EXERGY ANALYSIS OF TRIGENERATION SYSTEM WITH

ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION
A project report submitted to KL university
under the esteemed guidance of
Dr. T. Anup Kumar
PROFESSOR

SUBMITTED BY:

NAME REGD NO
G. SAI PRUDHVI 160070090
P. SIVAN NARAYANA 160070287
T. RAHUL DEV 160070349
T.RAJAEKHAR REDDY 160070400

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

KL UNIVERSITY
Green fields, Vaddeswaram – 522502 Guntur Dt., AP, India.

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project based laboratory report entitled “EXERGY
ANALYSIS OF TRIGENERATION SYSTEM WITH ABSORPTION
REFRIGERATION” submitted by us to the DEPARTMENT OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, KL UNIVERSITY in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the completion of a project in 4rd B.Tech first Semester, is a
Bonafede record of the work carried out by us during the academic year 2019–
2020.

PROJECT SUPERVISOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Dr. T. Anup Kumar Dr. SRINATH

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is great pleasure for us to express our gratitude to our honorable President

SRI. KONERU SATYANARAYANA, for giving the opportunity and platform
with facilities in accomplishing the project report.
We express our sincere gratitude to our principal Dr. K. SUBBA RAO for
his administration towards our academic growth.
. We record it as our privilege to deeply thank our pioneer DR. SRINATH
SIR, HOD ME for providing us the efficient faculty and facilities to make our
ideas into reality.
We express our sincere thanks to our project supervisor Dr. T. Anup Kumar
SIR for his novel association of ideas, encouragement, appreciation and
intellectual zeal which motivated us to venture this project successfully.
Finally, it is pleased to acknowledge the indebtedness to all those who
devoted themselves directly or indirectly to make this project report success.

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 INDEX
S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

1 ABSTRACT 5

2 INTRODUCTION, WORKING OF A MODERN BIOGAS 6-7

PLANT & FLOWCHART
3 REFRIGERATION ,VAPOUR ABSORPTION 8-9
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM, GENERATION OF BIOGAS
THROUGH NIGHT SOIL
4 POWER GENERATION POWER GENERATION BY USING 10-11
BIO GAS AS FUE, WORKING OF VAPOUR ABSORPTION
REFRIGRANT.
5 WORKING OF VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGRANT, KLU 11-12
HOSTEL FOOD WASTAGE DATA
6 CARBON FOOT PRINTS, ENERGY PRODUCTION, TO RUN 13-14
VAR OPERATED DRINKING WATER COOLER,
CONCLUSION.

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 ABSTRACT

The bio gas plants are designed using the kitchen waste, food waste in the hostels and the night
soil available in the septic tanks of hostel. In connection with the above, a field study was made
at K.L University (Main Campus) Boys, Girls Hostel’s. A detailed study of food wastage was
recorded daily for 10 days. The food wastage includes dry waste, wet waste and was collected in
to drums where each drum weighs 40 kg’s each. These drums for sold out to third party at the
cost of 600 rps each. In the above path the food waste is again going to be wasted, without any
reproduction or recycling. In concern to that, we are going to plan a bio gas plant which can
mainly serve for three purposes:

1 .Production of cooking gas.

2. Running of Refrigeration system.

3. Production of electricity.

In the review we are going to give an explanation about economics involved, effects on
environment through using bio gas.

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 EXERGY ANALYSIS OF TRIGENERATION SYSTEM WITH
ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION

INTRODUCTION TO BIOGAS:
India needs ecofriendly fuels which save us from energy crisis.Biogas is one such
resource which is renewable and can reduce the dependence on fossil fuels to a considerable
extent.Biogas technology is progressive,sustainable and contributes much for the social
advancement Biogas is produced through a biochemical process in which some bacteria convert
the biological wastes into useful biogas comprising methane Biogas technology is much suitable
for Andhra Pradesh where the mean temperatures are very high.

Working of a Modern Biogas Plant:

➢ Biogas plants are decentralized energy system that can lead to self-sufficiency in heat and
power requirements, and at the same time reduces environmental pollution.
➢ A biogas plant stabilizes organic waste through natural biological process in the absence
of air and transforms waste into biogas and biofertilizer.
➢ Such facilities are well-suited to wet organic material and are commonly used for treating
biodegradable waste materials such as waste paper, grass clippings, leftover food, sewage
and animal waste.
➢ The components of a modern biogas (or anaerobic digestion) plant includes manure
collection, anaerobic digester, effluent treatment plant, gas storage, and CHP or
electricity generating equipment.

