such that degree of b(x) is less than that
of Q(x).
In order to write P(x)/Q(x) in partial fractions, first of all we write
Q(x) = (x – a)k ... ( + α + β)r ... where binomials are different, and then set

where A1, A2, ..., Ak, M1, M2, ......, Mr, N1, N2, ...... ,Nr are real constants to be determined. These are determined by
reducing both sides of the above identity to integral form and equating the coefficients of equal powers of x,
which gives a system of linear equations in the coefficient. (This method is called the method of comparison of
coefficients). The constants can also be obtained by substituting suitably chosen numerical values of x in both
sides of the identity.
Trigonometric Integrals
Integrals of the form ∫ R ( sinx, cosx) dx:
Here R is a rational function of sin x and cos x. This can be translated into integrals of a rational function by the
substitution: tan(x/2) = t. This is the so called universal substitution. In this case
sin x = 2t/(1+t2) ; cos x = (1-t2)/(1+t2), x = 2 tan-1 t; dx = 2 dt/(1 + t2)
Sometimes, instead of the substitution tan x/2 = t, it is more advantageous to make the substitution cot x/2 = t
Universal substitution often leads to very cumbersome calculations.
Indicated below are those cases where the aim can be achieved with the aid of simpler substitutions.
(a) If R (-sin x, cos x) = -R(sin x, cos x), substitute cos x = t
(b) If R (sin x, -cos x) = -R(sin x, cos x), substitute sin x = t
(c) If R (-sin x, - cos x) = R(sin x, cos x), substitute tan x = t
Integrals of the Type
dx dx
(i) ∫ 2
ax + bx + c ∫ ax 2 + bx + c ∫
, , ax 2 + bx + c dx

Express ax2 + bx + c in the form of perfect square and then apply the standard results .
px + q px + q
(ii) ∫ 2 dx, ∫ dx
ax + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c
 Express px+q =A (differential coefficient of denominator)+B
(iii) ∫ e x f ( x ) + f ' ( x )] dx = e x . f ( x ) + c

dx dx dx
(iv) ∫ or ∫ or ∫ , convert sinx, cosx into respective tangent of half the
a + b sin x a + b cos x a + b sin x + cos x
x
angles, put tan = t .
2
a cos x + b sin x + c
(v) ∫ dx
lcos x + m sin x + n
d
Express Nr ≡ A(Dr) + B (Dr ) + c proceed
dx
x2 + 1 x2 − 1
(vi) ∫ 4 dx or ∫ 4 dx where K is any constant. Divide numerator and denominator by x 2
x + Kx + 1
2
x + Kx 2 + 1
and proceed.

ASSIGNMENTS
1
 1 − 2 cos θ + cos 2 θ 7
1. The value of ∫   dθ is equal to
 (1 + cos θ ) 
9
 
11 11
7 θ 7 7 θ 7
(a)  tan  + C (b)  cos  + C
11  2 11  2
11 11
7  θ 7 17  θ  7
(c )  sin  + C (d )  cot  + C
11  2 11  2
1
dx
2. If ∫ n −1
= - ( f(x) ) n +C then f(x) is
x 2 ( x n + 1) n
n -n n -n n -n
(a) 1+x (b) 1+x (c) x +x (d) x –x
cos 7x − cos8x
3. Evaluate : ∫
1 + 2 cos 5x
dx
1 1 1 1
(A) sin 2 x − sin 3 x + c (B) cos 2 x − sin 4 x + c
2 3 2 3
1 1
(C) sin 2 x + sin 4 x + c (D )none of these
2 3
 2 2x 
6x sin
(x − sin x) 
3/ 2
2 
4. Evaluate : ∫  + 3x  dx
x  x − sin x 
 
3 3
(A) 2 ( x2 − x sin x ) 2 + c (B) 3 ( x2 + x sin x ) 2 + c
1 1
(C) (x 2
− x sin x ) + c
2 (D) 2 ( x − x sin x ) + c
2 2

(1 + log x)2
5. Evaluate : ∫ 1 + log x x +1
+ (log x x )2
dx

(A) log 1 + x log x + c (B) log x − log x + c

(C) log 1 − x log x + c (D) log x + log x + c
 1
6. Evaluate : ∫ (1 + x ) x − x2
dx

 x 1   x 1 
(A)  − +c (B) 2  − +c
 1+ x 1 − x   1− x 1 − x 
 1+ x 1   1+ x 1 
(C) 2 
 1− x −  + c (D) 
 1− x −  + c
 1 − x   1 + x 
n −1
x (1 + nx − x 2n )
7. Evaluate : ∫ e dx
(1 − x n ) 1 − x 2n
e2x 1 − x n e x 1 + x 2n
(A) +c (B) +c
1− xn 1+ xn
e x 1 − x 2n ex 1 + x n
(C) +c (D) +c
1− xn 1− xn
cos ec 2 x − 2005
8. Evaluate : ∫ dx
cos 2005 x
cos x − cos ecx
(A) +c (B) +c
(cot x)2005 (cos x)2006
cot x − cot x
(C) +c (D) +c
(cos ecx)2005 (cos x)2005
x4 +1
9. Evaluate : ∫ x 6 + 1 dx
−1  x + 1  1 −1 3 −1  x −1  2 −1 2
(A) tan   − tan x + c (B) tan   + tan x + c
 x  3  x  3
−1  x + 1  2 −1 4 −1  x − 1  2 −1 3
(C) tan   − tan x + c (D) tan   − tan x + c
 x  5  x  3
a + b sin x
10. Evaluate : ∫ dx
(b + a sin x) 2
− cos x cos x
(A) +c (B) +c
b + a sin x b − a sin x
− sin x cos x
(C) +c (D) +c
a + b sin x a + b sin x
x2
11. Evaluate : ∫ dx
(x sin x + cos x) 2
− x sec x x cos x
(A) + tan x + c (B) + sec x + c
x sin x + cos x sin x + x cos x
sin x − x tan x
(C) + sin x + c (D) + tan x + c
x sin x + cos x sin x + cos x
3 + 2 cos x
12. ∫ (2 + 3 cos x ) 2
dx is equal to

sin x 2 cos x
(A) +c (B) +c
(3 cos x + 2) (3 sin x + 2)
 2 cos x   2 sin x 
(C)   +c (D)  +c
 3 cos x + 2   3 sin x + 2 
 1
∫ f ( x ) cos xdx = 2 f ( x ) + c, then f(x) can be
2
13. If

(A) x (B) 1
(C) cos x (D) sin x
cot x
14. If ∫ sin x cos x dx = A cot x + B, then A =

(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) -1 (D) – 2
( x 3 + x + 1)
15. The value of ∫ e x dx is
(1 + x 2 ) 3 / 2
xe x x 2e x
(A) +C (B) +C
(1 + x 2 )1/ 2 (1 + x 2 )1/ 2
ex
(C) +C (D) none of these
(1 + x 2 )1/ 2
cos 2x
16. ∫ cos x
dx is equal to

(A) 2sinx + log|(secx − tanx)| + c (B) 2sinx – log |(secx – tanx)| + c

(C) 2sinx + log |(secx + tanx)| + c (D) 2sinx – log|(secx + tanx)| + c
cos3 xdx
17. The value of ∫ sin2 x + sin x
is equal to

(A) log sin x – sin x + c (B) log |sin x| – sin x + c

(C) log |sin x| + c (D) none of these
tan x
18. ∫ cos x
dx is equal to

2 2
(A) +c (B) +c
sin x cos x
2 2
(C) +c (D) +c
tan x (sin x )3 / 2
dx
19. ∫x x4 − 1
is equal to

1
(A) sec
–1 2
x +c (B) sec −1 x 2 + c
2
–1 2 –1 2
(C) tan x +c (D) cosec x +c

dx
20. ∫ sec 2
x + tan2 x
is equal to

(A) 2 tan −1( 2 tan x ) + x + c (B) 2 tan −1( 2 tan x ) − x + c

(C) 2 tan −1( 2 tan x ) + c (D) none of these

x 2 + sin2 x
21. ∫ 1 + x2
sec 2 xdx is equal to
–1
(A) tan x +c (B) tan x – tan x +c
–1
(C) tan x + tan x +c (D) none of these
bx cos 4 x − a sin 4 x a sin 4 x
22. If ∫ x 2
dx =
x
+ c, then a and b may be

(A) a = 2, b = 2 (B) a = 1, b = 4
1
(C) a = –1, b = 4 (D) a = ,b=2
4
 dx 1 − x3 − 1
23. If ∫x 1 − x3
= a log
1 − x3 + 1
+ c, then

1 2
(A) a = (B) a =
2 3
1 2
(C) a = (D) a = –
3 3
∫ e ( 4x + 8x + 3) dx equals
x 2
24.
2 x 2 x
(A) (2x + 1) e + k (B) (x + 1) e + k
x
(C) (4x + 2) e + k ((D) none of these

{f ( x ) ⋅ φ′( x ) − f ′( x ) ⋅ φ( x )}
25. ∫ f ( x ) ⋅ φ( x )
⋅ {log φ( x ) − log f ( x )}dx is equal to
2
φ( x ) 1  φ( x ) 
(A) log +k (B) log  +k
f(x) 2 f (x) 
φ( x ) φ( x )
(C) log +k (D) none of the
f(x) f(x)
2
 ln x − 1 
26. ∫ 
 (ln x ) + 1
2
 dx is

x ln x
(A) 2 (B)
x +1 (ln x )2 + 1
x
(C) (D) none of these
(ln x )2 + 1

(x + (cos −1
3 x )2 ) dx = A
27. ∫ 1 − 9x 2
1 − 9 x 2 + B (cos–1 3x)3 then A, B

(A) –1/9, –1/9 (B) –1/9, 1/9

(C) 2/9, 1/9 (D) none of these

(10x 9
+ 10 x loge 10 )
28. ∫ x10 + 10 x
dx is
(A) 10x + x10 + c (B) 10x – x10 + c
x 10 x 10
(C) log10 (10 + x ) + c (D) loge(10 + x ) + c

29. If ∫ x log (1 + 1/ x)dx = P( x) ln ( 1+ 1/x ) + 1/2 x – 1/2 ln (1 + x)

e
2
+ c then
(A) p(x) =x / 2 (B) p(x) = –1
(C) p (x) = 1 D) none of these

(( x 9
)
− 1 dx x2 + 1
30. ∫  x 2 + 1
= K log tan −1
x
then K is
( x 4 + 3 x 2 + 1) tan −1 

 x 
(A) 2 (B) 1
(C) 3 (D) 5
2x
31. The antiderivative of w.r.t x is
1 − 4x
–1 x –1 x
(A) log2 e . sin (2 ) + k (B) sin (2 ) + k
–1 x
(C) cos (2 ) . log2 e + k (D) none of these
32. The antiderivative of a periodic function is a
(A) periodic function always
(B) non periodic function always
(C) some times periodic and sometimes non periodic
(D) none of these
dx
33. The value of ∫ (1 + x ) x − x2
is

 x + 1 1 + x 
(A) 2   +c (B) 2   +c
 x − 1 1 − x 
 x − 1
(C) 2   +c (D) none of these
 x + 1
sin x
34. The value of ∫ cos3 / 2 x
dx is

(A) sin x + c (B) cos x + c

(C) sec x + c (D) cos ecx + c
2
xx + 2
35. The value of ∫e  x + 4  dx is.
 
ex x ex
(A) +c (B) +c
x+4 x+4
ex ex x2
(C) +c (D) +c
( x + 4 )2 x+4
x−a
36. The value of ∫ b−x
dx is

 sin 2θ   sin 2θ 
(A) (a + b)  + θ + c (B) (a – b)  + θ + c
 2   2 
 sin 2θ   sin 2θ 
(C) (a – b)  + θ + c (D) (a – b)  + θ + c
 2   2 
∫ sec 2θ d θ is equal to
3
37.
1
(A) sec θ tan θ + ln sec θ + tan θ + c
2
1
(B) sec 2θ tan 2θ + ln sec 2θ + tan 2θ + c
4
1
(C) sec 2θ tan 2θ + ln 4 sec 2θ + tan 2θ + c
4
(D) none of these
x3
38. The value of ∫ 1 + x8
dx is

1 –1 4 1 –1 4
(A) tan x + c (B) tan x + c
4 2
1 –1 2
(C) cot x + c (D) none of these
4
dx
39. ∫ 2x − x 2
is equal to

–1 –1
(A) sin (1 - x) + c (B) – cos (1 – x) + c
-1 -1
(C) sin (x – 1) + c (D) cos (x – 1) + c
 K +7
 x2 − x − 1   x 2 + 1
40. ∫ 

 x
+ 1




 x 2  dx is equal to

K +7 K +8
 x 2 − 1  1
  x − 
 x 
(A)
  +c (B)
 x
+c
k+7 k+8
K +8
 1
(C)  x −  (K + 8) + c (D) none of these
 x

Indefinite Integration

Answer key for assignments:

1. C 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.A

6. B 7.C 8.D 9.D 10.A

11. A 12.A 13.D 14.D 15.A

16. D 17.B 18.B 19.B 20.B

21. B 22.B 23.C 24.A 25.B

26. C 27.A 28.D 29.A 30.B

31. A 32.C 33.C 34.C 35.A

36. B 37.C 38.A 39.C 40.B

 Definite Integration
b
(i) ∫a f ( x ) dx = F (b ) − F ( a )
Where ∫ f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + c
∫ f ( x ) dx = 0 ⇒ then the equation f(x) =0
b
Note If has atleast one root lying in (a,b) provided f is a
a

continuous function in (a,b)

∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( t ) dt provided f is same
b b
(ii)
a a

∫ f ( x ) dx = −∫ f ( x ) dx
b a
(iii)
a b

∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx,
b c b
(iv)
a a c

Where c may lie inside or outside the interval [a,b]. This property to be used when f is piecewise
continuous in (a,b)

∫ f ( x ) dx = 0, if f ( x )
a
(v) is an odd function ie, f(x) = -f(-x)
−a

= 2 ∫ f ( x ) dx, if f ( x ) is an even function ie,

b

f(x) = f(-x)

∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a + b − x ) dx
b b
(vi)
a b

∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a − x ) dx
a a
In particular
0 0

∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( 2a − x ) dx
2a a a

0 0 0

= 2 ∫ f ( x ) dx if f(2a-x)= f(x), and

a

= 0, If f(2a-x) = -f(x)

∫ f ( x ) dx = n∫ f ( x ) dx; where ‘a’ is the period of the function ie, f(a+x) =f(x)
na a
(viii)
0 0
b + nT
f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx
b
(ix) ∫ a + nT a

Where f(x) is periodic with period T and n ∈ I .

f ( x ) dx = ( n − m ) ∫ f ( x ) dx
na a
(x) ∫ ma 0

If f(x) is periodic with period ‘a’ .

(xi) If f(x) ≤ φ ( x ) for a ≤ x ≤ b

∫ f ( x ) dx ≤ ∫ φ ( x ) dx
b b
then
a a

∫ f ( x ) dx ≤ ∫ f ( x ) dx
b b
(xii)
a a

(xiii) if f(x) ≥ 0 on the interval [a,b]

∫ f ( x ) dx ≥ 0
b
then
a
Derivative of Anti-derivative function: If h(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions of x, then
d h( x )
f ( t ) dt = f h ( x )  .h' ( x ) − f  g ( x )  . g' ( x )
dx ∫g( x )

Definite Integral as Limit of a sum

∫ f ( x ) dx = lim h  f ( a ) + f ( a + h) + f(a+2h) +….+ (a+n-1h)]

b

a n →∞
n −1
= lim h ∑ f ( a + rh )
h →0
r =0

Where b –a = nh
 n −1
If a =0 and b =1 , then lim h ∑ f ( rh ) = ∫ f ( x ) dx,
1
where nh = 1, or
n →∞ 0
r =0

 1  n −1  r 
= lim   ∑ f   = ∫ f ( x ) dx
1

  r =1  
n →∞ n n 0

Estimation of Definite Integral

∫ f ( x ) dx < f ( a ). (b − a )
b
(i) For a monotonic decreasing function in (a,b); f(b). (b-a) < and
a

(ii) For a monotonic increasing function in (a,b); f(a).(b-a)

∫ f ( x ) dx < f (b ). (b − a )
b
<
a

Previous Year Questions from KVPY exams

STREAM - B

1. For a real number x let [x] denote the largest number less than or equal to x for x ∈ R .Let f(x)= [ x ] sin π x .Then :
(A) f is differentiable on R
(B) f is symmetric about the line x=0
3
(C) ∫ f ( x)dx = 0
−3
(D) For each real α ,the equation f(x)- α =0 has infinitely many roots.
[2014]

1
2. Let f :[0,1] → [o, ∞) be a continuous function such that ∫ f ( x)dx = 10 .Which of the following statements is
0
NOT necessarily true ?

