SHIVALIK

THERMOSTATIC
BIMETAL
Handbook
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according to IJ[JQTUJIF\JQQIJƳSJINSYJLWFYJI
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from incoming raw materials upto the
ISO/TS ISO ISO OHSAS
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16949 9000 14001 18001 that meets or exceeds standards
accepted worldwide.
Our customer service has been extended by providing a
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components.

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assistance in your design & applications.
Section A Page No.

General Introductions To Thermostatic Bimetals 1

1 Principle of Operation 1

2 )JƳSNYNTSXTK9JWRXFSI5WTUJWYNJX 2

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2.1.2 (FQHZQFYNTSTK+QJ]N[NY^8UJHNƳH9MJWRFQ(ZW[FYZWJFSI8UJHNƳH9MJWRFQ)JƴJHYNTSG^YMJ8NRUQJ'JFR 2
Method

2.1.3 (FQHZQFYNTSTK8UJHNƳH9MJWRFQ)JƴJHYNTSG^YMJ(FSYNQJ[JW2JYMTI
3
2.2 Electrical Resistivity
4
2.3 Linearity Range
4
2.4 Limits of Application
5
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5
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3 Method of manufacture
6

Section B Page No.

Applications 7

Section C Page No.

Design 09
1 8JQJHYNTSTK'NRJYFQ9^UJX 09

2 (MTTXNSL'NRJYFQ8MFUJFSI8N_J 12

3 'FXNH)JXNLS+TWRZQFJ 13

3.1 (FSYNQJ[JW 13

3.2 8NRUQJ'JFR 13

3.3 U-Shape 14

3.4 8UNWFQXFSI-JQN](TNQX 14

3.5 (WJJU9^UJ)NXHX 15

3.6 Snap Acting Discs 15

4 4UYNRZR'NRJYFQ;TQZRJ 16

5 )NWJHY*QJHYWNHFQ-JFYNSL 17

6 Worked Examples 17

7 )JXNLS-NSYX 19
Section D Page No.

Fabricating Thermostat Metal Parts 21

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3 2TZSYNSL+FXYJSNSLTK9MJWRTXYFY2JYFQ5FWYX 22

4 (TWWTXNTS7JXNXYFSHJFSI5WTYJHYNTS 22

Section E Page No.

Forms Of Supply & Tolerances 24

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2 )JƴJHYNTS9TQJWFSHJX 24

3 7JXNXYN[NY^9TQJWFSHJ 24

4 9MNHPSJXX9TQJWFSHJX 24

5 <NIYM9TQJWFSHJX 25

6 1JSLYM\NXJ+QFYSJXX 25

7 *ILJ\NXJ(FRGJW 25

8 (WTXX(ZW[FYZWJ 25

9 Standard Etch Patterns 25

Section F Page No.

Testing of Thermostatic Bimetals 26

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2 Measuring Electrical Resistivity 26

3 2JFXZWNSL-FWISJXX 26

4 Measuring Shape 26

Section G Page No.

Shivalik Bimetal Types Technical Data 27

1 8'(15WTIZHY9JHMSNHFQ)JYFNQX 27

2 *SVZNW^+TW9MJWRTXYFYNH'NRJYFQX 32
Section H Page No.

Components and Subassemblies 33

Conversion Factors 34

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Section A

General Introduction to
Thermostatic Bimetals

1 - Principle of Operation

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(TSXNIJWY\TRJYFQXYWNUX&FSI'\NYMINϫJWJSYHTJϬHNJSYXTKJ]UFSXNTSXF^D and E where D > E<MJSMJFYJIYMJXYWNUXJ]UFSIYTINϫJWJSY

lengths where L1 > L2

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t1Y2 are the respective thickness of the component metals t " t1 ! t2 

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a simple beam and that the operative length of the cantilever does not begin exactly at the outside edge of the clamp but is slightly
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2.2 Electrical Resistivity

U is the electrical resistance of a body per unit length and unit cross-sectional area.

A
U "  R 12
L

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A " cross sectional area mm2

L " gauge length used to determine R meters

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2.3 Electrical Resistivity

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Limit of
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range for
verifying the
nominal range

Linearity range

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2.4 Limits of application

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TSQ^FSIUWT[NIJFXZϬHNJSYXFKJY^RFWLNS

2.5 Permissible Bending Stress

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5WTUJWYNJXFWJKTWYMJXYFSIFWIHTQIWJIZHYNTSTKYT


2.7 Thermal Conductivity

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05
3 - Method of Manufacture

The Continuous Hot Atomic Bonding Process

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the industry uses a cold bonding process which requires a in long coils of material without welds and with excellent bond
subsequent sintering operation to drive oxides and other impurities NSYJLWNY^5WNTWYTƳSFQUWTHJXXNSLYMJHTNQX\JNLMZUYTPLUJW
away from the metal interfaces to improve the bond. centimetre of width.

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HTSYNSZTZX  MTY  GTSINSL  \MNHM  WJQNJX  TS RTWJ MJFY FSI QJXX by this process reveals a superior bond interface with no
pressure than conventional methods. NSYJWKFHNFQ  T]NIJX TW NRUZWNYNJX  J[NIJSY  9MNX NX F VZFQNY^ TKYJS
highly valued by users of thermostat metals.
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pass through a reducing atmosphere which removes oxides and other 8ZGXJVZJSYYTGTSINSLYMJRFYJWNFQNXFSSJFQJIFSIWTQQJITS
microscopic contaminants. F  UWJHNXNTS  HTQI  WTQQNSL  RNQQ  YT  ƳSNXMJI YMNHPSJXX  ZSIJW
HTSYNSZTZX  FZYTRFYNH  LFZLJ RJFXZWNSL  HTWWJHYNSL  FSI
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YJRUJWFYZWJ NJ YMJ YJRUJWFYZWJ FY \MNHM YMJ FYTRNH XYWZHYZWJ material is stretcher roller levelled by a patented process to
HMFSLJXKWTRXTQNIYTQNVZNI3TXZGXJVZJSYXNSYJWNSLTUJWFYNTSXFWJ WJRT[J  HWTXX HZW[FYZWJ HFRGJW FSI HTNQXJY  9MJ XYWNU NX YMJS
required to improve bond strength. A strong bond is created by the precision slit and edge-conditioned to remove any burr. Quality
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strength equal to that of its components.