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 Working of a biogas plant:
➢ The fresh animal manure is stored in a collection tank before its processing to the
homogenization tank which is equipped with a mixer to facilitate homogenization of the
waste stream. The uniformly mixed waste is passed through a macerator to obtain
uniform particle size of 5-10 mm and pumped into suitable-capacity anaerobic digesters
where stabilization of organic waste takes place.
➢ In anaerobic digestion, organic material is converted to biogas by a series of bacteria
groups into methane and carbon dioxide. The majority of commercially operating
digesters are plug flow and complete-mix reactors operating at mesophilic temperatures.
The type of digester used varies with the consistency and solids content of the
feedstock, with capital investment factors and with the primary purpose of digestion.
➢ Biogas contain significant amount of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas which needs to be
stripped off due to its highly corrosive nature. The removal of H2S takes place in a
biological desulphurization unit in which a limited quantity of air is added to biogas in
the presence of specialized aerobic bacteria which oxidizes H2S into elemental sulfur.
➢ Gas is dried and vented into a CHP unit to a generator to produce electricity and heat.
The size of the CHP system depends on the amount of biogas produced daily. The
digested substrate is passed through screw presses for dewatering and then subjected to
solar drying and conditioning to give high-quality organic fertilizer. The press water is
treated in an effluent treatment plant based on activated sludge process which consists
of an aeration tank and a secondary clarifier.
➢ The treated wastewater is recycled to meet in-house plant requirements. A chemical
laboratory is necessary to continuously monitor important environmental parameters
such as BOD, COD, VFA, pH, ammonia, C:N ratio at different locations for efficient
and proper functioning of the process. The continuous monitoring of the biogas plant is
achieved by using a remotecontrol system such as Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA) system. This remote system facilitates immediate feedback and
adjustment, which can result in energy savings.

Biogas generation process

• HYDROLYSIS • ACIDOGENESIS • METHANOGENESIS
• Bacteria • Acid-producing • Methane producing
decompose long bacteria is involved bacteria decompose
chains of complex here to convert the compounds having lower
carbohydrates intermediates of molecular weight .they
proteins and lipids fermenting bacteria utilize
into small into acetic H2,CO2,CH2COOH to
chains.proteins are acid,hydrogen and form methane and
split into peptides carbondioxide.these co2.they are anaerobic
and amino acids bacteria are anaerobic and very sensitive to the
and can grow under environmental changes.
any conditions

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Biogas Solve mainly two points:

➢ Shortage of Energy

➢ High cost of fertilizers.

➢ Produced through biochemical process in which some bacteria convert the

biological wastes into useful Biogas comprising Methane.

➢ Methane gas is renewable through continuos feeding of biolofical wastes.

Biogas production is an aerobic in nature takes place in two stages:

➢ Acid formation stage

➢ Methane formation stage

REFRIGERATION:
It is defined as the process of achieving and maintaining a temperature below that
of surroundings, the aim being to cool some product or space to the required temperature.

REFRIGERATI
ON

NATURAL ARTIFICIAL

VCR Steam jet RS

Ice making by
nocturnal system Thermoelectric
cooing VAR RS

Evaporative system
Solar energy
Vortex tube RS
cooling system

Cooling by Gas cycle RS

salt systems

VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM:

The vapor absorption refrigeration system comprises of all the processes in the
vapour compression refrigeration system like compression, condensation, expansion and

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evaporation. ... The refrigerant produces cooling effect in the evaporator and releases the heat to
the atmosphere via the condenser.

GENERATION OF BIOGAS THROUGH NIGHT SOIL:

➢ Night soil is defined as the human excreta.
➢ Night soil is the human excrement collected at night from cesspoles and prives.

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 ➢ Human night soil is rich in nitrogen. Its nitrogen content is 5-7% as compared with 1.7%
of cattle dung.
➢ Human urine contains about 18% nitrogen.
➢ Quality and composition of human faeces and urine.

➢ Faeces are rich in organic materials containing appreciable quantity of nitrogen and
phosphorous.

POWER GENERATION:
➢ Power generation systems are simply the combination of a potential or stored energy
converter providing kinetic energy, which, in turn, creates electric power for use in
motors, lighting, heating, and other conveniences of modern life.

POWER GENERATION BY USING BIO GAS AS FUEL:

➢ The pre requisites of biogas to be used as a fuel for I.C engines is the traces of H2S,NH3
and water vapour to be removed by adsorption or absorption.only with modified fuel
injection system in diesel or petrol engine biogas can be used.
➢ In diesel engine dual fuel mode is needed,after initial stat up with petrol or diesel engine
can run on biogas.