1 1
−x f ( x)
(A) ∫e
0
f ( x)dx ≤ 10 (B) ∫ (1 + x)
0
2
dx ≤ 10

1 1
(C) −10 ≤ ∫ sin(100 x) f ( x)dx ≤ 10 (D) ∫ f ( x) dx ≤ 100
2

0 0
[2014]
x
3. A continuous function f : R → R satisfies the equation f ( x) = x + ∫ f (t )dt . W hich of the following options is
0
true?
(A) f(x+y) = f(x) + f (y) (B) f (x+y) = f(x)f(y)
(C) f(x+y) = f(x) + f(y) + f(x)f(y) (D) f(x+y) = f(xy) [2014]
4. For a real number x let [x] denote the largest integer less than or equal to x and {x} = x - [x]. Let n be a positive
n
integer. Then ∫ cos(2π [ x]{x})dx
0
is equal to :

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) n (D) 2n-1

[2014]
π/ 2
5. Let In = ∫x
n
cos x dx where n is a non negative integer
0

∞  ln l 
Then ∑  + n − 2  equal
 n! ( n − 2 ) ! 
n=2

π π
(A) eπ / 2 − 1− (B) eπ / 2 − 1 (C) eπ / 2 − (D) eπ / 2
2 2
[2014]
6. For a real number x let [x] denote the largest integer less than or equal to x. The smallest positive integer n for
n
which the integral ∑ [ x ] 
1
x  dx exceeds 60 is

(A) 8 (B) 9 (C) 10 (D)  602 / 3 
[2014]
7. Let n be a positive integer. For a real number x, let [x] denote the largest integer not exceeding x and {x} =

x − [ x ]. Then
n +1
({x}) [ ] x

∫ [x]
1
dx is equal to
1 n 1 1
loge (n ) 1+ + ....
(A) (B) n + 1 (C) n + 1 (D) 2 n
[2013]
π/2

∫ ( sin x )
2 +1
dx
0
8. The value π/2
is
∫ ( sin x )
2 +1
dx
0

2 +1 2 −1 2 +1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 2 − 2
2 −1 2 +1 2
[2012]

∫ ( sin ( x ) + x )
2012
9. The value 3 5
+ 1 dx is
−2012

(A) 2012 (B) 2013 (C) 0 (D) 4024

[2012]
10. Let [x] and {x} be the integer part and fractional part of a real number x respectively. The value of the integral
5

∫ [ x ] {x} dx is
0

(A) 5/2 (B) 5 (C) 34.5 (D) 35.5

[2012]
π 2
cos x
∫
−π 1 + a
x dx
11. The value of the integral , where a > 0, is
π
(A) π (B) aπ (C) 2 (D) 2π
[2012]
12. Consider

L = 3 2012 + 3 2013 + .... + 3 3011

R = 3 2013 + 3 2014 + .... + 3 3012

3012
∫ 3 x dx
and I = 2012
(A) L + R < 2 x (B) L + R= 2x
(C) L +R > 2x (D) LR = x
[2012]
8
13. Let f: ( 2,∞ ) → N be defined by f (x) = the largest prime factor of [x], Then ∫ f ( x ) dx
2
is equal to:-

(A) 17 (B) 22 (C) 23 (D) 25

[2011]
2012 cos ( π {x} )
e
14. Let [x] denote the largest integer not exceeding x and {x} = x - [x], Then ∫ (
cos π {x} ) + e − cos( π{x} )
dx is equal
0 e
to:-
(A)0 (B) 1006 (C) 2012 (D) 2012 π
 [2011]
 1 1 1 
15. The value of lim  + + ..... +  is
n →∞
 4n − 1 4n − 4 4n − n 
2 2 2 2

1 π π π
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 12 4 6
[2011]
 x (1 − x ) n n
 1
16. For each positive integer n, define fn(x) = minimum  ,  , for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. Let In = ∫ fn ( x )dx, n ≥ 1 .Then
 n! n! 
  0

∞
In = ∑ In is equal to:-
n=1
(A) 2 e − 3 (B) 2 e − 2 (C) 2 e − 1 (D) 2 e
[2011]
1

∫ (log x )
n
17. Let In = dx,where n is a non-negative integer. Then I2001 + 2011 I2010 is equal to
0

(A) I1000 + 999 I998 (B) I890 + 890 I 889 (C) I100 + 100 I 99 (D) I53 + 54 I 52
[2010]
x
18. Let f: R → R be a continuous function satisfying f(x) = x + ∫ f(t) dt, for all x ∈ R . Then the number of elements in
0

the set S = {x ∈ R ; f(x) = 0} is

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
[2010]
2π

∫ min{ x − π ,cos ( cos x )} dx is

−1
19. The value of
0

π2 π2 π2
(A) (B) (C) (D) π2
4 2 8
[2010]
20. What is the value of

∫ cos ( πx ) cos ([2x] π) dx ?

1

(Here [t] denotes the integral part of the real number t.)
2 −2
(A) 1 (B) -1 (C) π (D) π
[2009]
1
∫
10
lim x sin (nx) dx
21. The value of the limit n→∞ 0 equals
π
(A) 0 (B) 1/10 (C) 2 (D) 1
[2009]

ASSIGNMENTS

1. A function f satisfies the equation f(x + f(y)) = f(x) + y ∀ x, y ∈ R and f(0) = 1.

1 4

∫
If I = f (x)dx, then
0
∫ f (x)dx equals
0

1
(A) (B) I
4
(C) 2I (D) 4I

∫ { x } dx is equal to
100
2. If {x} denotes fractional part of x, then the value of
0
 155 2000
(A) 615 (b ) (c) (D) 100
3 3
n n n 1
3. The sum of the series as n → ∞ + + ..... is
(3 + 4 n ) 2
2(3 2 + 3 n ) 2
3(3 3 + 4 n ) 2
49n
1 3
(A) (B)
14 28
2 π
(C) (D)
3 4
4. Let f(x) be positive, continuous and differentiable on the interval (a, b) and
1
lim f (x) = 1, lim− f (x) = 31/ 4. If f '(x) ≥ f 3 (x) + then the greatest value of b – a is
x →a + x →b f (x)
1/4
(A) 1 (B) 3
π π
(C) (3
1/ 4
− 1) (D)
24 24
1 1 1
5. Find the value of the expression: + + + ......∞
1.5 2.7 3.9
1 1 8 2
(A) +   log 2 (B) +   log 2
9 3 9 3
2 1
(C) +   log 3 (D) none of these
9 3
4 2
d esin x 2esin x
6. Let
dx
(F(x)) =
x
, x > 0. If ∫1 x dx = F(K) − F(1). then the possible value of K is
(A) 10 (B) 14
(C) 16 (D) 18
x
2 sec 2 t
Let f(x) be a continuous functions for all x, such that (f (x)) = ∫0 f (t). 4 + tan t dt and f(0) = 0, then
2
7.

π  5 π  3
(A) f   = log (B) f  =
4 4 4 4
π 
(C) f   = 2 (D) none of these
4
(1P + 2P + ..... + n P )
8. Evaluate : lim , P>0
n →∞ n P +1

(A) (B)

(C) (D) 1
π
sin nθ 2
9 The value of ∫ dθ , is (∀ n ∈ N)
0
sin 2 θ
nπ
(A) nπ (B)
2
nπ
(C) (D) none of these
4
cos ecθ
1 2
10. If f(x) is a function satisfying, f   + x f (x) = 0 for all non-zero x, then evaluate
x
∫
sin θ
f (x)dx .
 π
(A) π (B)
2
(C) 1 (D) 0
 1 1 
11. Evaluate : lim n
 + 2 + .....to n terms 
 3n + 8n + 4 3n + 16n + 16
2
n →∞

1  9  1  6 
(A)  log    (B)  log   
4  5  3  5 
3  4  1  4 
(C)  4 log  5   (D)  2 log  5  
     
∞
−x
12. Evaluate : ∫ [ne
0
]dx, where n ∈ N, n ≥ 1 and [.] denotes the greatest integer function.

 nn   n 2n 
(A) log   (B) log  
 n!   (n − 1)! 
 n n +1   nn 
(C) log   (D) log  
 (n + 1)!   (2n)! 
13. Find the mean value of f(x) = x.[2x] Sgn (x – 2) on [1, 3], where [x] denotes the greatest integer function
and Sgn denotes signum function.
15 11
(A) (B)
4 5
13 13
(C) (D)
2 4
π /2
14. The value of ∫ log(sin
2
θ + k 2 cos 2 θ )dθ , is equal to
0
(A) π log (1 + K) − π log 2 (B) π log 2 – log (1 + K)
(C) log (1 + K) – π log 2 (D) none of these

π/2
15. Evaluate : ∫( sin x + cos x ) −4 dx
0

(A) (B)

(C) (D) none of these

π
x sin nx π2
16. If n is an odd natural number, find the value of I = ∫ dx =
0
sin x 2
π π2
(A) (B)
2 2
π π2
(C) (D)
3 3
2[ x]
0
3x − [ x]
17. The value of integral ∫
−10
2[ x]
dx. ,where [.] denotes greatest integer function is

3x − [ x]
(A) 0 (B) 10 (C) -10 (D) 1
 sin 2 x cos2 x
−1 π
18. Evaluate ∫ sin tdt + ∫ cos −1 tdt = for all x.
0 0
4
π π π π
(A) (B) (C) (D) 2
3 4 2 3

19. Evaluate
1

1 n
l
i
m
n

.
.
.
.
.
.6
 
n l
1 1 2
n
2

n
2
n
4
+ +

2
 
n

 ( + )( + ) ( + )( + )
→∞


3 2
o
g

l
o
g
   
(A)   (B) log 2 (C)   (D) log 2
   

20. Evaluate :
n
1
n
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
n
n
1
/
n
l
i
m

( + )( + ) ( + ) 
n
n

1 2

2 e

4 e
→∞
e

(A) e (B) (C) (D)

d d

3 x
s i
n
x

4
F
x

,
x
0
,

d
x
F
k
F
1
,
s i
n
x
3
x

21. Let ( )= > If ∫ = ( ) − ( ) then find the possible value of k.

1

(A) 4 (B) 16 (C) 24 (D) 64

1
l
o
g
x
.
d
x

22. Find the value of ∫

0

(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) 0 (D) not defined

1
F
0
1
,
F
2
3
,
F
'
2
5
,

x
f
"
2
x
d
x

23. If ( )= ( )= ( )= then the value of ∫ ( )

0

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

2
s
i
n
s
i
n
x
d
x

π
1

24. Evaluate ∫
−
( )
π
2

−
2

π π π −π
4

(A) (B) − (C) (D)

π
2

c
o
s
x
c
o
s
x
d
x
3

25. Evaluate ∫ π
−
2

−
3 4

4 3

1 3

2 3

(A) (B) (C) (D)

2
x
[
x
]
d
x
2

26. If [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, then find the value of the integral ∫
0
4 3

5 3

1 2

7 3

(A) (B) (C) (D)

3
l
o
g
s
e
c

t
a
n
d

π
27. Evaluate ∫ ( θ− θ) θ
−π

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) – 1 (D) 2

 x
s
n x
i
x
d 1
x
π

e
28. Evaluate ∫
−π
+
π

2
(A) π (B) −π (C) 0 (D)

d a
x 2
a
x

x
29. Evaluate ∫
2
0

+ −
π π π
3

2
(A) (B) (C) (D) π

30. Evaluate the integral

π
2

s
i
n
2
s
i
n
d

∫ θ θ θ
0

π π π
3

2
(A) (B) (C) (D) π
d 2
x
4

π
c
o
s
x

t
a
n
x

∫
2

 + 
0

31. Evaluate
2
2

2
2
2

(A) (B) π (C) π (D) π

π
2
l
o
g
s
i
n
x
.
d
x

∫ ( )
0

32. Evaluate the integral

1 2

1 2
l
o
g

l
o
g
l
o
g
2

π   π  
l
o
g
2

2
2

π ( ) ( ) π    
(A) (B) (C)   (D)  
1 x
d
x x
l
o
g
x

∞
 
1

∫  +
2


 +
0


1 2

1 2
33. Evaluate
l
o
g

l
o
g
l
o
g
2

π   π  
l
o
g
2

2
2

π    
(A) π (B) (C)   (D)  
x
3
x
7 c
x
x
1d

π
9

3 x
4

− + − +
s
e

∫
2

π
4

−
34. Evaluate
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) – 1 (D) 0
x x
1 1

x x
1 1

1
/
2
2

2
1
/
2

2
d
x

 +   −  
∫   +  − 
 −   + 
1
/
2

− 
4 3

35. Evaluate
3 4

3 4

4 3
4
l
o
g
4
l
o
g

2
l
o
g

2
l
o
g

 
 
(A) (B) (C)   (D)
n

π
4

π−
s
i
n
x
c
o
s
x
d
x
,

∫ +
n
N 2

π
4

36. Evaluate
−
when ∈ .
n

2
2
n

3
n

(A) 2n (B) (C) (D)

37. A periodic function with period 1 is integrable over any finite internal. Also for her real numbers a, b and for
a
n

b
m

n
f
x
d
x

f
x
d
x
.

f
x
d
x

+ +

∫ ( ) = ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
a

two unequal non – zero positive integers m and n, Calculate the value of
 n
m

m
n
(A)
( − ) (B)
( + ) (C) 0 (D) a + b

1 3
1
t
f
t
d
t
1
s
i
n
x
,

0
,2 1
,

f
2  π  
∫ () = − ∈   
s
i
n
x

38. If where   then find the value of  

1 3
3
3

(A) (B) (C) 3 (D)

4 x
t
f
x
1 4

3
l
i
m

d
t
( )

f
2
6
,
f
'
2

2
∫
f
:
R

8
( )= ( )=

x
2
−

6
→
39. Let → be a differentiable function having Then evaluate
(A) 9 (B) 16 (C) 18 (D) 24

x
x
1
t
f
t
d
t
t
f
f
d
t
,
x
R
f
:
0
,

0
,

f
1
1
.
( ) () ( ) ∀ ∈ +

( ∞ ) → ( ∞ ) be a differentiable function satisfying, ∫

− =∫
( )=

0
40. Let and
f
2

Determine
( )

e 4

e 8
2
e

4
e

(A) (B) (C) (D)

2
e
d
x
,

∞
x

−
∫  
[ ] represents greatest integer function.
0

3 4
41. Evaluate where l
n
 
l
n
2

l
n
4
l
n
3

( )  
(A) (B) (C)   (D)
2

x
1
d
x
,
2

∫  − + 
0

42. Evaluate where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.

5

5
+ − + −
2

2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1

1
e
d
x
a
,

x
e
d
x
x

x
2

− −
∫ = ∫
0

0
1 e
1 2

1 2
a 2

1 e
1 2

a
e
43. If then find the value of in terms of a
a

− − +
2

+ + +
(A) (B) (C) (D)
I
n

x
s
i
n
x
d
x
,

π
n

I5
2
0
I3

= ∫ +
0

44. If then find the value of

2

(A) π (B) π (C) π (D) π

Definite Integration
Amswer key for KVPY questions:

1. D 2.D 3.C 4.C 5.A

6. B 7.C 8.D 9.D 10.B
11. C 12.A 13.B 14.B 15.D
16. A 17.C 18.A 19. B 20.A
21. A
 Definite Integration
Answer Key for Assignment:

1. D 2.B 3.A 4.D 5.B

6. C 7.A 8.A 9.A 10.C
11. A 12.A 13.A 14.A 15.B
16. B 17.C 18.B 19. C 20.D
21.D 22.B 23.B 24.D 25.B
26. D 27.A 28.A 29.B 30.B
31. D 32.D 33.A 34.A 35.C
36. C 37.C 38.C 39.C 40.D
41. A 42.D 43.C 44. D
 Area
The procedure to calculate the area under a curve f(x) is given by the formula

A=
The geometrical interpretation of a definite integral is that it gives the area included
between the curve y = f(x), the x-axis and the ordinates x = a and x =
b.