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06
 Section B

Applications

1 - Principle of Operation
9MJWRTXYFYNH'NRJYFQXMF[JF\NIJFWWF^TKFUUQNHFYNTSXGZYYMJXJHFSGJHQFXXNƳJIZSIJWYMJKTQQT\NSLGWTFIMJFINSLX

1 9JRUJWFYZWJNSINHFYNTS 2 (TRUJSXFYNTS ZXZFQQ^KTWFRGNJSYYJRUJWFYZWJ

3 (TSYWTQTKFS^UFWFRJYJWFLFNSXYYJRUJWFYZWJ 4 9MJWRTRJHMFSNHFQFUUQNHFYNTSX\MJWJMJFYNX
converted into mechanical energy

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.SIZXYWNFQ

(NWHZNY'WJFPJWX 5WJXXZWJ,FZLJX

9NRJ)JQF^WJQF^X &ZYTRFYNH+ZXJX

Motor Protection 1NLMY+QFXMJWX

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Thermometer
Overload relays 9JRUJWFYZWJ.SINHFYTWX
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Air Dryers )FRUJW(TSYWTQX
Contacts 8YJFR9WFUX Energy Regulators

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Automotive
Fire Detector

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Bimetal Oil Pressure-gauges Oil cooling regulators
Washer
-JFYJWX (FWGZWJYTW(MTPJX

Steam trap

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07
 Domestic Appliances Snap action
bimetal discs

*QJHYWNH.WTSX -JFY(TS[JHYTWX Contacts

Electric Ranges ;TQYFLJ7JLZQFYTWX
Spring
Refrigerators <FYJW-JFYJWX
Helical spring
9JF0JYYQJX +QZTWJXHJSY1FRU8YFWYJWX Snap disc thermostat

<FϭJ.WTSX Percolators +NL

Washing Machines 'FPNSL4[JSX

Aviation

Altimeters .SXYWZRJSY\NWNSLUWTYJHYNTS

Adjustable thermostat
(NWHZNY'WJFPJWX
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Indirectly adjustable thermostat

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Medical

2JINHFQ8YJWNQN_JWX

)JSYFQ+ZWSFHJX Ambient compensated thermostat

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Warm Cold

Thermostatic
Bimetal
Switch

Glass
Bulb

Mixed
Water
Heating
Resistance
Fluorescent tube starter glow switch -TY\FYJWRN]NSL[FQ[J Timer Switch

+NL +NL +NL

08
Section C

Design

8JQJHYNTSTK'NRJYFQ9^UJX

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,WFUMXNS8JHYNTS,

1 9MJWRFQ&HYN[NY^ 2 9MJ9JRUJWFYZWJWFSLJNS\MNHMQNSJFWNY^TKIJƴJHYNTSNXWJVZNWJI

3 *QJHYWNHFQ7JXNXYN[NY^FSI9MJWRFQ(TSIZHYN[NY^ 4 Special factors such as high corrosion resistance or high strength

5 9MJ2F]NRZR4UJWFYNSL9JRUJWFYZWJ 6 Price

)JUJSINSLZUTSYMJFUUQNHFYNTSHJWYFNSUWTUJWYNJXFWJRTWJXTZLMYFKYJWYMFSTYMJWX8MN[FQNPXWFSLJTKGNRJYFQXFSIYWNRJYFQXHT[JWXF\NIJ
[FWNJY^TKY^UJXGTYMTKYMJ).3FSI&892XYFSIFWIX'WTFIQ^YMJHQFXXNƳHFYNTSNXFXKTQQT\X

High activity and medium operating temperature types

206-1 9MJRTXYJ]YJSXN[JQ^ZXJILJSJWFQUZWUTXJGNRJYFQX<MNQJ &89292NXRTXYUTUZQFWNSYMJ:8&9^UJ

206-2  ).3Y^UJNXUTUZQFWNS*ZWTUJ'TYMYMJXJY^UJXFWJZXJIKTWQNSJFWNY^WFSLJXZUYTq (FSIZXJKZQ
223-1 IJƴJHYNTSYJRUJWFYZWJWFSLJZUYTq (

Medium activity and high operating temperature types

206-3 )ZJYTMNLMJWSNHPJQHTSYJSYTKYMJQT\J]UFSXNTSXNIJYMJXJGNRJYFQXMF[JFQT\JWIJƴJHYNTSWFYJFYQT\JW
206-4 temperatures but a higher activity at higher temperatures and a wide linearity range.
223-3
(Z-
258-1

Low activity and low resistivity types

3 9MJXJY^UJXFWJ\NIJQ^ZXJINSFZYTRTYN[JFUUQNHFYNTSXFSIMNLMHZWWJSYHNWHZNYGWJFPJWX
3

09
Highest activity and highest resistivity types

721-112 9^UJMFXYMJMNLMJXYFHYN[NY^'TYMY^UJXMF[JMNLMWJXNXYN[NYNJXRFPNSLYMJRJRNSJSYQ^XZNYFGQJKTWQT\
721-140 HZWWJSYFUUQNHFYNTSX9^UJGJHFZXJTKNYXLWJFYJXYIJƴJHYNTSWFYJNXYMJXJHTSIRTXY\NIJQ^ZXJI
type of bimetal.

