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Building Description 
Detailed building energy simulations have been
carried out using a dynamic simulation program
ESP-r. A base case building model of the
representative building was developed. It was
decided to adopt the building design from the
ASHRAE 2018 design competition, to design an
energy  e cient project approaching ''Zero
Energy'' building with minimized energy demand
and incorporate locally available or building-
installed renewable energy sources (RES). 

Base Model Construction The wall was constructed

from light brown brick of 10cm  and light mix concrete
of 15cm and 1.5 cm of gypsum board and the resultant
U-value was 1.3W/m^2. It might seem unreasonable
but as this project is to investigate potential of energy
e ciency in developing countries where there are no
building energy e ciency regulations in place, this
was relevant. The roof and oor were also constructed
using 20cm of dense concrete without insulation. The
windows were constructed using double glazing with
two 6mm clear oat glass 76/71 (Visible transmittance
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0.76/G-value 0.71  ) without blinds with an air gap of

12mm. The windows U-value is 2.8W/m^2.

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Heat Gain for Generic Appliances. The

average rate of appliance energy
consumption can be estimated from the
nameplate or rated energy input qinput by
applying a duty cycle or usage factor FU. The
ratio of heat gain to appliance energy
consumption may be expressed as a radiation
factor FR, and it is a function of both
appliance type and fuel source. The radiation
factor FR is applied to the average rate of
appliance energy consumption, determined
by applying usage factor FU to the nameplate
or rated energy input.Thus, sensible heat gain
qs for generic electric, steam, and gas
appliances installed under a hood can be
estimated using one of the following
equations: 
                                          qs = qinput* FU*FR
or
                                          qs = qinput* FL 
where FL is the ratio of sensible heat gain to
the manufacturer’s rated energy input.[2]

                       Equipment Heat Gains            

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Ventilation
Ventilation is the intentional introduction of outside air
into the space by using fans. The purpose of
ventilation is to remove the product of respiration and

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space contaminants such as smells, water vapor,

gases, fumes, and vapors of industrial processes. In
general, the ventilation system must supply fresh air
to change the room air su ciently so that smells,
gases, and contaminants are removed.
The minimum outside fresh air requirements for
mechanical ventilation during occupied times* are
shown in the table below
 
                                                            Ventilation

       

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