The area between the graph y= f(x) and the x-axis is given by the definite integral as given below. This formula
gives a positive answer for a graph above the x-axis and a negative answer for the one below the
x- axis. In case, the graph is partly below and partly above the x-axis, the formula gives the net resultant area i.e.
the area above minus the area below the x-axis.
Working Rule to Calculate Area
In this section, we shall discuss some of the ways of calculating area in case of standard curves followed by
working rules of calculating area.
(i) To determine the area enclosed between the curves
(a) y = f(x), x = a and x = b,

(b) x = f(y), y = a and y = b.

Case (a) The area bounded by the curve y = f(x), x-axis and the ordinates x = a and x = b (where b > a) is given by
the formula

Case (b) The area bounded by the curve x = f(y), y-axis and the ordinates y = a and y = b (where b > a) is given by
the formula

(ii) To find the area bounded by the straight lines x = a, x =

b (where a < b) and the curves y = f(x) and y = g(x), where f(x)
< g(x) is given by
Similarly, the area bounded by the straight lines y = a, y = b (where a < b) and the curves x = f(y) and x = g(y),
where f(y) < g(y) is given by

(iii) To find the area bounded by the curves y = φ(x) and y = Ψ(x)

If the points of the intersection are x = x1 and x = x2, then the required area is given by

where x1 < x2 and x1 and x2 are the roots of the equation f(x) = g(x).
Similarly, if two curves x = f(y) and x = g(y) intersect, the required bounded area is given by

here x1 < x2 and x1 and x2 are the roots of the equation f(y) = g(y).
(iv) Area between the curve y = f(x) and y-axis:

To obtain the area between the curve and the y-axis, the function must be written in y. (see figure A and B) i.e. y =
f(x) must be inverted to x = g(y) (where g ( x) = f −1 ( x) ) and the integral to be evaluated is

(v) If the curve lies completely above the x-axis, then the area is positive but when it lies completely below the x-
axis then the area is negative; however, we have the convention to consider the magnitude only.
(vi) If the curve lies on both the sides of the x-axis i.e. above the x-axis as well as below the x-axis, then calculate
both areas separately and add their moduli to get the total area.
In general if the curve y = f(x) crosses the x-axis n times when x varies from a to b, then the areas between y = f(x),
the x-axis and the lines x = a and x = b is given by A = |A1| + |A2| +……+ |An|.
If the curve is symmetrical about the x-axis, or the y-axis, or both, then calculate the area of one symmetrical part
and multiply it by the number of
symmetrical parts to get the whole area.

Previous Year Questions from KVPY exams

 −π  −π  
1. The area bounded by the curve y = cos x, the line joining  ,cos    and (0,2) and the line joining
 4  4 
π π 
 ,cos    and (0,2) is
 4  4 
4+ 2 4+ 2
(A)  π− 2 π+ 2
 8 
(B) 
 8 
   
4+ 2 4+ 2
(C)  π− 2 π+ 2
 4 
(D) 
 4 
   

[2013]
2. The following figure shows the graph of a continous function y = f(x) on the interval [1,3]. The point A, B, C have
coordinates (1,1), (3,2), (2,3) respectively, and the lines L1 and L 2 are parallel , with L1 being tangent to the
curve at C. If the area under the graph of y = f(x) from x =1 to x = 3 is 4 square units, then the area of the
shaded region is

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

[2010]
3. Consider the regions A = {( x, y ) | x 2
}
+ y 2 ≤ 100 and {( x, y ) | sin ( x + y ) > 0} in the plane. Then the area of the
region A ∩ B is
(A) 10 π (B) 100 (C) 100 π (D) 50 π
[2010]
2 2
4. The area bounded by the parabolas y = x and y = 1 — x equals
A. 2 / 3 (B) 2 2 / 3 (C) 1/3 (D) 2/3
[2009]
y = x −3 − 4 −5
5. The area of the region bounded by and the x-axis is
(A) 24.5 (B)37 (C)49 (D) 35 2
[2009]
 1 1
1+ + ..... +
6. Let A denote the area bounded by the curve y = 1/x and the lines y=0, x=1, x= 10, let B = 2 9 and
1 1 1
+ + .... +
let C = 2 3 10 , then
(A) C < B < A (B) A < C < B
(C) C < A < B and A - C < B – A (D)C < A < B and B - A < A –C
[2009]

ASSIGNMENTS
2 2
1. The area of the quadrilateral formed by the tangents at the end points of latus recta to the ellipse 5x + 9y
= 45 is
27 27
(a) sq. units (b) 9 sq. units (c) sq. units (d) 27 sq. units.
4 2

2. The area bounded by the curves y = |x| - 1 and y = -|x| + 1 is

(a) 1 sq. unit (b) 2 sq. units (c) 2 2 sq. units (d) 4 sq. units.

3. ( )
Let f(x) = min. x + 1, 1 − x , then area bounded by f(x) and x-axis is
1 5 7 11
(a) sq. units (b) sq. units (c) sq. units (d) sq. units
6 6 6 6

3
4. The area bounded by the curve y = 2 - |2 – x|, y = is
|x|
 5 − 4 ln 2   4 − ln 3 
(a)   sq. units (b)   sq units
 3   2 
 4 − 3 ln 3   3 ln 3 − 4 
(c)   sq. units (d)   sq. units
 2   2 
5. Let f(x) be a continuous function such that the area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x-axis and then two
a2 a π
ordinates x = 0 and x = a is + sin a + cos a, then f(π/2) is
2 2 2
1 −1
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) -2
2 2
2
6. Area bounded by y = x2 and y = is
1+ x 2
 π 1  2  1  4
(a)  −  sq.units (b)  π −  sq. units (c)  2π −  sq. units (d)  π −  sq. units
2 3  3  3  3
2 2
7. The area of the smaller region bounded by the curve x + y = 1 and the lines |y| = x + 1 is
 π 1 π  π π 
(a)  −  sq. units (b)  − 1 sq. units (c) sq. units (d)  + 1 sq. units
4 2 2  2 2 
8. The area bounded by the graph y = |[x – 3]|, the x-axis and lines x = −2 and x = 3 is ([.] denotes the greatest
integer function)
(a) 7 sq. units (b) 15 sq. units (c) 21 sq. units (d) 28 sq. units

9. If the line y = mx bisects the area enclosed by the line y = 0, x = 0, x = 3/2 and the curve
2
y = 5 – (x – 2) , then the value of m is
13 13 13 13
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 5 6

10. Area of the region bounded by the curve y = ex, y = e-x and the straight line x = 1 is given by
-1 -1
(a) (e – e + 2) sq. units (b) (e – e - 2) sq. units
-1
(c) (e + e – 2) sq. units (d) none of these
4 2
11. The area between the curve y = 2x – x , the x-axis and the ordinates of two minima of the curve is
 7 9 11 13
(a) square units (b) square units (c) square units (d) square units
120 120 120 120

12. The area of the region bounded by 1 – y2 = |x| and |x| + |y| = 1 is
1 2 4
(a) sq. units (b)
sq. units (c) sq. units (d) 1 sq. units
3 3 3
x2 
13. Area bounded by the curves y =  + 2 , y = x – 1 and x = 0 above x-axis is ([.] denotes the greatest
 64 
integers function)
(a) 2 sq. units (b) 3 sq. units (c) 4 sq. units (d) 5 sq. units.

x 2 ; x < 0 9a
14. Let f(x) =  . If area bounded by the curve y = f(x), y = 0 and x = ±3a (a > 0) is sq. units.
 x; x ≥ 0 2
Then a =
(a) 1/2 (b) -1/2 (c) 0 (d) 3

The area bounded by the curves |x| + |y| ≥ 1 and x + y ≤ 1 is

2 2
15.
(a) 2 sq. units (b) π sq. units (c) (π - 2) sq. units (d) (π + 2) sq. units
16. The area bounded by y = x2, y = [x + 1], x ≤ 1 and the y-axis is ([.] denotes greatest integer function)
1 2 13
(a) sq. units (b) sq. units (c) 1 sq. units (d) sq.units.
3 3 6

17. The area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x-axis and the ordinate x = 1 and x = b is
(b – 1) cos (3b + 4). Then f(x) is given by
(a) (x – 1) sin(3x + 4) (b) 3(x – 1)sin(3x + 4) + cos(3x + 4)
(c) cos(3x + 4) – 3(x – 1) sin(3x + 4) (d) cos(3x + 4) + 3(x – 1) sin (3x + 4)
2 2
18. Find the area bounded by the curve y = 4a (x – 1) and the lines x = 1 and y = 4a.
16a 8a
(A) (B)
3 3
9a 24a
(C) (D)
4 7
19. Find all the values of the parameter a (a ≥ 1) for which the area of the figure bounded by the pair of straight
2 2 1 2
lines y – 3y + 2 = 0 and the curves y = [a] x , y = [a] x is the greatest. Here [.] denotes the greatest
2
integer function.
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
20. Let P be a point on the parabola y2 = 4x with the ordinate y satisfying 1 < y ≤ 2. Then normal to the parabola
at P intersects the x-axis in N and a line parallel to y-axis through P intersects the x-axis in M. find the
maximum difference in the areas of triangles PMN and PMS, where S is the focus of the parabola.
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
1
21. Find a( > 0) for which the area of the curvilinear trapezoid bounded by the curve y= x + x −2 and the lines
6
2 2
whose combined equation is y(x – 3ax + 2a ) = 0, takes the least value.
(A) (B)
(C) (D) 4

{ } = 1− x .
2
22. Find the area enclosed by the curve y − e− 1− x 2 2

(A) (B)
 (C) (D)
1 |x|+|y| |x|−|y|
23. Find the area bounded by | y |= e −|x| − with + ≤ 2.
2 2 2
 e2   e2 
(A) ln   (B) ln  
4 3
 e2 
(C) ln   (D) none of these
2

24. The functions y = 1 + cos x and y = 1 + cos (x – α), where 0 < α < π/2 are given on the interval [0, π]. At
what value of α is the area of the figure bounded by the curves y = 1 + cos x, y = 1 + cos (x – α), x = 0, is
equal to the area of the figure bounded by the curves y = 1 + cos (x – α), y = 1 and x = π.
π π
(A) (B)
4 3
π
(C) 1 (D)
6
 A B C
25. Area bounded by curves y = [cos A + cos B + cos C], y = 7 sin sin sin  (where [.] denotes the
 2 2 2
greatest integer function and A, B, C are angles of a triangle) and curve |x – 4| + |y| = 2 is
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 6
 3   −3   −3 
26. If A , 2  , B , 2 , C , − 2  and D(3cos θ, 2sinθ) are four points, then value of θ for
 2   2   2 
 3π 
which area of quadrilateral ABCD is maximum is, where θ ∈  , 2π 
 2 
7π
(A) maximum area is 10 sq. units (B)
4
−1  3 
(C) 2π − sin   (D) maximum area is 12 sq. units.
 85 
–1 1
The area bounded by y = f(x), y-axis and line 2y = π(x + 1), where f(x) = sin x + cos x + tan
–1 –1
27. +
x
tan −1 x, is
π π
(A) (B)
4 3
π π
(C) (D)
2 6
28. Area bounded by [x] + [y] = n, n ∈ N and y = i where i ∈ N ∀ i ≤ n + 1 in the first quadrant (where [.] is the
greatest integer function) is
(A) n sq. units (B) (n + 1) sq. units
(C) (n – 1) sq. units (D) none of these
29. The area bounded by the curve f(x) = x + sin x and its inverse function between the ordinates x = 0 and x =
2π is
(A) 4π sq. units (B) 8π sq. units
(C) 4 sq. units (D) 8 sq. units
30. Find out the area bounded by the region log x log y x > 0 and 1/2 < x < 2, 0 < y < 5.
7 9 11
(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these
2 2 2
 A normal y = x + c is drawn on a circle x(x – 2) + y(y – 4) + 5 – λ = 0 with its centre C. Two tangents are
2
31.
drawn to this circle from point A which is at a distance ( 2 − 1)λ units on the normal from the circle such
that the tangents meets the circle at point B and D. The area of quadrilateral ABCD is 36 square unit. Find
λ.
A) 4 (B) 8
(C) 6 (D) 10
2 2
32. Let f(x) be a differentiable function satisfying (x – y) f(x + y) – (x + y) f(x – y) = 4xy(x – y ) for all x,
y ∈ R and f(1) = 1. Find the area bounded by the curves [f(x)1/3 + [f(y)]2/3 = 0 and [f(x)]2/3 + [f(y)]2/3 = 12.
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
33. If a function y = f(x) satisfying the conditions f(x) + f(y) = f(x) f(y) + f(xy) where f(1) = 0 and f ′(1) = −2 and
 π π
the area bounded by y = f(x) and y =| cos −1 (cos x) − sin −1 (sin x) | from x ∈  − ,  is A, then
 2 2
4 2 −3
(B) A =
2
(A) function y = f(x) is 1 + x sq. units
3
6+2 2
(D) A =
2
(C) function y = f(x) is 1 – x sq. units
3
 x  f (x)
34. Let f be a differentiable function satisfying the condition : f   = , where y ≠ 0, f(y) ≠ 0 for all x, y ∈
 y  f (y)
R and f ′(1) = 2, then find out the area enclosed by y = f(x), x + y = 2 and x-axis.
2 2

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

Comprehension:
Computing areas with parametrically represented boundaries :
If the boundary of a figure is represented by parametric equations i.e. x = x(t), y = y(t), then the area of the
figure is evaluated by one of the three formulas
β β

S = ∫ y(t).x '(t)dt, S = ∫ x(t).y '(t)dt

α α
β
1
2 ∫α
S= (xy '− yx ')dt, where α and β are the values of the parameter ‘t’ corresponding respectively to the

beginning and the end of the traversal of the curve corresponding to increasing ‘t’.
2/3 2/3
x y
35. The area enclosed by the asteroid   +  = 1 is
a a
3 2 3 2
(A) a π (B) πa
4 18
3 2 3
(C) πa (D) aπ
8 4
36. The area of the region bounded by an arc of the cycloid x = a(t – sin t), y = a(1 – cos t) and the x-axis is
(A) 6 πa2 (B) 3πa2
(C) 4 π
2
(D) none of these

t t2
37. The area of the loop described as x = (6 − t), y = (6 − t) is
3 8
27 24
(A) (B)
5 5
 24 21
(C) (D)
6 5

Answer key for KVPY questions

1 2 3 4 5 6

A A D B C C

Answer key for Assignments

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

D B C C A B B B D C

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

A B C A C B C A A A

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

A C A B B D C B D B

31 32 33 34 35 36 37

C A B A C B A
 Differential Equations
Differential Equations An equation involving independent variable (x), dependent variable (y) and derivative of
 dy 
dependent variable with respect to independent variable   is called a differential equation eg,
 dx 
dy dy
(i) = xIn x (ii) dy = cos x dx (iii) y = x +a
dx dx

Order and Degree of a Differential Equation: The order of a differential equation is the order of the derivative of
the highest order occurring in the differential equation.
The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the highest order differential coefficient appearing in it,
provided it can be expressed as a polynomial equation in derivatives.

Formation of a Differential Equation Whose General Solution is Given: A differential equation can be derived
from its equation by the process of differentiation and other algebraical processes of elimination etc.
In order to obtain a differential equation whose solution is
f(x, y, c1, c2,…….,cn) = 0
where c1, c2,……cn are n abitrary constants, we have to eliminate the n constants for which we require
(n + 1) equations. The given relation along with n more, obtained by successively differentiating it n times,
provide us the required (n + 1) relations. The differential equation thus obtained is clearly of the nth order.