2JINZRFHYN[NY^QT\WJXNXYN[NY^YWNRJYFQX \NYMHTUUJWXMZSYQF^JWNSRNIIQJ

(Z Systematic variation of thickness of this shunt layer gives a series of bimetals suitable for circuit breakers
(Z \NYMF\NIJ[FWNJY^TKHZWWJSYWFYNSLXKTWYMJXFRJXN_JTKGWJFPJW9MJXJWNJXFWJRTWJUTUZQFWNS
(Z *ZWTUJ\MNQJYMJXJWNJXFWJ\NIJQ^ZXJINSYMJ:8&,WFIJX\NYMXFRJWJXNXYN[NY^HFSGJNSYJWHMFSLJI
(Z UWT[NIJIYMJTGXJW[JI[FQZJXTKƴJ]N[NY^FSIWJXNXYN[NY^QNJ\NYMNSYMJYTQJWFSHJQNRNYX
(Z
(Z
(Z
(Z
(Z
(Z
(Z
(Z
(Z
(Z
(Z

5WJHNXNTS8QNYYNSL(FUFGNQNY^

10
Automated Stretch Levelling Line

2JINZRFHYN[NY^RJINZRFSIMNLMXJWNJXWJXNXYN[NY^ \NYMSNHPJQXMZSYQF^JWNSYMJRNIIQJ

3N (TRUFSNTSXNSFUUQNHFYNTSXYTYMJQT\WJXNXYN[NY^XJWNJXFGT[J,WFIJX\NYMXFRJWJXNXYN[NY^HFSGJ
3N NSYJWHMFSLJIUWT[NIJIYMJTGXJW[JI[FQZJXTKƴJ]N[NY^FSIWJXNXYN[NY^QNJ\NYMNSYMJYTQJWFSHJQNRNY
3N
3N
3N
3N
3N
3N
3N
3N
3N
3N
3N

197-7 KTWMNLMHTWWTXNTSWJXNXYFSHJFUUQNHFYNTS
258-1
258-3
258-5

-NLMFHYN[NY^QT\FSIRJINZRWJXNXYN[NY^XJWNJX

721cu3 -NLMFHYN[NY^QT\FSIRJINZRWJXNXYN[NY^YWNRJYFQXXJWNJXKTWFUUQNHFYNTSX\MJWJKFHYTWXXZHMFXYMJ
(Z combination of high activity and low resistivity outweigh corrosion resistance and strength.
(Z
721cu10
(Z
(Z
(Z
(Z
(Z
(Z
(Z
(Z
721S50
721S60
721S80

11
(MTTXNSL'NRJYFQ8MFUJFSI8N_J

-F[NSLHMTXJSYMJY^UJTKGNRJYFQKTWFUFWYNHZQFWFUUQNHFYNTSYMJXMFUJTKYMJJQJRJSYMFXYTGJIJHNIJI9MJXMFUJXRTXYHTRRTSQ^ZXJIFWJ

1 (FSYNQJ[JWXYWNU 2 U-Shapes

3 8NRUQJ'JFRX 4 Discs

5 Spiral and helix coils 6 Snap elements

9MJXJQJHYNTSTKXMFUJNXGFXJITSKFHYTWXXZHMFX

1 )JƴJHYNTS 2 Dead weight of the bimetal

3 +TWHJWJVZNWJI 4 Permissible bending stress

5 Space available 6 Minimum bimetal volume

7 *]YJWSFQKTWHJXXZHMFXKWNHYNTSXUWNSLKTWHJJYH 8 Economy and accuracy of manufacture

Cantilevers and Simple Beams

9MJXJFWJYMJXNRUQJXYFSIRTXYHTRRTSXMFUJXZXJI,JSJWFQQ^YMJYMNHPSJXXXMTZQISTYGJQJXXYMFS
TKYMJ\NIYMFSIYMJ
\NIYMSTYQFWLJWYMFS
TKYMJQJSLYM9MNXNXYTJSXZWJYMFYFHWTXX\NIYMIJƴJHYNTSMFXQNYYQJJϫJHYTSYMJKZSHYNTSNSLTK
the cantilever or simple beam.

9MJKTWHJHFSGJRZQYNUQNJIG^XYFHPNSLTKGQFIJXYMTZLMYMJIJƴJHYNTS\NQQWJRFNSYMJXFRJFXKTWFXNSLQJGQFIJ

U-Shape

.SHTRUFWNXTS\NYMHFSYNQJ[JWXFSIXNRUQJGJFRX:8MFUJXITZGQJYMJKTWHJGZYMFQ[JYMJIJƴJHYNTS9MJNWRFNSZXJNXNS
transforming temperature change to force such as in control valves or for operating switches.

8UNWFQFSI-JQN](TNQX

9MJXJXMFUJXUWT[NIJQFWLJRT[JRJSYXKTWXRFQQYJRUJWFYZWJHMFSLJXNSFXRFQQXUFHJ9MJ^FQXTUWT[NIJYTWVZJ\MNHMHFS
GJZXJINSFUUQNHFYNTSXXZHMFXYJRUJWFYZWJNSINHFYNTSFRGNJSYYJRUJWFYZWJHTRUJSXFYNTSTUJSNSLFSIHQTXNSLTK[FQ[JXƴFUX
KZJQXIFRUJWXJYH

12
'FXNH)JXNLS+TWRZQFJ

Symbols used

)")JƴJHYNTSNSRR 1"&HYN[JQJSLYMNSRRNJYMJQJSLYMKWJJYTIJƴJHY

&"&SLZQFWIJƴJHYNTSNSIJLWJJX F"8UJHNƳHYMJWRFQIJƴJHYNTSNSUJWIJLWJJ(

Ƥ9"9JRUJWFYZWJHMFSLJNSIJLWJJ( *">TZSLXRTIZQZXNS3RR

w = Width in mm
Vmax"2F]NRZRGJSINSLXYWJXXNS3RR
Y"9MNHPSJXXNSRR
+m"2JHMFSNHFQKTWHJNS3NJYMJKTWHJWJVZNWJIYT
RJHMFSNHFQQ^HFZXJFIJƴJHYNTSTK)
+t"9MJWRFQKTWHJNS3NJYMJKTWHJYMFY\TZQIGJ
developed if the bimetal is completely restrained.