Line Diagram of Power Plant:

➢ After rotating the turbine blades, the steam has lost its high pressure, passes out of turbine
blades and enters into a condenser.
➢ In the condenser the cold water is circulated with help of pump which condenses the low
pressure wet steam.
➢ This condensed water is then further supplied to low pressure water heater where the low
pressure steam increases the temperature of this feed water, it is then again heated in a
high pressure heater where the high pressure of steam is used for heating.

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 ➢ The turbine in thermal power station acts as a prime mover of the alternator.

WORKING OF VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGRANT:

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Simple Absorption System and How it Works?

➢ Condenser: Just like in the traditional condenser of the vapor compression cycle, the
refrigerant enters the condenser at high pressure and temperature and gets condensed.
The condenser is of water cooled type.
➢ Expansion valve or restriction: When the refrigerant passes through the expansion
valve, its pressure and temperature reduces suddenly. This refrigerant (ammonia in this
case) then enters the evaporator.
➢ Evaporator: The refrigerant at very low pressure and temperature enters the evaporator
and produces the cooling effect. In the vapor compression cycle this refrigerant is sucked
by the compressor, but in the vapor absorption cycle, this refrigerant flows to the
absorber that acts as the suction part of the refrigeration cycle.

Plant nutrient Digested slurry

Nitrogen (N2) 1.5% to 2.00%

Phosphorous P(P2O5) 1.00%
Potash K(K20) 1.00%
KLU HOSTEL FOOD WASTAGE DATA:
Designation+ Per Day Per Month Per Year

Boys Hostel Drums-3 Drums-90 Drums-1080

(students-900) =3*40 =90*40 =1080*40
=120kgs. =3,600kgs. =43,200kgs.

Girls Hostel Drums-6 Drums-180 Drums-2,160

(students-2000) =6*40 =180*40 =2160*40
=240kgs. =7,200kgs. =86,400kgs

Income Earned 6+3=9 90+180=270 1,080+2,160=3,240

=9*600 =270*600 =3,240*600
=5,400/- =1,62,000/- =19,44,000/-

Energy produced 648kwh.6 19,440kwh. 2,33,280kwh.

(kwh)

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CARBON FOOT PRINTS:
➢ Food’s carbon footprint, or food print, is the greenhouse gas emissions produced by
growing, rearing, farming, processing, transporting, storing, cooking and disposing of the
food you eat.
➢ In the US, each household produces 48 tons of greenhouse gases. Transport, housing and
food have the three largest carbon footprints. Food produces about 8 tons of emissions
per household, or about 17% of the total. Worldwide, new reports suggest that livestock
agriculture produces around a half of all man-made emissions.

➢ Meat, cheese and eggs have the highest carbon footprint.

➢ Fruit, vegetables, beans and nuts have much lower carbon footprints.

➢ If you move towards a mainly vegetarian diet, you can have a large impact on your
personal carbon footprint.

The following table shows the greenhouse gas emissions produced by one kilo
of each food: . It also shows how many miles you need to drive to produce that
many greenhouse gases. For example, you need to drive 63 miles to produce
the same emissions as eating one kilogram of beef.

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Energy Production:

➢ A typical food waste AD plant can generate up to 900 cubic meters of biogas
from one tonne of dry organic matter.
➢ This is enough biogas to produce 1,800 kWh of renewable electricity .
➢ This energy produced can be used in three ways
• cooking gas
• (ii)to reduce power cost
• (iii)to run VAR operated drinking water cooler.

To Run VAR Operated Drinking Water Cooler:

Savings if the VAR operated drinking water coolers are employed in the campus:

➢ VCR water cooler system which runs through the compressor consists of a 4HP
motor to run the compressor.
➢ As 4HP motor consumes 2.98kWh (1HP=0.746kW) of power if it runs for an hour.
➢ If the water cooler is operated for 15 hours on an average then the power
consumption is 44.74kWh, which is equal to 44.7 units and 1341 units of power for
month. We can run nearly 14 VAR cooling systems.
➢ As a single unit is purchased at Rs.10 from the grid, we can save Rs. 1,94,000 /-

Conclusion:

Based on the evidence collected we have achieved to the conclusion that the
left over organic waste in the K.L. University boys & girls hostel can be
converted in to biogas, which can intern used in vapour absorbent refrigerant.

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