Solution of a Differential Equation : A solution of a differential equation is an equation which contains arbitrary
constants as many as the order of the differential equation and is called the general solution. Other solutions,
obtained by giving particular values to the arbitrary constants in the general solution, are called particular
solutions.

Solution of a Differential Equation by the Method of Variable Separation: If the coefficient of dx is only a
function of x and that of dy is only a function of y in the given differential equation, then the equation can be
solved using variable separation method.
Thus the general from of such an equation is
f(x) dx + Φ(y) dy ........(i)
Integrating, we get

∫ f(x)dx + ∫ Φ(y)dy = C which is the solution if Eq. (i)

Homogeneous Differential Equation: A function f(x, y) is called homogeneous function of degree n if
f(λx, λy) = λn (x, y)
eg,
2 2 3
(a) f(x, y) = x y – xy is a homogeneous function of degree four, since
( )( ) (
f(λ x, λ y) = λ 2 x 2 λ 2 λ 2 − ( λx ) λ 3 λ 3 )
= λ (x y − xy ) = λ f(x, y)
4 2 2 3 4

dy
A differential equation of the form = f(x, y) where f(x, y) is a homogeneous polynomial of degree zero is
dx
called a homogeneous differential equation. Such equations are solved by substituting v = y/x (or (x/y) and then
separating the variables.

dy
Linear Differential Equation : Form + Py = Q, where P,Q are functions of x alone
dx

Integrating factor = e ∫
P dx

Multiplying the form by e ∫

P dx
on both sides, we get

e∫
P dx  dy  ∫ P dx
 dx + Py  = Q.e
 
. e∫ e∫ = Qe ∫
dy P dx d P dx p dx
or + y.
dx dx
  d  ∫ P dx  ∫ P dx 
Since, . e  = P. e 
 dx   
dy  ∫ P dx  ∫ P dx or d .  y.e ∫ Pdx  dx
or .  y.e
dx 
 = Q.e
 dx 
∫ 


∫ Q.e∫
Pdx
= dx

or y.e∫ = Q.e ∫
P dx P dx
∫ + C
Which is the required solution of the given differential equation.

General Form of Variable Separation : If we can write the differential equation in the form
f(f1(x, y))d(f1(x,y)) + Φ (f2 (x,y))d(f2 (x,y)) + ... = 0 then each term can be easily integrated separately.
For this the following results must be memorized.
(i) d(x+y) = dx + dy
(ii) d (xy) = ydx + x dy
 x  ydx − xdy
(iii) d   =
y y2
 x  xdy − ydx
(iv) d   =
y x2
ydx + xdy
(v) d (log xy) = =
xy
 y  (xdy − ydx)
(vi) d  log  =
 x xy
 y  (xdy − ydx)
(vii) d  tan−1  =
 x x + y2
2

1 2  (xdx + ydx)
(viii) d  x + y2 =
 2  x2 + y2
(iv) Orthogonal Trajectory: Any curve which cuts every member of a given family of curves at right angel, is called
an orthogonal trajectory of the family. For example, each straight line passing through the origin,
2 2 2
y = mx, is an orthogonal trajectory of the family of the circles x + y = a
Method of finding orthogonal trajectory of a given family curves:
(i) Let f(x, y, c) = 0 be the equation, where c is an arbitrary parameter, of given family.
(ii) Differential the given equation with respect to x and then eliminate c.
dy dx
(iii) Replace by in the equation obtained in (ii)
dx dy
(iv) Solve the differential equation in (iii)

y = 2x 2
1 2
y = x2 y2 = x =2
2
1 2 1
y= x y2 = x2 = 1
2 2

1 2
y= x 1 2 1
2 y2 = x =
2 2
y = − x2
y = − 2x 2

The orthogonal trajectories are ellipses. Some members of this family, along with some members of the original
family of parabolas.
 Note that each ellipse intersects each parabola at right angles.

Previous Year Questions from KVPY exams

dy
1. The equation of the curve through the origin satisfying the differential equation = sin ( x + y ) + cos ( x + y )
dx

 ( x + y) 
(A) log 1 +  tan  =y
 2 
(B) log 1 + tan ( x + y ) = x
 ( x + y) 
(C) log 1 +  tan  =x
 2 
(D) log 1 + tan ( x + y ) = y
[2008]

ASSIGNMENTS
3
 d2 y 
5  2
 d2y  3
 dx  + d y = x 2 − 1 , then
1. If m and n are order and degree of the equation  2 
+ 4.
 dx  d3 y dx 3
dx 3
(A) m = 3, n = 3 (B) m = 3, n = 2
(C) m = 3, n = 3 (D) m = 3, n = 1

2. The differential equation of all straight lines which are at a constant distance p from the origin, is
2 2 2 2 2 2
(A) (y + xy1) = p (1 + y1 ) (B) (y – xy1 ) = p (1 + y1)
2 2 2
(C) (y – xy1) = p (1 + y1 ) (D) None of these

dy sin y + x
3. The solution of the differential equations = is
dx sin 2y − x cos y
x2 x2
(A) sin 2 y = x sin y ++c (B) sin 2 y = x sin y − +c
2 2
x2 x2
(C) sin y = x + sin y + +c (D) sin y = x − sin y + +c
2 2

2 2
x  2  x 
6. The solution of the differential equation xy log   dx +  y − x log    dy = 0 is
2

y   y 
x2  x  x2 x2  x  x2
(A) log   − = − log y + log c (B) log   + 2 = − log y + log c
2y 2  y  4y
2
2y 2  y  4y
 x  x2 x2
(C) log   − 2 + 2 log y + log c = 0 (D) None of these
 y  4y 2y
 dy 
2
  dy  2 
7. The equation of curve passing through (1, 0) and satisfying  y + 2x  = (y 2 + 2x 2 )  1 +    , is given
 dx    dx  
 
by
 y + y 2 + 2x 2 y + y 2 + 2x 2
1
±
(A) 2x 2
= (B) 2x ± 2
=
x x
y + y 2 + 2x 2
1
±
(C) 2y 2
= (D) None of these
x
  1 
8. The solution of the differential equation  y 1 +  + cos y  dx + (x + log x − x sin y)dy = 0 is
  x 
(A) xy – y log x + x cos y = c (B) xy + y log x + x cos y = c
(C) xy – y log x – x log y = c (D) none of these

(y 2 −1)
x
y 2 3
9. The solution of e {xy dy + y dx} + {ydx – xdy} = 0
xy x/y xy x/y
(A) e + e + c = 0 (B) e – e + c = 0
x/y y/x xy y/x
(C) e + e + c = 0 (D) e – e + c = 0
2 2 2
10. The solution of x dy – y dx + xy (x – y)dy = 0, is
x − y y2 xy x2
(A) log = +c (B) log = +c
xy 2 x−y 2
x − y x2 x−y
(C) log = +c (D) log = x+c
xy 2 xy
16. Find the order and degree of the differential equation of family of liner situated at a constant distance P from the
origin.
(A) (1, 2) (B) (1, 1) (C) (2, 2) (D) (1, 3)

17. Find the curve such that intercept on the x – axis cut off between the origin and the tangent at a point is twice
1
,
2

the abscissa and which passes through the point

( )
x
y
1

x
y

2
2

2
(A) xy = 2 (B) xy = 1 (C)
+ = (D)
− =

18. Find the equation of the curve passing through the origin if the middle point of the segment of its normal from
2
y

x
2

any point of the curve to the x – axis lies on the parabola

=
y
2
x
1
e

y
2
x
1
e

y
2
x
1
e

y
2
x
1
e
2

2
x

2
x

2
x

2
x
−
(A)
= + + (B)
= − + (C)
= + − (D)
= + − −

19. Suppose that a moth ball loses volume by evaporation at a rate proportional to its instantaneous area. If the
diameter of the ball decreases from 2 cm to 1 cm in 3 months, how long will it take until the ball has practically
gone?
(A) 4 months (B) 5 months (C) 6 months (D) 7 months

20. The population of certain country is known to increase at a rate proportional to the number of people presently
living in the country. If after two years the population has doubled, and after three years the population is
20,000 estimate the number of people initially living in the country.
(A) 7071 (B) 5055 (C) 8091 (D) 6010
x
,
y

21. The curve for which the normal at any point

( ) and the line joining origin to that point form an isosceles
triangle with x – axis as base is :
(A) ellipse (B) rectangular hyperbola
(C) circle (D) straight line
1
,
0

22. The equation of curve passing through

( )
for which the product of the abscissa of a point P and the intercept
made by a normal at P on the x – axis equals twice the square of the radius vector of the point P, is :
x
y

x
y
2
x

x
y

4
x
2

+ = + = + =
(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these

23. The curve with the property that the projection of the ordinate on the normal is constant and has a length equal
to a, is:
 a
l
n
y
a

y
x
c
( )=
2

x a

a
y

c c
2

2
− + + + − =
(A) (B)
y
a

c
x

y
t
a
n
x
2

1
(C)
( − ) = (D)
= −
( + )

24. An object falling from rest in air is subject not only to the gravitational force but also air resistance. Assume that
the air resistance is proportional to the velocity with constant of proportionality to the velocity with constant of

g
9
.
8
m
/
s
.
k
0
,

2
proportionality as > and acts in a direction opposite to the motion
( = ) Then velocity cannot
9 k
.
8

9 k
8

k 9
exceed.
m
/
s

m
/
s

m
/
s
.
8
(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these

25. Water is drained from a vertical cylindrical tank by opening a value at the base of the tank. It is known that the
1 1

rate of which the water level drops is proportional to the square root of water depth y. If t is measured in
k

=
minutes and (proportionality constant), then the time to drain the tank if the water is 4 m deep to start
with.

(A) 30 min (B) 45 min (C) 60 min (D) 80 min

x

a
,
2
/
3

2
/
3

2
/
3

26. Orthogonal trajectories of family of the curve

+ = where a is any arbitrary constant, is :
x

c
2
/
3

2
/
3

4
/
3

4
/
3

4
/
3

4
/
3

1
/
3

1
/
3
(A)
− = (B)
− = (C)
+ = (D)
− =

x
y
c
/
4

2
=
27. The differential equation of family of curves whose tangent form an angle of π
dd
yx
x
c

dd
yx
x
c

dd
yx

dd
yx
x
c
with the hyperbola is;
2 2

2 2

2 2

2 2

2 2

2
+ − − +
x
c

x
c

x
= = = =

2
(A) − (B) + (C) (D)

28. Tangents to a curve intercepts the y – axis at a point P. A line perpendicular to this tangent through P passes
1
,
0

through and the point

( ) . The differential equation of the curve is:
d d
y x

d d
y x

d
y 2

d d
y x

d d
y x

d
y 2
dd
yx
2

2
2 x

2 x
y

x
1

0
   
d

d
−   = +  = + = − =
(A)   (B)   (C) (D)
d d
y x
y x y
x y
y
3 x

 + 
4
,
2

=
3

  ( − ) is :
29. The curve satisfying the equation  −  and passing through the point
y

2
x

2
x
2
x
2

(A)
=− (B) = − (C)
=− (D) none of these
e
x
2
x
1
f
'
x
2
x

x
f
x

,
x

1
2

( ) ( )=(
y
f
x f

x
1

( + ) ( )− + ∀ >−
= ( ) satisfies + )
30. A function
f
0
5
,

If
( ) = then ( ) is
6 x
x
5 1
3 x
x
5 1

6 x
x
5 1

5 1
6 x
x
e

 + 
e

e
x 2

+  +   −
x

x 2
2

  
2

 

(A) 

+ 

(B) 

+  (C) 
( + ) 

(D)  +


3
3
d d
y x

y 1 2
c
o
s
x

t
a
n
2
x
y
c
o
s
x
,
x

π  π
2

6 t

8 c

−( ) =
4

<  =
 
1 2

31. Solution of the equation when is

y

a
n
2
x
o
s
x

c
o
t
2
x
.
c
o
s
x
2

2
y
t
a
n
2
x
.
c
o
s
x

y
c
o
t
2
x
.
c
o
s
x
2

= = = =
(A) (B) (C) (D)
d d
y x
x

y
l
o
g
y
l
o
g
x
1
,

= ( − + )
32. If then the solution of the equation is:
 xy

xy
y x

y x
y
l
o
g

c
x

l
o
g

c
y
x
l
o
g

c
y

l
o
g

c
x
       
 =  =  =  =
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  

d d
y x
x
2
y

y
3
( + ) =
x y

x y
33. The solution of the differential equation, is:

y x
2 y
y
c

y
c

x
c
2

2
= + = + = +
2

= +
(A) (B) (C) (D)
d d
y x
x

y
1
2

2 y
+ +

y
1
1
2
x
=
34. The solution of satisfying
( ) = is given by :
(A) a system of parabolas (B) a system of circles
y

x
1
x
1

x
2

y
3

5
2

2
2

= ( + )− ( − ) +( − ) =
(C) (D)
x
x x
y y
d d
y x
y
x

φ( )
x
y
'

+ =
35. If
φ( ) then φ ( ) is equal to :
k
e

k
e

k
e

k
e
x
/
2

y
/
2
2

x
y
/
2

x
y
(A) (B) (C) (D)

36. The solution of the differential equation,

d d
y x

1 x

1 x
x

c
o
s

y
s
i
n

1
,
2

   
y

 −  =−
    where → − as
x

→ ∞ is :
x
1
y

+
1x 11x
1 x

1 x

=
x
s
i
n x o
y
s
i
n

c
o
s

     
=  −    
(A)     (B)  
y

+
1 x

1 x

=
x
c
s
y
c
o
s

s
i
n

     
=  +    
(C)     (D)  
d d
y x

x
y

x
y
s
i
n

s
i
n

i
s
:

 +   − 
2

+  =  
37. The general solution of the differential equation    
y 2 y 2

x 2 s
l
o
g
t
a
n

c
2
s
i
n
x

l
o
g
t
a
n

c
2
s
i
n

     
4

 = −  = −  
(A)   (B)    
y 4

x 2
l
o
g
t
a
n

c
2
s
i
n
x

l
o
g
t
a
n

c
2
i
n

 π  π  
4

 + = −  + = −  
(C)   (D)    
y x

x y y

x y
x g
y
'

   
l
o
x

= + φ  = φ 
38. If for the differential equation   the general solution is then   is given by :
x

y
2

2 2
2 2

2 2

− −
y

y
x

x
2

(A) (B) (C) (D)

y x

y x
1
,4

c
o
s

 π
2
x
,
y

 
  −  
39. The slope of the tangent at
( ) to a curve passing through   is given by   then the
equation of the curve is:
e x

x e
y
t
a
n
l
o
g

y
x
t
a
n
l
o
g
1

−    −   
=    =   
(A)    (B)   
e x
y
x
t
a
n
l
o
g
1

−   
=   
(C)    (D) none of these
 y
e
m
N

m
n
40. Number of values of ∈ for which
= is a solution of the differential equation
d
y x
3 d
d
y 2

d d
y x
3

2 x

1
2
y
0
d

− − + =
3

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) more than 2

dd

ds
x
f
θ

1
c
o
c
o
s
x
( θ) =
θ∫ − θ
0
d d d d
f

d d d d
f
41. The function satisfies the differential equation
2
f
c
o
t
0

2
f
c
o
t
0
+ (θ) θ= − ( θ) θ=
θ θ
f

f
(A) (B)
2
f

2
f

0
+ ( θ) = − ( θ) =
(C) θ (D) θ

Differential Equations
Answer key for KVPY question

1.C

Differential Equations

Answer Key for Assignments

1. B 2.B 3.A 4. 5.
6. A 7.A 8.B 9.A 10.A
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
16. A 17.A 18.C 19.C 20.A
21.B 22.A 23.A 24.A 25.C
26.B 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.B
31.C 32.D 33.B 34.C 35.A
36.A 37.B 38.D 39.C 40.C
41.A
 Matrices and Determinants

DEFINITION
A rectangular array of symbols (which could be real or complex numbers) along rows and columns is called a
matrix.
Thus a system m × n symbols arranged
in a rectangular formation along m rows and n columns and bounded by the
brackets [.] is called an m by n matrix (which is written as m x n
matrix)

i.e. A = is a matrix of order m × n.