(FSYNQJ[JWƳ]JIFYTSJJSI

a¦ 9L2
D" 13
t
L

Ewt3 D
t
+m " 14
3
4L

D
E at2 w¦9
+t " 15
4L
+NL

+1
Vmax " 16
t2 w

3.2 Simple Beam Freely Supported

a¦ 9L2
D" 17
4t

4 E wt3 D
+m " t 18
L3 D

E at2 w¦9
L
+t " 19
L
+NL
+1
Vmax " 20
2 t2 w

13
3.3 U-Shape

Assuming radius of bend is small compared to length

a¦ 9L2
D" 21
2t

D
3
E wt D
+m " 22
L3

E awt2 ¦9
+t " 23
2L L

+NL
+1
Vmax " 24
t2 w

8UNWFQXFSIMJQN]

360 a ¦ 9L
A" 25
A

St
L
+ W
2SAE t2 w
r
+m " 26
360 % 12 L r
+NL

E aw t2 ¦9
+
+t " 27
6r A
r
W
+W
Vmax " 28
t2 w
t

+NL

14
3.5 Creep type discs

a ¦ 9 x2 # y2 
D" 29
4t

4 E t3 D
+m " 30
x2 # y2

+
Vmax " +NL 31
2t2

3.6 Snap Acting Discs

) RR
9MJ XSFU FHYNSL YMJWRTXYFY RJYFQ INXH NX GJHTRNSL NSHWJFXNSLQ^
UTUZQFWFXFHTXYJϫJHYN[JUWTYJHYNTSTKXRFQQRTYTWXFSIFUUQNFSHJX

A disc of thermostat metal is pretensioned by dishing or doming.

<NYMFWNXJNSYJRUJWFYZWJYMJYMJWRFQXYWJXXJXUWTIZHJIIZJYTYMJ
1.0
bimetal action reach a point where they equal the pretensioning
stresses. At this point the disc snaps to the opposite concave. Upon

-*&9.3,
cooling the reverse action takes place but at a lower temperature. 0.75

(441.3,
9MJZUUJWFSIQT\JWXSFUUNSLYJRUJWFYZWJXIJUJSIZUTSYMJINXH
LJTRJYW^ 3T J]FHY RFYMJRFYNHFQ  KTWRZQFX  FWJ  UTXXNGQJ  YT 0.5
determine these temperatures but certain guidelines will help to
JXYFGQNXMYMJXN_JFSILJTRJYW^TKYWNFQINXHX
0.25
+TWRJIFSIYJXYJIINXHXTKXYFSIFWIINFRJYJWHFSGJUWTIZHJI
on our precision special purpose machines.
0
50 100 150 Y t(

)JƴJHYNTSTK'NRJYFQ8YFRUJI.SYTF8SFUƊ&HYNTS)NXH

A 9MJWFYNTGJY\JJSYMJINFRJYJWFSIYMNHPSJXXTKYMJINXHXMTZQIGJGJY\JJS
B 9MJWFYNTTKHMTWIMJNLMYYTYMNHPSJXXXMTZQIGJGJY\JJSFSI
C .SHWJFXNSLTKITRNSL\NQQNSHWJFXJZUUJWXSFUYJRUJWFYZWJGZY\NQQSTYFUUWJHNFGQ^NSHWJFXJQT\JWXSFUYJRUJWFYZWJ
D 9MJINϫJWJSYNFQGJY\JJSZUUJWXSFUYJRUJWFYZWJFSIQT\JWXSFUYJRUJWFYZWJNSHWJFXJX\NYMMNLMJWTUJWFYNSLYJRUJWFYZWJ9MNX
INϫJWJSHJHFSGJQT\JWJI\NYMFXUWNSLTWRFSZFQWJXJYNSHFXJX\MJWJQT\JWXSFUYJRUJWFYZWJNXGJQT\WTTRYJRUJWFYZWJ
E 9MJYMNHPSJXXYTQJWFSHJGJXNIJXHWTXXHZW[FYZWJFSIHTNQXJYMF[JYTGJRTWJWNLTWTZXNSYMNXHFXJYMFSKTWTYMJWFUUQNHFYNTSX8NSHJ
YNLMYJWYTQJWFSHJXZXZFQQ^NS[TQ[JJ]YWFHTXY\JXZLLJXYFINXHZXXNTS\NYMTZWYJHMSNHFQXYFϫ\MNQJƳSFQN_NSLYMJXJ[FQZJX

F 9MJGQFSPNSLTUJWFYNTSMFXYTGJFXUWJHNXJFXUTXXNGQJ9MJXUJJIXYWTPJFSII\JQQYNRJTKYMJUZSHMXMTZQIGJHTSXYFSY
G 9MJUZSHMNSLTUJWFYNTSXXMTZQIGJHFWWNJITZYFYFHTSXYFSYYJRUJWFYZWJ9MJ[FWNFYNTSTKWTTRYJRUJWFYZWJIZWNSLYMNXTUJWFYNTS\NQQ
HFZXJFSJVZFQQ^QFWLJINϫJWJSHJNSXSFUYJRUJWFYZWJ

15
4UYNRZR'NRJYFQ;TQZRJ

.SRTXYFUUQNHFYNTSXTKGNRJYFQXFUFWYTKYMJYJRUJWFYZWJINϫJWJSYNFQNXZXJINST[JWHTRNSLKTWHJFSIYMJTYMJWUFWYNXZXJIYTUWTIZHJ
RT[JRJSY.KYMJKTWRJWNXIJSTYJIG^Ƥ9+FSIYMJQFYYJWG^Ƥ9DYMJSZXNSLKTWRZQF FSI KTWFHFSYNQJ[JWJQJRJSY\JMF[J

a ¦ 9D L2
D"
t

E a t2 W ¦9+
+t "
4L

? Work done

a ¦9D L2 E a t2 w ¦9+
W "+t % D " %
t 4L

E a2 L w t ¦9D % ¦9+
"
4

8ZGXYNYZYNSL;TQZRJ[" 1\YNSYMJFGT[JJVZFYNTS\JMF[J

E a2 v ¦9D % ¦9+
W"
4

4W
TW; "
E a2 ¦9D % ¦9+

;TQZRJ\NQQGJRNSNRZR\MJS¦9D % ¦9+NXRF]NRZR

¦9 YTYFQ
i.e. when ¦9D " ¦9+ "
2

.STYMJW\TWIXYMJRNSNRZR[TQZRJTKGNRJYFQNXZXJI\MJSMFQKYMJYJRUJWFYZWJINϫJWJSYNFQNXZXJIYTT[JWHTRJKTWHJFSIYMJTYMJWMFQK
YTHFZXJIJƴJHYNTS

