ENHANCE OIL RECOVERY

PRACTICAL MANUAL

STUDENT NAME MUHAMMAD ARSLAN ARIF

STUDENT ID 16-pg-32

SUBMITTED TO Engr Wahid Ali

 INDEX

Practical # Practical Title Signature

01 Relative permeability curves.

02 Introduction to cmg & installation.

03 Water flooding.

04 Polymer flooding.

05 Alkaline surfactant polymer flooding.

 PRACTICAL # 01

RELATIVE PERMEABILITY CURVES

Relative permeability is a concept used to convey the reduction in flow capability

due to the presence of multiple mobile fluids. It is dependent upon pore geometry,
wettability, fluid distribution, and fluid saturation history. Relative permeability
measurements are conducted on core samples in a laboratory and are both time-
consuming and expensive to produce.
Water-Wet Relative Permeability Curves (Oil and Water)
A schematic of oil-water relative permeability curves in a water-wet reservoir is
shown below. In water-wet rock, a water layer wets the rock surface and acts like
a lubricant for the oil located in the central parts of the pores.
Swc is the connate or irreducible water saturation. This is the water saturation
below which water is not mobile because of capillary forces. The relative
permeability of water at water saturations below Swc is zero. Sorw is the residual
oil saturation or critical oil saturation. This is the oil saturation below which the
oil is immobile, that is, its relative permeability is zero.

Figure 1: Water-Wet Relative Permeability Curves

 Kro)Swc 1 Pc)Swc 6
Sorw 0.2 np 6
Swc 0.2 nw 7
no 3 Krw)Sor 0.7

Sw Kro Krw
0.2 1 0
0.3 0.578703704 2.50057E-06
0.4 0.296296296 0.000320073
0.5 0.125 0.00546875
0.6 0.037037037 0.040969364
0.7 0.00462963 0.195357153
0.8 -7.9193E-49 0.7

Relative Permeability Curve ( Strongly

water Wet System)
Kro krw

1
0.8
0.6
Krw

0.4
0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Sw

Oil-Wet Relative Permeability Curves (Oil and Water)

The figure below displays a schematic of water-oil relative permeability curves
in an oil-wet reservoir rock. In oil-wet rock, oil wets the pore surfaces and water
occupies the central regions of the pores. Typically, the irreducible water
saturation in oil-wet reservoir rock is lower than that in water-wet rock.
 Figure 2: Oil-Wet Relative Permeability Curves
Sorw 0.2 np 2
Swc 0.2 nw 3
no 7 Krw)Sor 0.7

Arslan Arif
Sw Kro Krw 16pg32
0.2 1 0
0.3 0.27908 0
0.4 0.05853 0.03
0.5 0.00781 0.09
0.6 0.00046 0.21
0.7 3.6E-06 0.41
0.8 -6E-113 0.7
Relative PeRmeability
CuRves(oil wet)
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
KR

0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
-0.2
SW

Kro Krw
Following are the Corey’s correlation used for the construction of relative
permeability curves

Following Craig’s rule of thumb is used to distinguish between water wet and
oil wet reservoirs.
 PRACTICAL # 02

INTRODUCTION TO CMG & INSTALLATION

CMG Introduction
Computer Modelling Group Ltd., abbreviated as CMG, is a software company that
produces reservoir simulation software for the oil and gas industry. It is based
in Calgary, Alberta, Canada with branch offices in Houston, Dubai, Bogota, Rio de
Janeiro, London and Kuala Lumpur. The company is traded on the Toronto Stock
Exchange under the symbol CMG.
The company offers three reservoir simulation applications. IMEX, a conventional black oil
simulator used for primary, secondary and enhanced or improved oil recovery processes;
GEM, an advanced Equation-of-State (EOS) compositional and unconventional simulator;
and STARS a k-value thermal and advanced processes simulator. In addition, CMG offers
CMOST, a reservoir engineering tool that conducts automated history matching, sensitivity
analysis and optimization of reservoir models.

Figure 2.1 CMG Introduction

 Figure 2.2 CMG levels

Figure 2.3 CMG display window

CMG Installation Steps
1. Install CMG 2015 as standalone, restart system once the installation ends.
2. Run CMG License Utility. In Advanced menu stop RLM service. Close CMG License
Utility.
3. Put CMG_2015_Corrector_DownLoadLy.iR.exe to \Program Files (x86)\CMG\ and run it
there.
4. Replace 127.0.0.1 with your hostname in cmgl.lic supplied.
5. Run CMG License Utility and import cmgl.lic.
 `PRACTICAL # 03

WATERFLOODING
Introduction
In the oil industry, waterflooding or water injection is where water is injected into the oil field, usually to
increase pressure and thereby stimulate production. Water injection wells can be found both on- and
offshore, to increase oil recovery from an existing reservoir.
Water is injected to support pressure of the reservoir (also known as voidage replacement), and also to
sweep or displace oil from the reservoir, and push it towards a well.
Normally only 30% of the oil in a reservoir can be extracted, but water injection increases that percentage
(known as the recovery factor) and maintains the production rate of a reservoir over a longer period.

DATA INPUT
we put all the data in the required section mentioned below.

Reservoir Grid
In our simulation the reservoir has 20 grids in the x direction and 5 in the y direction (with dx=5 m
and dy=5 m.); it also has 5 grids in the z direction (Note that dz depends on the thickness of the
reservoir at any given point), so 100 x 5 grid blocks in total (The student version of CMG allows a
maximum of 10,000 grid blocks).
Grid top of the model is 1000 m with 25 m its thickness.
Porosity for whole reservoir is 0.2
Permeability in I direction is 500 md
Permeability in J direction is 500 md
Permeability in K direction is 150 md
Rock compressibility is 7e-7 at a reference pressure of 15000 kPa.
The WOC and GOC are given under the “General Data” tab of the data spreadsheet.