Transpose of a Matrix
The matrix obtained from any given matrix A, by interchanging its rows and columns, is called the transpose of A
and is denoted by A'.
If A = [aij]m×n and A' = [bij]n×m then bij = aij, i, j.
For example:

If A = , then A' =
Properties of Transpose
(i) (A')' = A
(ii) (A + B)' = A' + B', A and B being conformable matrices
(iii) (αA)' = αA', α being scalar
(iv) (AB)' = B'A', A and B being conformable for multiplication
Traces of a Matrix
The sum of the elements of a square matrix A lying along the principal diagonal is called the trace of A i.e. tr(A).
n
Thus if A = [aij]n×n, then tr(A) = ∑ i=1 aii = a11 + a22 +......+ ann.
Diagonal Matrix
A square matrix all of whose elements except those in the leading diagonal, are zero is called a diagonal
matrix. For a square matrix A = [aij]n×n to be a diagonal matrix, aij = 0, whenever i ≠ j.

For example: A = is a diagonal matrix of order 3 × 3.

Note: Here A can also be represented as diag (3,5 -1).
Scalar Matrix
A diagonal matrix whose all the elements are equal is called a scalar matrix.

For a square matrix A = [aij]n×n to be a scalar matrix, aij = , where m ≠ 0.

For example: A = is a scalar matrix.

Unit Matrix or Identity Matrix
A diagonal matrix of order n which has unity for all its elements, is called a unit matrix of order n and is denoted by
In.

Thus a square matrix A = [aij]n×n is a unit matrix if aij = .

. Symmetric and Skew Matrices
A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be symmetric when aij = aij for all i and j. If aij = -aij for all i and j and all the leading
diagonal elements are zero, then the matrix is called a skew symmetric matrix.
For example:

is a symmetric matrix and is a skew-symmetric matrix.

Orthogonal Matrix
Any square matrix A of order n is said to be orthogonal if AA' = A'A = In.
Idempotent Matrix
2
A square matrix A is called idempotent provided it satisfies the relation A = A.
Involuntary Matrix
2
A matrix such that A = I is called involuntary matrix.
Adjoint of a Square Matrix
Let A = [aij] be a square matrix of order n and let Cij be cofactor of aij in A. Then the transpose of the matrix of
cofactors of elements of A is called the adjoint of A and is denoted by adj A.

where Cij denotes the cofactor of aij in A.

Note:
(i)Let A be a square matrix of order n. Then A(adj A) = |A| In = (adj A)A.

(ii)The adjoint of a square matrix of order 2 can be easily obtained by interchanging the diagonal elements
and changing the signs of off-diagonal (left hand side lower corner to right hand side
upper corner) elements.
Inverse of a Matrix
A non-singular square matrix of order n is invertible if there exists a square matrix B of the same order such that AB
= In = BA.
-1
In such a case, we say that the inverse of A is B and we write, A = B.
-1
The inverse of A is given by A = 1/|A|. adj A.
Properties of Inverse of a Matrix
(i) Every invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.
-1 -1 -1
(ii) (Reversal law) If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then AB is invertible and (AB) = B A .
-1 -1 -1 -1
In general,if A,B,C,...are invertible matrices then (ABC....) =..... C B A .
T T -1 -1 T
(iii) If A is an invertible square matrix, then A is also invertible and (A ) = (A ) .
n-1
(iv) If A is a non-singular square matrix of order n, then |adj A| = |A| .
(v) If A and B are non-singular square matrices of the same order, then adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A).
T T
(vi) If A is an invertible square matrix, then adj(A ) = (adj A)
n-1
(vii) If A is a non-singular square matrix, then adj(adjA) = |A| A.
Determinants

Definition
Consider the equations a1x + b1 y = 0, a2x + b2y = 0. These give -a1/b1 = y/x = - a2/b2 => a1/b1 = a2/b2
=> a1b2 - a2b1 = 0.

We express this eliminant as = 0.

The expression is called a determinant of order two, and equals a1b2-a2b1.

A determinant of order three consisting of 3 rows and 3 columns is written as and is equal to a1

= a1 (b2c3 − c2b3 ) − b1 (a2 c3 − c2 a3 ) + c1 (a2b3 − b2 a3 ) .

The numbers ai , bi , ci (i = 1 2, 3,) are called the elements of the determinant.
Properties of Determinants
(i) If rows be changed into columns and columns into the rows, then the values of the determinant remains
unaltered.
(ii) If any two row (or columns) of a determinant are interchanged, the resulting determinant is the negative of the
original determinant.
(iii) If two rows (or two columns) in a determinant have corresponding elements that are equal, the value of
determinant is equal to zero.
(iv) If each element in a row (or column) of a determinant is written as the sum of two or more terms then
the determinant can be written as the sum of two or more determinants.
Solving System of Linear Equations by using Determinants
There are several methods to solve the system of linear equations but determinant is one of the best
mathematical tool from which we can solve the system of linear equations very easily.
CRAMER'S RULE
Case I: System of linear equations in two variables. Let, us have the system of equations
a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2 y + c2 = 0, where a1/a2 ≠ b1/b2
Solving by cross multiplication, we get,

Case II: System of linear equations in three variables:

Let, us have the system of equations

. a1 x + b1 y + c1 = d1,
, a2 x + b2 y + c2 = d2
a3 x + b3 y + c3 = d3

Consistency of the System of the Equations

Let the given system of equation be
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = d1
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = d2
a3 x + b3 y + c3 = d3
From the last enquiry,

Now, there are two possibilities.

Case I. when Δ ≠ 0
In this case we have,
x = Δ1/Δ, y = Δ2/Δ, z = Δ3/Δ = 3
Hence unique value of x, y, z will be obtained

Case II: when Δ = 0

(a) When at least one of Δ1, Δ2 and Δ3 is non zero.
Let Δ1 ¹ 0, then from case I, Δ1 = x Δ will not be satisfied for any value of x because Δ = 0 and Δ1 ≠ 0 and hence no
value of x is possible in this case. Similarly when Δ2 ≠ 0, and Δ2 = y Δ and similarly for Δ3 ≠ 0.
Therefore, if Δ = 0 and any of Δ1, Δ2 and Δ3 is non zero, then no solution is possible and hence system of
equations will be inconsistent

(b) When Δ = 0 and Δ1 = Δ2 = Δ3 = 0.

and we have,
Δ1 = x Δ, Δ2 = y Δ and Δ3 = zΔ will be true for all values of x, y and z. But since a x + b1 y + c1 z = d1, so, only two of
x, y, z will be independent and third will be dependent on other two, therefore if Δ = Δ1 = Δ2 = Δ3 = 0, then the
system of equations will be consistent and it will have infinitely many solutions.
System of homogeneous linear equations
A system of linear equations is said to be homogenous if sum of the powers of the variables in each
term is same. In other words we can say that if constant term is a zero in a system of linear equations.
Let's consider the system of linear homogeneous equations to be
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = 0
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = 0
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = 0
By clean observation, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 is a solution of above system of equations. This solution is known
as trivial solution. For non-trivial solution, consider first two equations from above system.
x/(b1 c2-b2 c1 ) = y/(c1 a2-c2 a2 ) = z/(a1 b2-b1 a2 ) = k
.·. x = k (b1 c2 - b2 c1), y = k (c1 a2 - c2 a1), z = k (a1 b2 - b2 a2)
Now putting these values in the third equation, we get,
k[a3 (b1 c2 - c1 b2) -b3 (a1 c2 - c1 a2) -c3 (a1 b2 - b1 a2)] = 0
or, a3 (b1 c2 - c1 b2) -b3 (a1 c2 - c1 a2) -c3 (a1 b2 - b1 a2) = 0 [k ≠ 0]

or, =0
This is required condition for the above system of above homogeneous linear equations to have non-trivial solution.
.·. x = Δ1/Δ
Similarly,

y = Δ2/Δ and z = Δ3/Δ, where Δ ≠ 0.

Previous Year Questions from KVPY exams:

Stream-B:
n
1. Let P be an m × m matrix such that P2 = P . Then (1 + P) equals
(A) I + P (B) I + nP
n
(C) I + 2 P ( )
(D) I + 2n − 1 P
[2011]
2. Let A and B be any two n x n matrices such that the following conditions hold: AB = BA and there exist positive
integers k and l such that Ak = I (the identity matrix) and Bl = 0 (the zero matrix). Then
(A) A + B = I (B) det (AB) = 0
(C) det (A + B) ≠ 0 (D) ( A + B)m = 0 for some integer m
[2011]
0 i   1 0
 , where i = −1 and let I denote the identity matrix 
2
3. Let A denote the matrix   . Then
 i 0  0 1
I + A + A 2 + ....... + A 2010 is
 0 0 0 i   1 1  −1 0 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
0 0  1 0  i 1  0 −1
[2010]
a a2 a3 1
4.If no two of the real numbers a,b,c are equal and b b 2
b 3
1 = 0 , then :
2 3
c c c 1
(A) abc = 1 (B) a + b + c = 1 (C) a + b + c = 0 (D) ab+ bc +ca = 0
[2008]
35 37 
5.Let A be an invertible 2 x 2 real matrix. If A −1 =  then det (12A) equals:
 41 43 
(A) -1728 (B) -1 (C) -12 (D) -1/2
[2007]

Assignments:
1 1
3 5

3 2
2
5

5 1

+
6

5 1

1. Evaluate +
3

6
5

+
5
3
6
5

5
6
3
5

5
3
5

3
5
6
5
(A) ( − ) (B) ( − ) (C) ( − ) (D) ( − )
p a a
b q b
c c r

r
O
p
,
b
q
,
c
r
&

p
a
q
b
r
c

2. If ≠ ≠ ≠ = then find the value of + +

− − −

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

b
c

b
2

( + )
c

c
a

a
2
2

3. What is the value of ( + )

b

a
b
2
2

( + )
12

a
b
c
b
c
c
a
a
b
b
c
c
a
a
b

3
3

(A) ( + + ) (B) ( + + )
2
a
b
c
b
c
c
a
a
b

2
b
c
c
a
a
b
3

(C) ( + + ) (D) ( + + )
s
i
n
2
A
s
i
n
C

s
i
n
B
s
i
n
C
s s
i
n i
2 n
B A
s
i
n
A

4. If A, B, C are angles in a triangle, what will be the value of

s
i
n
B

s
i
n
2
C

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

2
x
3
y
8
,
7
x
5
y
3
0
,
&
4
x
6
y

5. For what value of ‘x’ the equations + = − + = − +λ= consistent.

(A) 7 (B) 8 (C) 6 (D) 5
2 x x
x
p y
y
6 z
z
8

6. For what values of p & q the system of equation

+ + =
2 y

q z

+ + = has no solution
3

+ + =
p
2
&
q
3

p
2
,
q
R

p
2
&
q
3

q
3
,
p
R

(A) ≠ ≠ (B) = ∈ (C) ≠ = (D) = ∈

 x
:
y
:
z
x 1
2 :
y 3
z
0
,
k
x
y
2
z
0
,
2
x
y 3
z :
0
7. If the − + = − + = − + = has a non tri vial solution, find value

:
1

1
:
1

1
:
1
:
3

3
:
1
:
1
(A) − (B) (C) (D) −

s
c

b b
+
a
b
c
5

c c s

s
a
8. If + + = then what is the value of +

s
b
+
4
s

2
s

s
3

3
(A) b (B) (C) (D)
c

a
2

2
( + )
b

c
a

b
2
2

2
9. What is the value of ( + )
c

a
b c
2
2

2
( + )
2
a
b
c

2
b

c
a
a
b

2
a
b
c
a
b
c

2
a
b
c
b
c
c
a
a
b
3

3
(A) ( + + ) (B) ( + + ) (C) ( + + ) (D) ( + + )
b
c

a
b a b

a b
c c b
2

2
+
a c
b a

c
2

2
10. For all real a, b, c what will be the value of +
c

a
2

2
+
(A) Is always positive (B) Is always negative
(C) Is always zero (D) cannot be determined
x y z
x
1 1 1
x
2

+
y

0
2

11. If x, y, z are unequal and + =

z

z
2

+
What will be the value of xyz?
(A) 0 (B) – 1 (C) 1 (D) 2
2

2
.
3

3
.
4
r 1 2
1

r
1

r
1

− − −
n
D
Dr

3
,

= ∑
r

12. If then find

3
1
4
2

r
1
n

=
+ +
(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) – 2 (D) 0
a b c
a
a
1 1 1
3

−
a
b
c

a
b
c
?
b
b

0
,
3

13. If ≠ ≠ and − = then what will be the value of + +

c
c
3

−
2
a
b
b
c
c
a

2
a
b
c
a
b
b
c
c
a

a
b
c
a
b
b
c
c
a

a
b
c
a
b
b
c
c
a

(A) ( + + ) (B) ( + + ) (C) ( + + ) (D) − ( + + )

1

e
i
/
3

i
/
4

π π
e

c
o
s

i
s
i
n
,

e e

e
i

i
/
3

i
2
/
3

θ −π π
14. If = θ+ θ then the value of is :
e 2

1
i
/
4

i 2
/
3

−π − π
2
2

2
2

2
2

(A) − ( + ) (B) + (C) − ( + ) (D) ( + )

1 x x
x x
x

x
1

x x
x
2 1 x

4 1

− −
3
,

x x
x
2 1

4 1

15. If = find the value of − −

x
x

0
2

− −
(A) 3 (B) 0 (C) 27 (D) 9
t
a
n 1 1
A

1 n 1

1 1 n
t
a
B

16. If A, B, C are angles in a triangle, then the value of is

t
a
C
 (A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) 3

1
a

c c
+
a
b
c

a a

1
b
17. If + + is equal to n, then the value of + in terms of n is :

1
c
+
n
1

n
1

n
2
(A) + (B) n (C) − (D) −
1
a
b
c
1 1 1
a b c
a
2
1 1
b c
c
a b

b
2
18. The value of − is
a

(A) 1 c
2
(B) 2 (C) 0 (D) 3
a b c
d e f

m b e
n c f

l l
A

m n
&
B
a d

19. If = = then

1 A
1 B
A
B
0

A
B
0
A
B

0
(A) = (B) + = (C) + = (D) − =
x y z
a a a
x y z
b b b
x y z
c c c

+ + +
20. The value of + + + is
+ + +
x
y
z
a
b
c

x
y
z
a
b
c

x
y
z
a
b
c
(A) 0 (B) + + + (C) + + + + + (D) +
a b c
b c a
c a b
!