?9MJRNSNRZR[TQZRJKTWFHFSYNQJ[JW

16 W
;min " 32
E a2 ¦92

9MJRNSNRZR[TQZRJHFSGJHFQHZQFYJINSFXNRNQFWKFXMNTSKTWTYMJWXMFUJX

16
)NWJHY*QJHYWNH-JFYNSL

9TWFNXJYMJYJRUJWFYZWJTKFYMJWRTXYFYRJYFQG^¦9YMJMJFYWJVZNWJI 6NX

Q " mc ¦9 33

Where m " mass and c " XUJHNƳHMJFYHFUFHNY^<MJSMJFYJIINWJHYQ^G^FHZWWJSY.YMJMJFYLJSJWFYJINX

2
Q ". RW 34

when R is the resistance in ohms and W is time is seconds

2
? mc '9 . RW 35

Or
.2 RW 36
¦9 "
mc

8NSHJMJFYQTXXJXFWJSTYYFPJSNSYTFHHTZSYYMNXKTWRZQFXYFSIXLTTIKTWFYNRJTKFKJ\XJHTSIXFSIFYJRUJWFYZWJSTYJ]HJJINSLIJLWJJ
(+TWMNLMJWYJRUJWFYZWJXFSIQTSLJWYNRJUJWNTIXYMJYJRUJWFYZWJWNXJXMTZQIGJHMJHPJIG^J]UJWNRJSYFXYMJMJFYJ]HMFSLJHFSGJIZJYTF
[FWNJY^TKKFHYTWX\MNHM\NQQGJINϫJWJSYKWTRHFXJYTHFXJ

9MJXUJHNƳHMJFY\NQQFQXT[FW^\NYMYJRUJWFYZWJGZYKTWRTXYGNRJYFQXNYHFSGJYFPJSFX<XLIJLWJJ(

<TWPJI*]FRUQJXTK(FQHZQFYNTS

*]+WJJ)JƴJHYNTS

&XYWNUTKGNRJYFQY^UJMF[NSLFSFHYN[JQJSLYMTKRRNXYTGJZXJIFXFHFSYNQJ[JWJQJRJSY&IJƴJHYNTSTKRRFYYMJKWJJJSINXYT
be produced by a temperature change from 40q ( to 120q (+NSIYMJYMNHPSJXXTKYMJXYWNU

+WTRJVZFYNTS FSIYMJYFGQJTK[FQZJX

a ¦9 L2 14.3 % 10#6 % 80 % 302
t " " " 0.69mm
D 1.5

*](TRGNSFYNTSTK9MJWRFQ)JƴJHYNTSFSI+TWHJ

&HFSYNQJ[JWXYWNUTKGNRJYFQY^UJRR\NIJNXYTRT[JRRFSIIJ[JQTUFKTWHJTK3FYYMJKWJJJSI\MJSXZGOJHYJIYTF
temperature change from 40q ( to 100q ( (FQHZQFYJYMJYMNHPSJXXFSIFHYN[JQJSLYMTKYMJXYWNUWJVZNWJI

+WTRXJHYNTS(KTWRNSNRZR[TQZRJZXNSLMFQKYMJYJRUJWFYZWJINϫJWJSYNFQKTWIJƴJHYNTSFSIKWTR*V FSIYMJYFGQJTK[FQZJX

20.5 % 10#6 % ½ 100 #40% L2 or t " 0.00041 L2

2
a ¦9 L
t " "
D 1.5 or t2 " 0.168 % 10#6 L4

+WTRJVZFYNTS FSIZXNSLYMJTYMJWMFQKTKYMJYJRUJWFYZWJINϫJWJSYNFQKTWYMJWRFQKTWHJ\JMF[J

E at2 w¦9
+t " 37
4L

14000 % 20.5 % 10#6 % t2 % 12 % ½ 100 #40

L " " 50.184 t2
4% 5

Substituting the value of t2KWTRFGT[J\JMF[J

L3 " 118611 or L " 49.1 mm.

17
8ZGXYNYZYNSLYMJ[FQZJTK1\JTGYFNSY"RR8F^RR

9MJRF]NRZRGJSINSLXYWJXXXMTZQIGJHMJHPJI

+1 6 % 5 % 49.1
Vmax " " " 3RR2
2
t w 1 % 12

.SYMNXHFXJYMJRF]NRZRXYWJXXNX\JQQ\NYMNSYMJFQQT\FGQJQNRNYX9MJWJKTWJYWNFQXHFSGJGFXJITSFXN_JTKRRQJSLYMFSIRRYMNHPSJXX

*]+WJJ)JƴJHYNTSIZJYT)NWJHY-JFYNSLG^5FXXFLJTK(ZWWJSY

&XYWNUTKGNRJYFQY^UJFWWFSLJIFXFHFSYNQJ[JWTKFHYN[JQJSLYMRRFSI\NIYMRRXMTZQIIJƴJHYRR\MJSHFWW^NSLHZWWJSYTK
&KTWXJHTSIX+NSIYMJYMNHPSJXXWJVZNWJIFSIYMJYJRUJWFYZWJWNXJ

+WTRJVZFYNTS 

.2 RW
¦9 " 36
mc

L L
R" U " U
A t%w

3
m " J % L % w %Y\MJWJJNXIJSXNY^LRHR

.2 UW
?¦9 "
Jt2 % w2 c

+WTRYMJYFGQJTK[FQZJX

1002 % 1.4 % 0.2 33.18

¦9 " "
7.5% t2 % 25 % 0.45 t2

+WTRJVZFYNTS 

a ¦9 L2 14.4 % 10#6 % ¦9 % 452
D " or t "
t 2

t "0.01458 ¦9

+WTRYMJY\TJVZFYNTSX

3
t 0.484
t 0.79 mm
?'9 53.2q(

*]8JQJHYGNRJYFQXTKYMJXFRJXN_JFXJ]FRUQJGZYFGQJYTHFWW^&&KTWYMJXFRJHTSINYNTSX+NSIFQXTYMJYJRUJWFYZWJ
WNXJNSJFHMHFXJ

w2 t3 Jc D
2
(TRGNSNSLJVZFYNTS FSIJVZFYNTS KWTRexample 3 we have . "
UL2 a W

18
 Jc
8NSHJ)1\YWWJRFNSZSFQYJWJI .2 R
Ua

Since the density JFSIXUJHNƳHMJFYHXHFWHJQ^[FWNJXKWTRTSJGNRJYFQYTFSTYMJW

. 21 U2 a2
\JHFSFXXZRJ "
.22 U1 a1

(MTTXNSLFGNRJYFQ\MNHMMFXFXNRNQFWXUJHNƳHIJƴJHYNTS\JHFSZXJYMJWFYNTU2U1 as a basis of initial selection.