Fluid Data
Generate a two-phase model (water-oil) using following data
 Reservoir Temperature = 90 0C
 Generate the model max pressure = 30000 kPa
 Bubble point pressure = 3000 kPa
 Stock tank oil density = 800 kg/m3
 Gas Density at STP = 1

Rock-Fluid Properties
Make a sandstone and conglomerate water wet rock
Make relative permeability plots similar to the ones shown below in order to determine saturation and
rel. perm end points with;
All end point saturations = 0.1
SGCRIT = 0.0
KRGCL = 0.0

Initial Conditions
Reference depth = 1000 m
Reference pressure = 15000 kPa
WOC = 1500 m
Well and Production History
Create one injector with BHW reservoir water rate of 150 m 3/day
Create one producer with BHF total reservoir fluid rate of 150 m 3/day
Make a quarter of 5-spot pattern and perforate both wells in all blocks in K direction (vertical wells)
Add a date of for about 4-5 months or suitable for production.

GRID VIEW

FIGURE 3.1 WATERFLOODING GRIDS

FIGURE 3.2 WATERFLOODING GRIDS

GRAPHICAL RESULTS
FIGURE 3.3 COMMULATIVE OIL PRODUCTION

FIGURE 3.4 OIL RATE

FIGURE 3.5 WATER CUT

 PRACTICAL # 04

POLYMER FLOODING
INTRODUCTION
An enhanced oil recovery technique using water viscosified with soluble polymers. Viscosity is
increased until the mobility of the injectant is less than that of the oil phase in place, so the mobility
ratio is less than unity. This condition maximizes oil-recovery sweep efficiency, creating a smooth
flood front without viscous fingering. Polymer flooding is also applied to heterogeneous reservoirs;
the viscous injectant flows along high-permeability layers, decreasing the flow rates within them and
enhancing sweep of zones with lower permeabilities. The two polymers that are used most frequently
in polymer flooding are partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and xanthan.

DATA INPUT
we put all the data in the required section mentioned below.

Reservoir Grid
In our simulation the reservoir has 30 grids in the x direction and 1in the y direction
Grid top of the model is 1000 m with 30m its thickness.
Porosity for whole reservoir is 0.2
Permeability in I direction is 500 md
Permeability in J direction is 500 md
Permeability in K direction is 500 md
Rock compressibility is 7e-7 at a reference pressure of 15000 kPa.
The WOC and GOC are given under the “General Data” tab of the data spreadsheet.

Fluid Data
 Components are Water, Dead oil ,Polymer.
 Reservoir Temperature =89 0C
 Generate the model max pressure = 20000 kPa.
 Mass Density = 869

Rock-Fluid Properties
Make relative permeability plots similar to the ones shown below in order to determine saturation and
rel. perm end points with;
All end point saturations = 0.2
SGCRIT = 2
KRGCL = 2

Initial Conditions
Reference depth = 1000 m
Reference pressure = 15000 kPa
WOC = 1500 m
Well and Production History
Injector fluid composition , water =0.99 , Polymer = 0.01.
Create one injector with BHW reservoir water rate of 100 m3/day
Create one producer with BHF total reservoir fluid rate of 200 m3/day

GRID VIEW

4.1Grid View
GRAPHICAL RESULTS
4.2 Cumulative oil Production

4.3 Oil rate

4.4 oil recovery factor
 PRACTICAL # 05

SURFACTANT POLYMER FLOODING

INTRODUCTION
A chemical enhanced oil recovery flood that uses two sources of surfactant and a
polymer. Alkaline chemicals such as sodium carbonate react with acidic oil
components in situ to create petroleum soap, which is one of the surfactants. A
synthetic surfactant is injected simultaneously with the alkali. A water-soluble
polymer is also injected, both in mixture with the alkali and surfactant and as a slug
following the mixture, to increase the viscosity of the injectant, thereby improving
mobility control of the flood fronts.
DATA INPUT
we put all the data in the required section mentioned below.

Reservoir Grid
In our simulation the reservoir has 30 grids in the x direction and 1in the y direction
Grid top of the model is 1000 m with 30m its thickness.
Porosity for whole reservoir is 0.2
Permeability in I direction is 500 md
Permeability in J direction is 500 md
Permeability in K direction is 500 md
Rock compressibility is 7e-7 at a reference pressure of 15000 kPa.
The WOC and GOC are given under the “General Data” tab of the data spreadsheet.

Fluid Data
 Components are Water, Dead oil , Alkaline Polymer, Surfactant.
 Reservoir Temperature =89 0C
 Generate the model max pressure = 20000 kPa.
 Mass Density = 869

Rock-Fluid Properties
Make relative permeability plots similar to the ones shown below in order to determine saturation and
rel. perm end points with;
All end point saturations = 0.2
SGCRIT = 2
KRGCL = 2

Initial Conditions
Reference depth = 1000 m
Reference pressure = 15000 kPa
WOC = 1500 m
Well and Production History
Injector fluid composition , water =0.99 , Polymer = 0.003 , alkaline polymer = 0.005, surfactant =
0.002.
Create one injector with BHW reservoir water rate of 100 m3/day
Create one producer with BHF total reservoir fluid rate of 200 m3/day

GRID VIEW

5.1Grid View
GRAPHHICAL RESULTS
5.2 Cumulative oil Production

5.3 Oil rate

5.4 oil recovery factor