21. Which of the following is not the factor of

a
b
c

a
b
w
c
w

a
b
w

c
w
2

(A) + + (B) + + (C) + + (D) none of these

x 2 7
3 x 6
7 2 x
0
,

22. If 7 and 2 are roots of the equation = then the third root is:
1 2
9

(A) − (B) 14 (C) (D) none of these

1 1 1
a
a

1 a a
1 b b
1 c c
2

4
b
b

t
h
e
n
2

23. If =λ λ =_____
c
c
2 c

4 c

2 a c

2
a a
b
b b
c
a c

a
b
b
c
a
c

(A) ( + + ) (B) ( + + )
b

a
b
c
a
b
c

(C) ( + )( + )( + ) (D) ( + + )( )
1 1 1
a b c
a

a b c
b c a
a b c
b c a
1 1 1
2

+
b
2

24. The ratio of the determinants and + is

c
2

+
1
:
3
1
:
1

1
:
2

2
:
1

(A) (B) (C) (D)

1 o

c
o 1 o
s
C
c
o
s
B
A
B
C
0
,

c c
s s
C B

c
o 1
s
A

25. If + + = then the value of

o

c
s
A

(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) 3

 x 2 1
y x

2 1

3 2

A
A
B
C
,
A

,
B

&
C
 +

2
    

x
y
26. Let = =  =   . If = then find the matrix

2 6 −  −   
0 6

6 4
1 2
0 6

6 4

1 2
0 6

2 6

1 2
0 6
 
2
   −   − 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
       
s c
n o
i

c
o i
s

0 0 1
 α − α 

A
A

s 0

s
n 0

1
27. If =  α α  then find

−

 
(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
3
x

2 6
 + 1 2 

7
x
28. For what values of x the matrix  +  has the rank 2?
5

3
x

 + 
x
0

1
2
(A) = (B) =− (C) =− (D) All of these
2 1 1

2 3 2

4 4 3

 − − 
A

?
A

29. If =  −  then

=
 − − 

A
T
(A) I (B) A (C) (D) none of these
3
x

2 1 1

 − 
A
A

2 2

4
x

30. Let =  −  . For what value of x, −

cannot be found?
4


 − − − − 
x
0
,
3

x
1
,
2

x
0
,
1

x
1
,
3
(A) = (B) = (C) = (D) =
a b a a
b a
A

& ,
A

α β 
2

 
31. If =  =  then
  β α
b

a 2
b a

a
b
,

2
a b
b 2
2

2 b

2 2

(A) α = + β= (B) β = + α=
,

a
b
,

a
2

(C) α = + β= (D) α = β= +
1
2 2 3
3 4 1

 
32. The rank of the matrix  λ  is 3 if:
2

 
 − 
1 1
8 1

1 1
8 1

1 1
8 1

1 1
8 1

− −
(A) λ ≠ (B) λ = (C) λ = (D) λ ≠
0 n

t
a
n 0
/
2

c
o s
s i

s c
i
n s

2
2
A

J
A

 − α   α − α
t
a I
/
2

33. If =  then the value of ( − ) where I is a unit matrix of order ×

 α   α α 
A

A
I

(A) − (B) A (C) + (D) I

3 A
3 1

34. If A, B, C are non singular square matrices of order × then which of the following is not necessarily true?
I
I

A
B
C
A
C
B
C
A 2A
A AI
I I
A 0
A

A
A

1
T

(A) = ⇒ = (B) − −
=( )− (C) −
= (D) ( − ) = −
A
A

−
35. If − + = , where A is a square matrix & I is the unit matrix of the same order then is :
A
I

I
A

(A) + (B) − (C) − (D) A

a c b
b a c
c b a

 
A
A
x
x
4
0
A

&
a
,
b
,
c

T
3

36. If =  

are roots of the equation + − = then is equal to
 
A
I

I
A

A
I
2

(A) (B) + (C) (D) −

 1 0 0
0 1 2
0 1 4

1 6
 

C
A
d
I
A

2
37. If =   and

−
= ( + + ) where I is the unit matrix of the third order then find values of c &
 − 
c
1
1
,
d

6
,
d
1
1

1
1
,
d
6

c
6
,
d

1
1
d.
(A) = =− (B) =− = (C) =− = (D) = =−
1 2 2
2 1 2
2 2 1

 
A

5
I3
4
A
38. If =   then value of
 + is equal to
 
A

A
2

4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
0 x x
2 y
y
z z z

 
A
A
I

x
y
z
A

2
39. Let =  −  such that = . Find the value of + +
y

 − 
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
a b c
b c a c
c a b

 

a
b
c
1
A

A
A
I
,
T
40. If the matrix =   where a, b, c are positive real numbers such that

= and = then find
 
a
b
3

the value of + +
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
c
o
s
x

s
i
n
x
0 0 1

 − 
f

?
f
x

s
i
n 0
x
c
o 0
s
x

41. If ( ) =   find the value of

 ( θ + φ)
 
(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
x
1

w 1
2

+
w w

x
w

0
2

42. If w is a non real cube root of unity then a root of the equation, + = is
1

x
w
2 x

+
w

x
0
x
w
x
1

(A) = (B) = (C) = (D) =

1 1
a b c
a 1 1
1 b c
a b 1
1 1 c
1 a a
a 1 1

1 1 b
b

1 1 1
c

n
n

n
1 b 1

n
1 c c

(− ) (− ) + (− ) + (− ) + −
n
1

+ (− )
+
43. The value of + − + − + is equal to
1
n
2

− + − (− )
+
+ −
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
x a a
a x a
a a x

44. The sum of the roots of the equation is 0. Then x is

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

x x x
1 2 3
x x x
2 3 4
x x x

+ + +λ
,
,
0
,

45. + + +µ = where λ µ υ are in AP, is

+ + +γ
(A) an equation whose all roots are real (B) an identity in x
(C) an equation with only one real root (D) none of these

Matrices and Determinants

Answer Key for kvpy problems:
1.D 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.C

Matrices and Determinants

Answer Key for assignments:

1.A 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.B

6.C 7.A 8.C 9.C 10.A

11.B 12.D 13.C 14.A 15.D

16.C 17.A 18.C 19.A 20.A

21.D 22.A 23.C 24.A 25.B

26.C 27.D 28.D 29.B 30.A

31.C 32.A 33.C 34.A 35.C

36.A 37.B 38.A 39.B 40.D

41.D 42.D 43.A 44.A 45.B

 PROBABILITY

SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS:

Sample Space - The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called the sample space, denoted by S. An
element of S is called a sample point.

For example, in the experiment of tossing of two coins, the possible outcomes are HH, HT, TH, TT
i. e . , S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}

Event - An event is a subset of a sample space. For example, for the sample space given by (i), the subset {HH,
HT, TH} is the event that at least one head occurs.

Simple Event - An event consisting of a single point is called a simple event.

For example, for the sample space given by (i), A = {HT, TH} B = {HH} etc. are simple events.

Compound Events— It is the joint occurrence of two of more simple events

Equally Likely Events— A number of simple events are said to be equally likely, if there is no reason for one event
to occur in preference to any other event.

Exhaustive Events— One or more events are said to be exhaustive if all the possible elementary events under the
experiment are covered by the event(s) considered together. In other words, the events are said to be exhaustive
when they are such that at least one of the events compulsorily occurs.

Mutually Exclusive Events - If two events cannot occur simultaneously, then they are mutually exclusive.
If A and B are mutually exclusive, then A ∩ B = φ
:.P(AuB) = P(A) + P(B)
Classical definition of probability— If there are n exhaustive, mutually exclusive and equally likely
outcomes of an experiment and m of them are favourable to an event, then the mathematical probability of A is
defined as the ratio m/n, i.e., P(A) = m/n

Axioms of probability - Let S be the sample space

∴ [a1,a2 ,a3 ......] A1 U A 2 U A 3 U .....

=
A i = {ai }
Where, are the simple event in S.

Then to each event A in S, we assign a non-negative real number P(A), called the probability of A satisfying the
following axioms.

P1 : P (A) ≥ 0 for every event A

P2 : P (S) = 1 for the certain event S
P3 : Probability P(A) of any event A is the sum of the probabilities of simple events whose union is A.

Properties of Probability:

( i) Probability of an impossible event is zero, i .e .,

P ( φ) = 0

( i i)
( )
P A ∩ B = P ( A ) − P ( A ∩ B)

W h er e , B d e no tes t h e e v en t c om p l e m en t ar y t o e ve n t B .
P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B )
( i i i ) If A an d B a r e a n y e v e n ts i n S , t h e n
S i n c e , t h e pr o b a b i l it y o f a n e ve n t is a n o n- n e g at i v e n um b er , it f o l l o ws t h a t
P(A ∩ B) ≤ P ( A ) + P (B )
_ _
( i v) P(A ∩ B) = P(A ∪ B) = 1 − P(A ∩ B)
 _ _
P(A ∪ B) = P(A ∩ B) = 1 − P(A ∪ B)

(v) If A an d B ar e m ut ua ll y ex c lus ive, the n

P(A ∩ B) = 0
∴ P(A ∪ B) = P ( A ) + P (B )
A , A ..........,An
G en er a lis in g, if 1 2 ar e n m ut u all y ex c lus i ve ev e nts , t he n
P ( A1 ∪ A 2 ∪ A 3 ....A n ) = P ( A1 ) + P ( A 2 ) + ..... + P ( A n )

(v i) If A is a n y e ve nt in S, th en
( )
P A = 1 − P ( A ) Q A ∪ A = S and A ∩ A = φ 

P ( A ∪ B ∪ C) = P ( A ) + P (B ) + P ( C ) − P ( A ∩ B ) − P ( B ∩ C) − P ( C ∩ A ) + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C)
(v ii)
Independent events:
Example: Suppose you rolled a dice and tossed a coin. Now the probability of getting a particular number on the
dice in no way influences the probability of getting a head or a tail on the coin.
Three events A, B and C are independent iff all the given conditions hold good:
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) . P(B), P(B ∩ C) = P(B) . P(C), P(C ∩ A) = P(C) . P(A)

P(A ∩ B ∩ C) = P(A).P(B).P(C)

Hence, three events are said to be independent if they are independent in pairs as well as mutually independent.

Conditional Probability

Let A and B are two events, then ‘The probability of occurrence of the event A under the condition that event B
has already happened’ is called the conditional probability of A and is denoted by P(A/B).
When all the sample point are equally likely,
P ( A ∩ B)
P ( A / B) = , P (B ) > 0
P (B )
n ( A ∩ B) / n (S) n ( A ∩ B)
= =
n (B ) / n ( S ) n (B )
n ( A ∩ B)
Where, = .number of sample points favorable to event A ∩ B . n(B) = number of favorable to event B.

Multiplication Theorem
From the definition of conditional probability, we obtain multiplication rule of probability
P ( A ∩ B ) = P (B ) P ( A / B ) , P (B ) > 0
i.e, the probability of the simultaneous occurrence of the two events A and B is equal to the product of the
probability of B and the conditional probability of A.
P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = P ( A ) P (B / A ) . P (C / A ∩ B)
Generalizing this result for three events A,B and C

Independent Events
Two events are said to be independent of each other if the probability of the occurrence of one event does not
affect the probability of the occurrence of the other event.
Example: Suppose you rolled a dice and tossed a coin. Now the probability of getting a particular number on the
dice in no way influences the probability of getting a head or a tail on the coin
∴ P ( A / B ) = P ( A ) and P (B / A ) = P (B )
∴ If A and B are independent events, then
P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) P (B )
Note:

(a) Two events A and B are mutually independent, if and only if P(A ∩ B)=P(A)P(B) Provided P(A) ≠ 0 and P(B)
≠ 0.

(b) If A and B are mutually independent events, then (i) A and B are independent (ii) A and B are independent, and
(iii) A and B are independent.
(c) If the event, A,B and C are pair wise independent, and A is also independent of B ∪ C, then A,B,C are mutually
independent.

Bay’s Theorem – Let B1,B2 ….., Bn be n mutually exclusive events in a sample space S. Then for any event A for
which P(A) ≠ 0 and for 1 ≤ j ≤ n
P (Bi ) P ( A / Bi )
P (Bi / A ) =
∑ P (B j ) P ( A / B j )
n

j=1
For I = 1,2,……n.

Note: For the application of Baye’s Theorem, It is necessary that the event B1 , B2 ….. Bn are mutually exclusive
and the sum of their probabilities is equal to 1.

Binomial Distribution for Successive events:

Binomial distribution is one of the most important distributions in the probability theory. The probability distribution
that summarizes the likelihood that a value will take one of two independent values under a given set of parameters
or assumptions is called the binomial distribution.
Let probability of success in any trial be p and that of failure be q, then
p+q=1
Then ( p + q ) n = C0 p n + C1 p n −1q + ........ Cr p n −r q r + ..... Cn q n
Then the probability of exactly k successes in n trials is given by
P(k) = nCk p k q n− k + ........
Assumptions of Binomial Distribution:
1. The number of observations n is fixed.
2. It gives one of the two possible outcomes, say 'success' (when required event take place) and failure (when
required event does not take place)
3. Each trial has the same probability of success.
4. Each trial is mutually exclusive.
5. Mean of binomial distribution is np.
6. Variance is npq,
7. Standard deviation is given by (npq)1/2, where n,p and q have their meanings as described above.

Multinomial Theorem

Suppose a die has m faces with the numbers 1,2, 3,…..m and such n dice are thrown. Then the probability that
the sum (S) of numbers shown on the upper faces is given by.

( x + x 2 + ..... + xm )
n

The coeff. of x S in the expansion of

mm

Previous Year Questions from KVPY exams

Stream-B:

22. Two persons A and B throw a (fair) die (six-faced cube with faces numbered from 1 to 6) alternately, starting with A.
The first person to get an outcome different from the previous one by the opponent wins. The probability that
B wins is:
(A) 5/6 (B) 6/7 (C) 7/8 (D) 8/9
[2014]
23. Choose a number n uniformly at random from the set {1,2,….100}. Choose one of the first seven days of the
year 2014 at random and consider n consecutive days among the chosen n days, the number of Sunday is
 different from
the number of Mondays?
1 2 12 43
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 7 49 175
[2014]
3.A box contains coupons labeled 1, 2, 3, …..n. A coupon is picked at random and the number x is noted. The
coupon is put back into the box and a new coupon is picked at random. The new number is y. Then the probability
that one of the numbers x, y divides the other is (in the options below [ r ] denotes the largest integer less than or
equal to r)
1 1 n n 
(A) (B) 2 ∑  
2 n k =1  k 
1 1 n n  1 2 n n 
(C) − + 2 ∑   (D) − + 2 ∑  
n n k =1  k  n n k =1  k 
[2013]
4. A box contains coupons labelled 1,2,......100. Five coupons are picked at random one after another without
replacement. Let the numbers on the coupons be x1, x2,....,x5. What is the probability that x1 > x2 > x3 and
x3 < x4 < x5 ?
(A) 1/120 (B) 1/60 (C) 1/20 (D) 1/10
[2013]
n
5. Let Sn = ∑ k =1 k denote the sum of the first n positive integers. The numbers S1, S2 , S3 ....S99 are written on 99
cards. The probability of drawing a cards with an even number written on it is
1 49 49 48
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 100 99 99
[2012]
6. A purse contains 4 copper coins and 3 silver coins. A second purse contains 6 coins and 4 silver coins. A
purse is chosen randomly and a coin is taken out of it. What is the probability that it is a copper coin?
41 31 27 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
70 70 70 3
[2012]

7. A man tosses a coin 10 times, scoring 1 point for each head and 2 points for each tail. Let P(K) be the
1
probability of scoring at least K points. The largest value of K such that P(K) > is
2
(A) 14 (B) 15 (C) 16 (D)17
[2012]
8. Two players play the following game: A writes 3, 5, 6 on three different cards ; B writes 8, 9, 10 on three different
cards, Both draw randomly two cards from their collections, Then A computes the product of two numbers he/she
has drawn, and B computes the sum of two numbers he/she has drawn, The player getting the larger number wins,
What is the probabi1ity that A wins?
1 5 4 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 9 9 9
[2011]
9.Three vertices are chosen randomly from the seven vertices of a regular 7-sided polygon. The probability that
they form the vertices of an isosceles triangle is
1 1 3 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
7 3 7 5
[2010]
10.Two points are randomly chosen on the circumference of a circle of radius r. The probability that the distance
between the two points is at least r is equal to
(A) 2 / π (B) sinr (C) 1/2 (D) 2/3
[2009]
11.A fair coin is tossed five times. If the outcomes are 2 heads and 3 tails (in some order), then what is the
probability that the fourth toss is a head?
 1 2 1 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 5 2 5
[2007]

ASSIGNMENTS

1. A man is known to speak the truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die & reports that it is a six. The
probability that it is actually a six is
(A) 3/8 (B) 1/5
(C) 3/4 (D) none of these

2. A fair coin is tossed 100 times. The probability of getting tails an odd number of times is
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/8
(C) 3/4 (D) none of these

3. An unbiased die with faces marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6 is rolled 4-times. Out of 4 face values obtained, the
probability that the minimum face value is not less than two and the maximum face value is not greater
than 5 is
(A) 16/81 (B) 1/81
(C) 80/81 (D) 65/81

4. 15 persons among whom are A & B, sit down at random at a round table, the probability that there are 4
persons between A & B is
(A) 2/17 (B) 1/7
C) 1/2 (D) none of these

5. The probabilities of two events are 0.25 and 0.50. The total probability of both happening together is
0.14. Which of the following is the probability of none of the events happening?
(A) 0.39 (B) 0.25
(C) 0.11 (D) none of these