>    @
100 2 U2
Substituting the value for .2 "&\JMF[J "
200 1.4

or U2 = 0.35 : mm2R

<JHFSYMJWJKTWJXJQJHYY^UJ3N

Similarly where .2 " 300A

U2 " 0.16

9MJWJKTWJ\JHFSXJQJHYY^UJ(ZKTWYWNFQX3TYJYMFYKTWGTYMYMJY^UJXTKYMJWRTXYFYRJYFQXXJQJHYJIYMJXUJHNƳHIJƴJHYNTSNX\NYMNS

of the nominal value for type 721-140.

9MJYJRUJWFYZWJWNXJKTW."&ZXNSLYMJWRTXYFYRJYFQY^UJ3N\TZQIGJ

2002 % 0.35 % 0.2

¦9 " " 48q(
8.3% 0.792 % 25 % 0.45

9MJYJRUJWFYZWJWNXJKTW."&ZXNSLYMJWRTXYFYRJYFQY^UJ(Z\TZQIGJ

3002 % 0.166 % 0.2

¦9 " " 51.3q(
8.3% 0.792 % 25 % 0.45

)JXNLS-NSYX

9MJKTWRZQFXFSIJVZFYNTSXFWJFYGJXYFUUWT]NRFYJFXRFS^FXXZRUYNTSXFWJRFIJMT\J[JWYMJ^UWT[NIJFLTTIGFXNXKTWYMJIJXNLS
4SHJYMJUWJQNRNSFW^IJYJWRNSFYNTSXTKGNRJYFQY^UJXMFUJFSIXN_JTKFSJQJRJSYMF[JGJJSRFIJ\NYMIZJWJLFWIYTRF]NRZRXFKJXYWJXXFY
YMJTUJWFYNSLYJRUJWFYZWJYMJJQJRJSYXMTZQIGJYJXYJIZSIJWFHYZFQTUJWFYNSLHTSINYNTSX

.KKTWJ]FRUQJYMJHTRGNSFYNTSTKRJHMFSNHFQFSIYMJWRFQXYWJXXJXJ]HJJIXYMJJQFXYNHQNRNYTKYMJGNRJYFQJQJRJSYFUJWRFSJSYXJYTHHZWX
WJXZQYNSLNSFHMFSLJTKYMJHFQNGWFYNTSTKYMJYMJWRTXYFYNHIJ[NHJ.KZSKF[TZWFGQJHTSINYNTSXHTSYNSZJYMNXHMFSLJ\NQQHTSYNSZJYTLJY
\TWXJ9MJIJXNLSJWRZXYPJJUNSRNSIMT\J[JWYMFYTYMJWKFHYTWXRF^FQXTHFZXJFYMJWRTXYFYYTHMFSLJHFQNGWFYNTSXZHMFX\JFPRTZSYNSL
TKYMJJQJRJSYJ]HJXXN[JWJXYWFNSYTKIJƴJHYNTSJ]HJJINSLYMJMJFYYWJFYNSLYJRUJWFYZWJWJQNJ[NSLTKRJHMFSNHFQXYWJXXJXNSTYMJWXYWZHYZWFQ
RJRGJWXHTWWTXNTSFSIHTSYFHY\JFW

9MJIJXNLSJWXMTZQIFQXTPJJUNSRNSIYMJINRJSXNTSFQFSIRTZSYNSLYTQJWFSHJX\MJSIJXNLSNSLFIJ[NHJFXYMJXJFIIZUYTYMJƳSFQYTQJWFSHJ
on the device.

+TWJ]FRUQJHTSXNIJWFHFSYNQJ[JWJQJRJSYTKFHYN[JQJSLYM1\NIYM\FSIYMNHPSJXXYMF[NSLFXUJHNƳHYMJWRFQIJƴJHYNTSTKF:XNSL
JVZFYNTS YMJIJƴJHYNTSUJWIJLWJJ(NX

aL2
D"
t

19
9MJWJKTWJYMJYTYFQJWWTWNSYMJYMJTWJYNHFQIJƴJHYNTS\NQQGJLN[JSG^GD " Ga ! 2G.!IY9MJGa is controlled to within r
\MNQJGY
IJUJSINSLZUTSYMJLFZLJZXJIYTr2½
FQYMTZLMYMJRFYJWNFQHFSGJUJWKTWRFSHJWTQQJIYTYNLMYJWYTQJWFSHJXFYJ]YWFHTXY9MJFHHZWFH^TK
YMJQJSLYMTKYMJJQJRJSY G1NXTKHTZWXJRTWJYMJWJXUTSXNGNQNY^TKYMJRFSZKFHYZWJWTKYMJIJ[NHJ9MJNSFHHZWFH^TKYMJQJSLYMITZGQJXYMJ
NSFHHZWFH^TKIJƴJHYNTSFSIRF^FWNXJKWTRY\TXTZWHJXYMJGQFSPNSLTWHWTUUNSLTKYMJJQJRJSYFSIYMJRTZSYNSLTKYMJJQJRJSYYTLN[J
YMJHTWWJHYFHYN[JQJSLYM 1NSYMJFGT[JJVZFYNTS*[JSNKNSUWTIZHYNTSWZSXFYTQJWFSHJr
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r
TSYMJJWWTWTKYMJYMJTWJYNHFQIJƴJHYNTS.SYMJHFXJTKKTWHJ\MNHMNXUWTUWYNTSFQYTYMJFHYN[JQJSLYM\NIYMFSIXVZFWJTKYMNHPSJXXF
HQTXJ\FYHMTSINRJSXNTSXGJHTRJXJ[JSRTWJNRUTWYFSY9MJWJKTWJXUJHNFQHFWJFSIUWJHFZYNTSXMTZQIGJYFPJSNSIJXNLSNSLYMJRTZSYNSL
TKYMJJQJRJSYFXFHYN[JQJSLYMNXF[JW^NRUTWYFSYUFWFRJYJW9MJWJNXQNYYQJUTNSYNSXUJHNK^NSL[JW^HQTXJYMNHPSJXXYTQJWFSHJXZXZFQQ^FYJ]YWF
HTXYZSQJXXYMJXJFWJOZXYNƳJIG^YMJFHHZWFH^RFNSYFNSJITSYMJFHYN[JQJSLYM

.SYMJƳSFQIJ[NHJNKJQJHYWNHFQQ^MJFYJIJNYMJWINWJHYQ^TWNSINWJHYQ^YMJJWWTWXIZJYTYTQJWFSHJXTKYMJWJXNXYN[NY^TWYMJWJXNXYFSHJ
YTQJWFSHJTKYMJMJFYNSLJQJRJSY\TZQIFQXTGJFIIJI.YNXGJHFZXJTKYMNXYTYFQQNSLZUTKYTQJWFSHJXYMFYNYGJHTRJXSJHJXXFW^YTMF[J
XTRJRJFSXTKFIOZXYFGQJHFQNGWFYNTS

20
8JHYNTS)

Fabrication Thermostat Metal Parts

+TWRNSL8YFRUNSL(WTUUNSL
<MNQJYMJWRTXYFYRJYFQXRF^GJYWJFYJIFXXYFNSQJXXXYJJQXKTWYMJFGT[JTUJWFYNTSNY\NQQGJFI[FSYFLJTZXYTPJJUNSRNSIYMJKTQQT\NSL
UTNSYX

Ensure no burr occurs in the stamped part. Use accurate cutting tools.

(ZYYNSLXMTZQIGJNSNYNFYJITSYMJMFWIJWXNIJ\MNHMNXYMJMNLMJ]UFSXNTSXNIJKTWFQQLWFIJXJ]HJUYYMJXJWNJXNS\MNHMNYNXYMJQT\
J]UFSXNTSXNIJ9MNX\NQQF[TNIGZWW

5ZWHMFXJYMJWRTXYFYRJYFQNSYMJƳSFQ\NIYMTKYMJHTRUTSJSY9MNX\NQQWJIZHJHZYYNSLFSIYMJWJKTWJFHMFSHJTKGZWW\MNHMNKQFWLJ
RF^HFZXJQTSLNYZINSFQXYNϫJSNSLFSIFI[JWXJQ^FϫJHYIJƴJHYNTS

<MNQJYMJWRTXYFYRJYFQXYWNUXFWJNXTYWTUNHNYNXFI[NXFGQJKTWGJYYJWXMFUJFHHZWFH^YTMF[JYMJQJSLYMNSYMJINWJHYNTSTKWTQQNSL
&HWTXX\NIYMQJSLYMX\NQQWJIZHJUJWRNXXNGQJGJSINSLXYWJXXG^
FSIIJƴJHYNTSG^FUUWT]

Preferably the bending axis should be perpendicular to rolling direction.

'JSIWFINNQJXXYMFSY\NHJYMJXYWNUYMNHPSJXXXMTZQIGJF[TNIJI.KYMNXNXFGXTQZYJQ^SJHJXXFW^FQT\JWIJLWJJTKHTQIWTQQNSLRF^GJ
SJHJXXFW^.SYMFYHFXJHTSXZQY8'(1

9THFQHZQFYJHZYYNSLUWJXXZWJFXMJFWXYWJSLYMTK3RRHFSGJFXXZRJI

'NRJYFQUFWYXXMTZQIUWJKJWFGQ^GJKFGWNHFYJIFXKFWFXUTXXNGQJZSIJWZSNKTWRYJRUJWFYZWJHTSINYNTSX

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KFGWNHFYNTS+TWJ]FRUQJNSYMJHFXJTKHZW[JIINXHXXQNLMYT[JWGJSINSLRF^GJSJHJXXFW^\MNHM\NQQGJWJIZHJIIZWNSLYMJXYFGQN_NSL
MJFYYWJFYRJSY+TWTYMJWXMFUJXXZHMFXHFSYNQJ[JWXFSIGJFRXFSFIOZXYNSLIJ[NHJKTWHFQNGWFYNTSHFSYFPJHFWJTKXRFQQIJKTWRFYNTSX