2 1 5
6. If P (A) = , P (B) = and P (A ∪ B) = , then the events A and B are
3 2 6
(A) mutually exclusive (B) independent
(C) independent as well as mutually exclusive (D) none of these

7. A fair coin is tossed n times. If the probabilities of getting 4, 5, 6 heads be in A.P, then n is equal to
(A) 12 (B) 8
(C) 15 (D) 14

8. The probability that a rectangle picked up from a chessboard has the area 6 cm2 where the distance
between consecutive parallel lines on the board is 1 cm, is
3 3
(A) (B)
56 28
9
(C) (D) none of these
56
9. The probability that in a year chosen at random there will be 53 Sunday is
1 5
(A) (B)
4 28
1
(C) (D) none of these
7
10. In the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 the coefficients a, b, c take distinct values from the set {1, 2, 3}.
The probability that roots of equation are real is
2 1
(A) (B)
3 3
1
(C) (D) none of these
4

11. A set ‘A’ has n elements, let P be the power set of A i.e. set of subsets of A, one set is selected at random
from A, the probability that it has two elements is
1 1
(A) (B) n −1
2 2
n(n − 1)
(C) (D) none of these
2n +1
12. Two distinct digits are chosen at random from the set {1, 2, 3, ……., 8}. The probability of their sum being
equal to 5 is
1 3
(A) (B)
14 28
5
(C) (D) none of these
8
13. A and B stand in a line at random with 10 other people, the chance that there will be 3 people between
them is
2 2
(A) (B)
33 99
4
(C) (D) none of these
33
14. Six boys and six girls sit in a row at random, then the probability that six girls sit together is
1 1
(A) (B)
66 132
1
(C) (D) none of these
462
1
15. E1, E2, ……, En are n independent events such that P (Ei) = for 1 ≤ i ≤ n. The chance that none of E1,
2i + 1
E2, ……, En occurs is
1 n!
(A) (B) 2n
(n + 1)! (2n + 1)!
(n ! )2 (n ! )2
(C) 2 2n (D) 2n
( 2n + 1)! (2n + 1)!
16. A bag contains 16 coins of which four have heads on both sides and the remaining 12 are fair coins. A coin
is selected at random and tossed. The chance that a head shows up is
1 5
(A) (B)
2 16
5
(C) (D) none of these
8
17. A team of 12 married couples attend a party at which five persons are chosen for a prize. The chance that
the selected persons are of the same sex is
138 69
(A) (B)
7 7
23
(C) (D) none of these
7
18. One boy can solve 60% of the problems in a book and another can solve 80%. The probability that at least
one of the two can solve a problem chosen at random from the book is
(A) 2/25 (B) 23/25
(C) 4/5 (D) 9/10

19. Three dice are rolled. The probability that different numbers will appear on them is
(A) 2/3 (B) 4/9
(C) 5/9 (D) 2/9

20. A speaks truth in 60% cases and B speaks truth in 70% cases. The probability that they will say the same
thing while describing single event is
(A) 0.56 (B) 0.54
(C) 0.38 (D) 0.94

21. From a pack of 52 cards two cards are drawn at random, the probability that both cards are diamonds is
1 1
(A) (B)
16 17
1 1
(C) (D)
18 19

22. Twenty-five coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability that the fifth coin will fall with head
upwards, is
5 5
(A) (B) 25
25 2
1
(C) (D) none of these
2
23. If two squares are chosen at random on a chess board, the probability that they have a side in common is
1 4
(A) (B)
9 9
3 1
(C) (D)
7 18

24. In a bag there are 15 red and 5 white balls. Two balls are chosen at random and one is found to be red.
The probability that the second one is also red is
(A) 12/19 (B) 13/19
(C) 14/19 (D) 15/19

25. A die is thrown three times and the sum of three numbers obtained is 15. The probability of first throw
being 4 is
1 1
(A) (B)
18 5

4 17
(C) (D)
5 18

1 2
26. If A and B are two events such that P (A) = and P (B) = ,then
2 3
2 1
(A) P (A ∪ B) ≥ (B) P (A ∩ B′) >
3 3
1 1
(C) P (A ∩ B) > (D) P (A′ ∩ B) >
2 2
27. A class consists of 80 students, 25 of them are girls and 55 boys. If 10 of them are rich and the remaining
poor and also 20 of them are intelligent and others are not, then probability of selecting an intelligent rich
girl is
5 25
(A) (B)
128 128
5
(C) (D) none of these
512

28. A number of six digits is written down at random. Probability that sum of digits of the number is even is
(A)1/2 (B) 3/8
(C) 3/7 (D) none of these

29. A number of five digits is formed by using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, no digit being repeated in any number.
The probability that it is a number divisible by 4 is
1 5
(A) (B)
3 16
1 4
(C) (D)
4 15

30. A fair die is thrown until a score of less than 5 points is obtained. The probability of obtaining not less
than 2 points on the last throw is
(A) 3/4 (B) 5/6
(C) 4/5 (D) 1/3

31. The probability of having at least one head in 5 throws of a coin is

5 31
A) (B)
32 32
1
(C) (D) none of these
32

32. In bag A there are 5 white and 3 black balls. In bag B there are 3 white and 1 black balls. One ball is
chosen at random from any bag and found to be white then the probability that it is from bag B is
5 6
(A) (B)
11 11
3
(C) (D) none of these
8

33. A special die with numbers − 3, − 2, − 1, 0, 1 , 2 on its faces is thrown thrice then probability that the sum
of the numbers appeared on faces is equal to zero is
25 25
(A) (B) 3
36 6
55
(C) 3 (D) none of these
6

34. Two cards are drawn from a pack of 52 cards one by one without replacement then probability of getting
king and queen of different colour is
4 4
(A) (B)
26 × 51 13 × 51
8
(C) (D) none of these
13 × 51
35. The distinct numbers are chosen from the set {1, 2, …6}. The probability that the product of two numbers
is the third one is
(A) 1.2 (B) 1/3
(C) 1/ 2 (D) none of these

36. A and B are two events such that P(A) = 0.2 and P(A∪B) = 0.7. If A and B are independent events then
P(B′) equals
(A) 2/7 (B) 7.9
(C) 3/8 (D) none of these

5 1 1
37. If P (A ∪ B) = , P (A ∩ B) = and P ( B ) = , then which of the following is not true
6 3 2
2 1
(A) P (A) = (B) P (B) =
3 2
(C) P (A) and P (B) are independent events (D) none of these

n
38. The probability that the roots of the equation x2 + nx + = 0 are real, where n ∈ N and n ≤ 8 is
2
1 1
(A) (B)
2 3
4 3
(C) (D)
5 5

39. Three fair dice are rolled once. If on any two 4 comes, then the probability that on the third 5 will appear,
is
7 1
(A) (B)
8 3
1 3
(C) (D)
2 16

40. The total number of squares of any size (side being natural numbers) in a rectangle of
m × n(m<n) (m,n ∈ N ) is
m m
(A) (m + 1) (3n − m + 1) (B) (m + 1)
6 2
(C)
(m + 1)(m + 2) (D) None of these
4
PROBABILITY
Answer key for kvpy questions:

1. B 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C

6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.D

11.B
 PROBABILITY

Answer key for assignments:

1. A 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.A

6.B 7.D 8.D 9.B 10.D

11.B 12.A 13.C 14.B 15.C

16.C 17.A 18.B 19.C 20.B

21.B 22.C 23.D 24.C 25.B

26.A 27.C 28.A 29.B 30.A

31.B 32.B 33.B 34.B 35.D

36.C 37.D 38.A 39.D 40.A

 Vector Algebra and 3-D Geometry

Definitions: A Vector may be described as a quantity having both magnitude and direction. A vector is generally
→
represented by a directed line segment, say AB. A is called the initial point and B is called the terminal point.
→ →
The magnitude of vector AB is expressed by AB .

r r uuur uuur r r
Vector Addition : If two vectors a + b are represented by OA and OB. then their sum a + b is a vector
uuur
represented by OC, where OC is the diagonal of the parallelogram OACB.
r r r r
(i) a + b = b + a (commutative)

( ) ( )
r r ur r r r
(ii) a + b = C = a + b + c (associativity)

ur r r r r
(iii) a + 0 = a = 0 + a

( )
ur r r r r
(iv) a + ( −a) = 0 = −a + a

r r
Section Formula : If a and b are the positive vectors of two points A and B then the p.v. a point which divides AB
r r r r
r na + mb a+b
in the ratio m : n is given by : r = . Note PV of mid point of AB = .
m+n 2

r
Direction cosines: Let a = a1$i + a2 $j + a3 k$ the angles which this vector makes with the positive directions OX, OY
and OZ are called Direction Angles and their cosines are called the Direction Cosines.

a a
cos α = r1 , cos β = r2
a a

a
cos γ = r3
a

Note that, cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ = 1

r r r
Test of Collinearity: Three points A,B,C with position vectors a, b, c respectively are collinear, if and only if there
exist scalars x, y, z not all zero simultaneously such that;

r r r
xa + yb + zc = 0, where x + y + z = 0

Scalar Product of Two Vectors:

r r r r
(i) a b = a b cos θ(0 ≤ θ ≤ π),
 r r r r
Note that if θ is acute then a. b > 0and if obtuse then a. b < 0

r r r 2 uur r r r r
(ii) a. a = a = a2 , a. b = b. a (commutative)

r r r r r rr
(iii) a.(b + c) = a. b + a.c (distributive)

( )
r r r r r r
(iv) a. b = 0 ⇔ a ⊥ b a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0

(v) $$
i.i = $j.j$ = k.k
$ $ = 1; $i. $j = $j. k$ = k.
$ $i = 0

rr
r r a.b
(vi) Projection of a on b = r
b

rr
r r a.b
The angle φ between a and b is given by cos φ = r r 0 ≤ φ≤ π
a b

Vector Product of Two Vectors

r r r ur r r r
(i) If a and b are two vectors and θ is the angle between them then a x b = a b sin θ n,

r r r r
where n is the unit vector perpendicular to both a and b and n forms a right handed screw system.

ˆi ˆj kˆ
r r r r
$ $ $
9. If a = a1i + a2 j + a3 k and b = b1 i + b2 j + b3k , then a × b = a1 a2
ˆ ˆ ˆ a3
b1 b2 b3

r r r r
(iv) geometrically a × b = area of the parallelogram whose two adjacent sides are represent by a and b

r r
r r a×b
(v) Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of a and b is n̂ = ± r r
a×b

( )
r r r r r r
Vector Triple product : Let a,b,c be any three vectors, then the expression a × b × c is a vector and is called
a vector Triple product.

( ) ( )
r r r r r r
Geometrical interpretation of a × b × c . Consider the expression a × b × c which itself is a vector, since it is a

( ) ( )
r r r r r r
cross product of two vectors a and b × c . Now a × b × c is a vector perpendicular to the plane containing
 ( ) ( )
r r r r r r r r r r
a and b × c but b × c is a vector perpendicular to the plane b × c , therefore a × b × c is a vector lies in the

( )
r r r r r r r r
plane b and c of and perpendicular to a . Hence we can express a × b × c in terms of b and c ie,

( )
r r r r r
a × b × c = xb + yc where x and y are scalars.

( ) ( ) ( )
r r r rr r rr r
a × b × c = a.c b − a.b c

(a × b ) × c = (a . c ) b − (b . c ) a
r r r r r r r r r

(a × b ) × c ≠ a × (b × c )
r r r r r r

3D Geometry

1. Distance (d) between points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2)

A
(x1, y1, z1)
P(x, y, z)
m1 m2
(x
. B
2 y2, z2)
,

d= ( x 2 − x1 )2 + (y 2 − y1 )2 + (z2 − z1 )2

2. Section formula

m2 x1 + m1x 2 m y + m1 y 2
X= ; y= 2 1 ;
m1 + m2 m1 + m2

m2 z1 + m1z 2
z=
m1 + m2

(For external division take –ve sign)

Direction Cosine and Direction Ratio’s of a Line

Direction cosine of a line has the same meaning as DC’S of a vector.

(i) Any three numbers a, b, c proportional to the direction cosines are called the direction ratios ie,

l m n 1
= = =±
a b c a + b2 + c 2
2
 Same sign either +ve or –ve should be taken through out.

Note that DR’s of a line joining x1, y1, z1 and x2, y2, z2 are proportional to x2 – x1, y2 – y1 and z2 and z1.

(ii) If θ is the angle between the two lines whose DC’S are l1, m 1, n1 and l2, m2, n2

cos θ = 11 12 + m 1 m2 + n1 n2

Hence, if lines are perpendicular, then l1l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 = 0

l1 m n
If lines are parallel, then = 1 = 1
l2 m2 n2

(x2, y2, z2)

(x1, y1, z1)

DC’s
l, m, n

l1 m1 n1
Note that if three lines are coplanar, then l2 m2 n2 = 0
l3 m3 n3

Plane

(i) General equation of degree one in x, y, z i.e, ax + by + cz + d = 0 represents a plane.

(ii) Equation of a plane passing through (x1 y1, z1) is

a(x − x1 ) + b(y − y1 ) + c (z − z1 ) = 0

Where a, b, c are the direction ratios of the normal to the plane.

(iii) Equation of a plane if its intercepts on the coordinate axes are

x y z
x1, y1, z1 is + + =1
x1 y1 z1

(iv) Equation of a plane if the length of the perpendicular from the origin on the plane is p and DC’s of the
perpendicular as l, m, n is 1x + my + nz = p

(v) Parallel and perpendicular planes

Two planes a1x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0

and a2 x + b2 y + c 2 z + d2 = 0

are perpendicular if a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1c 2 = 0

 a1 b1 c1
parallel if = =
a2 b2 c 2

a1 b1 c d
and coincident if = = 1 = 1
a2 b2 c 2 d2

(vi) Angle between a plane and a line is the compliment of the angle between the normal to the plane and

the line.
r r r rr
Line: r = a + λ b  ° b.n
If r r  then cos (90 − θ) = sin θ = r r
Plane : r .n = d  b n

line

θ
plane

where θ is the angle between the line and normal to the plane.

(vii) Length of the perpendicular from a point x1 , y1 , z1 to a plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is

 ax + by1 + cz1 + d 
p= 1 
 a2 + b2 + c 2 

(Viii) Distance between two parallel planes ax + by + cz + d1 = 0

 d1 − d2 
and ax + by + cz + d2 = 0 is  
 a + b + c 
2 2 2

(x) Equation of a plane through the intersection of two planes P1 and P2 is given by P1 + λP2 = 0

Straight line in space

(i) Equation of a line through A (x1, y1, z1) and having direction

cosines l, m, n are

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
l m n
 and the lines through (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2)

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
x 2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1

Previous Year Questions from KVPY exams:

Stream-B:
uur uur uur uur
1.Let v1, v 2 ,v 3 ,v 4 be unit vectors in the xy plane, one each in the interior of the four quadrants. Which of the
following statements is necessarily true?
uur uur uur uur
(A) v1 + v 2 + v 3 + v 4 = 0
uur uur
(B) There exist i, j with 1 ≤ i < j ≤ 4 such that v i + v j is in the first quadrant

uur uur
(C) There exist i, j with 1 ≤ i < j ≤ 4 such that v i . v j < 0

uur uur
(D) There exist i, j with 1 ≤ i < j ≤ 4 such that v i . v j > 0

[2013]
r r r r r r r r r
2. Let a, b, c be three vectors in the xyz space such that a × b = b × c = c × a ≠ 0 . If A, B, C are points with
r r r
position vectors a , b ,c respectively, then the number of possible positions of the centroid of triangle ABC is:-
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 6

[2011]
r uur
3.Let u = 2iˆ − ˆj + k,
ˆ v = −3ˆj + 2kˆ be vectors in R3 and w be a unit vector in the xy-plane. Then the maximum
uur r uur
possible value of (u × v).w is

(A) 5 (B) 12 (C) 13 (D) 17

[2010]
uuur uuur uuuuuuur
4.Let ABC be a triangle and P be a point inside ABC such that PA + 2 PB + 3PC = 0 . The ratio of the area of
triangle ABC to that of APC is:

3 5
(A)2 (B) (C) (D)3
2 3
[2010]
r r r r r
5. A vector which bisects the angle between a = 3i − 4k and b = 5j + 12k is
r r r r r r r r 8r r r 8r
(A) 39i − 25j + 8k (B) 39i + 25j + 8k (C) 3i − 5j + k (D) 3i + 5j + k
5 5
[2009]
6.If V1, V2 ,V3 are unit vectors such that v1 + v 2 + v 3 = 0 then v1 − v 2 :

(A) equals 3 (B) equals 3/2

 (C) can be any value in the interval (0,2) (D) can be any value in the interval (3/2, 3)
[2007]

ASSIGNMENTS

a
b

a
b
a

b
( )×( ) is parallel to the vector :
r r r r r r
1. If and are two unit vectors, then the vector + ×
a
b

a
b

2
a
b

2
a
b
r r r r r r r r
(A) − (B) + (C) − (D) +

c
i
c
j
b
k
a
i
a
j
c
k
,
i
k
2. Let a, b, c be distinct non negative numbers. If the vectors + + + and + + lie in a plane,
then c is:

(A) GM of a and b (B) AM of a and b (C) HM of a and b (C) none of the above
a

i
j
k
,
b

i
j
k

a
r r r r r
3. If = λ( + − ) = µ ( − + ) and are unit vectors perpendicular to the vector and coplanar with
b
,

r r r r c
and then a unit vector perpendicular to both and is
1 6

1 2

1 6

1 2
2
i
j
k

j
k

i
2
j
k

j
k
(A) ( − + ) (B) ( + ) (C) (− + ) (D) ( − )
a
,
b
,
c b

a
2
b
r r r r r
4. Let are three non – zero vectors, no two of which are collinear. If the vector + is collinear with
c
,

3
c

a
,

a
2
b
6
c

r r r r r r r
and + is collinear with then + + is equal to :
a

r r r
(A) λ (B) λ (C) λ (D) 0
a

r
5. A vector has components 2p and 1 with respect to a rectangular Cartesian system. The system is
a

r
rotated through a certain angle about the origin in the counter clockwise direction. If has components
p + 1 and 1 with respect to the new system, then find the values of p
1 3

1 3

1 2

1 3

1 2

1 3
o
r
1

o
r

o
r

(A) 1 or − (B) − (C) − (D) −

i
a
j
k
,
j
a
k

6. The value of “a” for which the volume of the parallelopiped formed by the vectors + + + and
a
i
k

+ is minimum is:
1 3
3

(A) 1 (B) (C) (D)

a
,
b
a
n
d
c

a
b

b
c

c
a
2

r r r r r r r r r
7. If are unit vectors, then − + − + − does not exceed.
 (A) 4 (B) 9 (C) 8 (D) 6

r
x
i
y
j
z
k
,

u
i
j
k

r
.
u
1
0
,
N
r r rr
8. The position vector of a point P is = + + where x, y, z ∈ and = + + . If = then the
possible positions of P are:

(A) 72 (B) 36 (C) 60 (D) 108

a
,
b
,
c

a
b
c

1
/
2
b
,
b
a
n
d
c
( )
r r r r r r r r r
× =( ) × being non – parallel. If θ is the angle

1
9. If be three unit vectors such that

b
r r
between a and c and θ is the angle between and then :
2

π π π π
3

6
(A) θ = (B) θ = (C) θ = (D) θ =
1

2
i
2
j
3 2
k i
10. The distance of the point B with position vector + + from the line passing through the point A whose
4
i
2
j
2
k

3
j
6
k
position vector is + + and parallel to the vector + + is
1
0

8
(A) (B) (C) (D)
a
2
,
b
3
,
c
4

a
b
c
0
,

b
.
c
c
.
a
a
.
b
r r r r r r r r r
11. If = = = and + + = then the value of + + is equal to
1 2
9

1 2
9

2 2
9

2 2
9
(A) (B) − (C) (D) −
A
B
C
D
B
C
A
D
C
A
B
D

12. If A, B, C, D are four points in a space and × + × + × = λ (area of the triangle ABC).
Then the value of λ is :

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

1 2
5
6
i
8
j

k
a

r
13. A vector which is collinear with the vector − − of magnitude 50 making an obtuse angle with z –

axis is:
2
4
i
3
2
j
3
0
k

2
4
i
3
2
j
3
0
k

2
4
i
3
2
j
3
0
k

(A) − − (B) − + + (C) + − (D) none of these

O
A
.
i
1

O
B
.
i
2
y
x
2

uuur uuur
14. Let there be two points A, B on the curve = in the plane OXY satisfying $= and $ = − , then
2
0
A
3
0
B

ur ur
the length of the vector − is:
1
4

2
5
1

3
4
1

2
4
1

(A) (B) (C) (D)

 2

2
A
B
.
C
D
k
A
D

B
C

A
C

B
D
,
uuur uuur  uuur uuur uuur uuur 
15. If A, B, C, D are four points in space satisfying =  + − −  then the value of k

is :

(A) 2 (B) 1/3 (C)1/2 (D) 1

A
C
5
i
2
j
4
k
A
B

3
i
4
k
uuur uuur
16. If the vectors =− + and = − + are the sides at a triangle ABC. Then the length of the
median through A is :
1
4

1
8

2
9

3
5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
a x

x
,
y
,
z

y
,
2
z
,
3
x
2
3

r r
17. A vector =( ) of length which makes equal angles with the vectors = ( − ) and
c
2
z
,
3
,
y

d
1
,
1
,
2
r r
=( − ) and is perpendicular to = ( − ) and makes an obtuse angle with y-axis is:
2
,
2
,
2

2
,
2
,
2
1
,
1
,
1
0

1
,
2
,
1
0
(A) ( − ) (B) ( ) (C) ( − − ) (D) ( )
a
b
c

b
c
a
,

r r r r r r
18. If × = and × = then :
a
c
a
,
b
,
c

r r r
(A) are orthogonal in pairs but ≠
a
,
b
,
c

b
1

r r r r
(B) are orthogonal but ≠
a
,
b
,
c

r r r
(C) are not orthogonal to each other
a
c
,
b
1
a
,
b
,
c

r r r
(D) are orthogonal in pairs and = =
a
7
i
4
j
4
k
c 2

r r
19. The vector directed along the internal bisector of the angle between the vectors = − − and
b

2
i
j
k

c
5
6

r r
=− − + with = is :
5 3

5 3

5 3

5 3
i
7
j
2
k

i
7
j
2
k

i
7
j
2
k

i
7
j
2
k

(A) (− + ) (B) (+ + ) (C) (− − + ) (D) (+ − )

a
1
,
2
,
3
,
b

2
,
3
,
4
c
1
,
1
,
x
x
R

r r r
20. Find the value of ∈ for which the vectors =( − ) = (− − ), =( − ) form a linearly
dependent system

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

a
b

a
b
c
.
a
2
b
c

{( )×( )} ( )
r r r r r r r r
− − − + −
a
b
c

21. Find the value of the expression rrr

 
 
 (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

b
,
22. Unit vector $ is inclined at angle θ to unit vectors $ and $ which are perpendicular to each other. For
c
m
a
b
n
a
b
$=
( $ + $ ) + ( $ × $ ) for real m and n then θ belongs to

3,4
0
,2

,2
 π π  π π π π

4
(A)   (B)  π  (C)   (D)  
    
a ,
,
b
,
c
a
n
d
d
r r r r
23. The position vectors of four distinct points A, B, C and D lie on a plane are such that
a
d
b
d
c
d

− = − = − then the point D is the

A
B
C

A
B
C
(A) centroid of ∆ (B) orthocenter of ∆
A
B
C

A
B
C
(C) circumcentre of ∆ (D) incentre of ∆
a
a
n
d
b

a
b
1
,
2

,
r r r r
24. If the unit vectors are inclined at an angle θ and − < then if ≤ θ ≤ π θ lies in the interval:
5,6
2 3

0
,
0
,6

5
,

0
,3

 π  π   π  π  π π
[ π]
6

(A)  ∪ π (B)  ∪ π (C)   (D)

         

25. If k is the length of any edge of a regular tetrahedron then the distance of any vertex from the opposite face
is:
3 2

2 3

2 3
k

3
k
2

(A) (B) (C) (D)

a
,
b
,
c
a
n
d
d

P1

P2
a
b

c
d
0

( )×( )
r r r r r r r r
26. Let the vector be such that × × = . Let and be planes determined by the
P1

P2

pair of vectors a, b, c and d respectively. Then the angle between and is:

π π π
4

(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)

a
2
i
j
2
k

b
i
j
.

a
b

c
a
.
c
c
,
c
a
2
2

r r r rr r r r r r
27. Let = + − and = + If is vector that = − = and the angle between × and
3
0
,

a
b
c
0

( )
r r r
is then × × is equal to

(A) 2/3 (B) 3/2 (C) 2 (D) 3

 A
a
,
b
,
c
28. In a three dimensional coordinate system P, Q and R are images of a point ( ) in the x – y, the y – z
and z - x planes respectively. If G is the centroid of the triangle PQR, then area of triangle AOG is (O is the
origin).

2 3

1 3
a
b
c

a
b
c
a
b
c

2
2

2
(A) 0 (B) + + (C) ( + + ) (D) ( + + )
a
x
a
y
z
0
,
b
x
b
y
z
0

c
x
c
y
z
0

0
,
0
,
0
2

2
29. The equation + + = + + = , and + + = have only solution ( ) . The
coefficients a, b, c are in GP, then the common ratio of GP cannot be equal to:
0
,
1

2
,
3

4
,
5
(A) ± (B) ± (C) ± (D) none of the above
A

2
,
3
,
5
,
B

4
,
3
,
1

3
,
5
,
=( 2
30. Let ) = (− − ) and =( − ) , then the equation of a plan perpendicular to the plane ABC
and passes through A, B is:
2
x
y
2
z
1
3
0

x
2
y
2
z
3
0

2
x
y
2
z
3
0

2
x
y
2
z
1
1
0
(A) − + + = (B) + − + = (C) + − + = (D) − + − =
P
,
,

1
,
0
,
1

1
,
0
,
1
P
Q
R

31. Let ( α β γ ) be a vertex of an equilateral ∆ where vertex Q and R are ( − ) and ( − )

respectively, then P will lie on the plane :
x
y
z
3
2
0

2
x
4
y
3
z
1
0
0

x
y
z
6
0

x
y
z
1
2
0
(A) + + + = (B) + + + = (C) + + + = (D) − + + =
3
x
2
y
5
z
1
0
0

c
o
s
k
1

32. The plane − + + − = makes an angle of −

( ) with y – axis. The value of k is equal to
1 7

2 1
3
8

1
6

(A) (B) (C) (D)

2 2
x
y
3
z
5
0

9
0
0

33. The plane − + + = is rotated through about its lines of intersection with plane
5
x
4
y

z
1
0

− − + = . The equation of the plane in the new position is :

6
x
9
y
2
9
z
3
1
0

2
7
x
2
4
y
2
6
z
1
3
0

(A) − − − = (B) − − − =
2
1
x
2
7
y
2
4
z
1
3
0

(C) − − + = (D) none of these

1
,
r
,
r
.
2

34. A plane meets the coordinate axes in A, B, C such that the centroid of the triangle ABC is the point ( )
4
,
8
,
1
5

The plane passes through the point ( − ) if r is equal to

3
o
r
5

(A) − (B) 2 or 5 (C) 2 or 3 (D) 3 or 5

 P 13

P2

P1
35. Let A be a vector parallel to line of intersection of planes and through origin. is parallel to the

2 k
j
3
k

4
j
3
k

P2

j
k

i
3
j
,
vectors + and − and is parallel to − and + then the acute angle between A and
2
i
j
2
+ − is:

π π π π
3

8
(A) (B) (C) (D)

6
4
k
3
36. A variable plane makes with coordinate planes a tetrahedron of constant volume .The locus of the
centroid of the tetrahedron is:
x
y
z
6
4
k

x
y
z
8
k

x
y
z

6
k

x
y
z

6
4
k
3

3
(A) = (B) = (C) + + = (D) + + =
P
a
,
b
,
c

37. From a point ( ) perpendiculars PM and PN are drawn to zx and xy – planes respectively, O is the
origin. An equation of the plane OMN is:
x a
y b
z c

x a
y b
z c

x a
y b
z c

x a
y b
z c
0

0
(A) − − = (B) + + = (C) + − = (D) − + =
1
, 2
2
,
3

x
y
z
5

38. The distance of the point ( − ) from the plane − + = measured parallel to the line whose direction
,
3
5

cosines are proportional to − is:

9
/
7

1
1
/
7

1
5
/
7

(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these

x
3
y
1 7
5
z
9
,
m
,
n

− + −
2

5
39. If l are the direction cosines of the line of shortest distance between the lines : = =
−
x
1
y
1
z
9 3

,
m
,
n

+ − −
2

and = = , then find ( l ):

−
1 3

1 3
2 3

2 3

1 3

1 3

1 3
1 3
1 3

1 3
2 3
1 3
,

,
,

,
,

       
(A)  −  (B)  − −  (C)   (D)  − 
       
1
,
2
,
3

1
,
1
,
1
,

40. If a plane π passes through the point ( ) and it contains the line joining the origin to the point ( )
,
m
,
n

then the direction cosines l satisfy the relation :

2
m
3
n
0

m
n
0

m
2
n
0

3
m
2
n
0

(A) l + + = (B) l + − = (C) l − + = (D) l + + =

x
1
y 4
z
1
P
0
,
1
,
1

+ −
3

41. The point ( − ) is shifted parallel to the line = = by a distance 5. The coordinates of P is

the new position are:

3
,
5
,
1

3
,
3
,
1

3
,
5
,
1

3
,
5
,
1

(A) ( ) (B) ( − − − ) (C) ( − − ) (D) ( − −)

 x
2
y
3
z
k

A
O
B

,
y
z
+ − − π

2
42. A line = − cuts the − plane and the x – y plane at A and B respectively. If ∠ =

then find k, where O is the origin.

43

92

34

2 9
(A) (B) (C) (D)

1
,
3
,
5

2
,
1
,
4

L 1L 1
43. The line joining the points ( ) and ( − ) is projected in the line in the plane z = 2 and in the line
L2

x
y
1

L2
in the plane + = . Find the shortest distance between lines and
3 2
0 2

1 2
5 9

3 2
0 9

1 2
5 7
3

1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
 x
3
2
y
z
0

R
,
44. The plane λ + ( − λ ) −
x2 = is a plane passing through a fixed line for λ ∈ then fixed line being:

y1
z3

x3
y2
z1
x
3
y

2
y

z
(A) = = (B) = =− (C) =− =− (D) = =
−

x
1
y
11
z
3
+ − +

23

1
45. Find the equation of the plane passing through the line = = and parallel to the line of
x −
y
5
z
6
0

3
x
5
y

z
4
intersection of the planes − − − = and + + =
5
x
3
y
7
z
1
9

3
x
5
y
4
z
1
2

6
x
5
y
3
z
2
1

4
x
7
y
5
z
2
3
(A) + − = (B) A − + = (C) + + = (D) − + =
1
,
2
,
3

2
,
3
,
4
46. AB is a rod which is held such that =( − ) and =( − ) . A source of light is at the origin O. Find

x
y
2
z
1
the length of the shadow of the rod on a plane screen whose equation is + + =
92

72

52

17
1
(A) (B) (C) (D)

Vector Algebra and 3-D Geometry

Answer Key for kvpy questions:

1. A 2.A 3.D 4.D 5.C

6.A

Vector Algebra and 3-D Geometry

Answer Key for assignments:

1. A 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.A

6.D 7.B 8.B 9.A 10.A

11.D 12.D 13.A 14.D 15.C

16.B 17.C 18.D 19.A 20.B

21.D 22.C 23.C 24.A 25.C

26.A 27.B 28.A 29.A 30.C

31.A 32.D 33.B 34.D 35.B

36.A 37.A 38.D 39.C 40.A

41.B 42.B 43.C 44.A 45.A

46.A