8YFGQN_NSL-JFY9WJFYRJSY 8YWJXX7JQNJ[NSL&LJNSL
)ZWNSLYMJRFSZKFHYZWNSLUWTHJXXTKFYMJWRTXYFYRJYFQRFS^ 8JJFQXTMNSYXTSJQJRJSYIJXNLSNSXJHYNTS(NSIJYJWRNSFYJ
XYWJXXJXFWJNSIZHJIIZWNSLWTQQNSLXQNYYNSLXYWJYHMJWQJ[JQQNSLHZYYNSLFSIKTWRNSL9MJXJXYWJXXJX\MNQJ\NYMNSYMJJQFXYNHQNRNYFWJ
INXYWNGZYJIZSJ[JSQ^NSYMJGNRJYFQ9MNXUWTIZHJXNSXYFGNQNY^NSYMJGNRJYFQHTRUTSJSY-JFYYWJFYRJSYWJQNJ[JXTWWJINXYWNGZYJXYMJXJ
XYWJXXJXYTRFNSYFNSXYFGNQNY^FHHZWFH^FSIZSNKTWRNY^TKTUJWFYNTSTKYMJUFWY\MNHM\TZQITYMJW\NXJLTTZYTKHFQNGWFYNTSJNYMJW\MJSYMJ
(TRUTSJSYX+FGWNHFYNTS
YJRUJWFYZWJNXNSHWJFXJITWYNRJMFXJQFUXJI.KFHTRUTSJSYNXSTYMJFYYWJFYJINY\TZQISTYWJYZWSYT_JWTIZWNSLNYXƳWXYMJFYNSL9MNXNX
GJHFZXJTKTSQ^FUFWYNFQWJQF]FYNTSTKXYWJXXJX4KHTZWXJYMJM^XYJWJXNXJϫJHY\TZQILWFIZFQQ^I\NSIQJFSIƳSFQQ^INXFUUJFWFKYJWFSZRGJWTK
H^HQJXZSIJWSFYZWFQFLJNSL5WTUJWMJFYYWJFYRJSYJQNRNSFYJXYMJM^XYJWJXNXFSIFHHJQJWFYJXYMJXYWJXXWJQNJKXTYMFYYMJHMFWFHYJWNXYNHXTKYMJ
GNRJYFQITSTYFQYJWNSFS^\F^FKYJWƳSFQFXXJRGQ^FSIHFQNGWFYNTSUWT[NIJIYMJRF]NRZR\TWPNSLYJRUJWFYZWJNXSTYJ]HJJIJI:XZFQQ^
XNRUQJMJFYYWJFYRJSYFXWJHTRRJSIJINXXZϬHNJSYKTWRTXYFUUQNHFYNTSXMT\J[JW\MJWJXYFGNQNY^NXHWNYNHFQYMJ\MTQJFXXJRGQ^XMTZQIGJ
MJFYYWJFYJIFLFNSFKYJWFS^RJHMFSNHFQFIOZXYRJSYTWY\TTWYMWJJMJFYYWJFYRJSYH^HQJXHFSGJUJWKTWRJI\NYMJFHMXZGXJVZJSY
YWJFYRJSYFYFXTRJ\MFYQT\JWYJRUJWFYZWJYMFSYMJƳWXY8YFGQN_NSLMJFYYWJFYRJSYXMTZQISTYGJHTSKZXJI\NYMSTWRFQMJFYYWJFYRJSYTK
XYJJQXZHMFXFSSJFQNSLSTWRFQN_NSLJYH\MJWJYMJUWTUJWYNJXHMFSLJHTSXNIJWFGQ^9MJXYFGQN_NSLMJFYYWJFYRJSYH^HQJITJXSTYFUUWJHNFGQ^
FQYJWFS^TKYMJUWTUJWYNJXTKYMJYMJWRTXYFYRJYFQHFZXNSLSTHMFSLJNSMFWISJXXFSITSQ^FXQNLMYHMFSLJNSYJRUJWFYZWJIJƴJHYNTSWFYJFSI
RJHMFSHNFQKTWHJWFYJ&XQNLMYHMFSLJTKXMFUJWJXZQYXGJHFZXJXTRJTKYMJXYWJXXJXHFZXJINSKTWRNSLYMJUFWYMF[JGJJSWJQNJ[JI&GQFIJ
\MNHMNXƴFYUWNTWYTMJFYYWJFRJSY\NQQFXXZRJFHZW[FYZWJFKYJWMJFYYWJFYRJSY\NYMYMJMNLMJ]UFSXNTSXNIJGJHTRNSLHTSHF[J8YWNU
RFYJWNFQHFSGJUWJHZW[JIG^FWTQQJWƴFYYJSJWUWNTWYTYMJUWJXXXTYMFYYMJTUUTXNYNTSTKYMJY\THZW[FYZWJX\NQQHFSHJQJFHMTYMJW
WJXZQYNSLNSFƴFYGQFIJ

21
23
2.1 Procedure for Stabilizing Heat Treatment

9MJXYFGQN_NSLMJFYYWJFYRJSYTK9MJWRTXYFYRJYFQHTRUTSJSYXHFSGJITSJNSYMJYWF^XTKFSJQJHYWNHTWLFXMJFYJIT[JSNS\MNHMHQTXJ
YJRUJWFYZWJHTSYWTQNXUWT[NIJI9MJKTQQT\NSLUTNSYXRZXYGJGTWSJNSRNSIIZWNSLYMNXYWJFYRJSY

9MJHTRUTSJSYXRZXYGJKWJJYTIJƴJHY.KWJXYWFNSJINSFS^\F^XF^J[JSG^YMJ\JNLMYTKTYMJWHTRUTSJSYXKZWYMJWXYWJXXJXRF^GJ
NSIZHJI9MJWJKTWJYMJ^XMTZQIGJXUWJFITZYXNSLQ^TSYMJYWF^TKYMJT[JS

9MJYJRUJWFYZWJ\MNHMXMTZQIGJHFWJKZQQ^HTSYWTQQJIXMTZQIGJIJLWJJ(FGT[JYMJRF]NRZRYJRUJWFYZWJYTGJJSHTZSYJWJINS
XJW[NHJTWIZWNSLHFQNGWFYNTSXZGOJHYYTFRNSNRZRTKIJLWJJ(9MJYJRUJWFYZWJXMTZQISTYJ]HJJIYMJRF]NRZR\TWPNSL
YJRUJWFYZWJMT\J[JWNKXZHMMNLMYJRUJWFYZWJXFWJQNPJQ^YTGJJSHTZSYJWJIYMJSXTRJIWTUNSRJHMFSNHFQXYWJSLYMXMTZQIGJ
HTSXNIJWJIIZJYTXTKYJSNSLTKYMJRFYJWNFQ9MJHTRUTSJSYXXMTZQIGJXTFPJIFYYMJƳSFQYJRUJWFYZWJKTWY\TMTZWX

9MJYJRUJWFYZWJWNXJXMTZQIGJLWFIZFQ(TTQNSLHFSGJITSJNSYMJKZWSFHJTWNSXYNQQFNWFRF]NRZRMJFYNSLTWHTTQNSLXUJJITK
IJLWJJ(RNSNXWJHTRRJSIJI

9MJMJFYYWJFYRJSYHFSGJUJWKTWRJINSFNW&YMNST]NIJQF^JWTKFIFWPYFWSNXM\NQQGJKTWRJITSYMJHTRUTSJSYX9MNXNXZXZFQQ^IJXNWFGQJ
FXNYNRUWT[JXJRNXXN[NY^LN[NSLGJYYJWMJFYJ]HMFSLJUWTUJWYNJX-T\J[JWNKYMJT]NIJQF^JWNSYJWKJWJX\NYMXZGXJVZJSYUWTHJXXJXXZHMFX
XUTY\JQINSLTWUQFYNSLYMJSYMJMJFYYWJFYRJSYXMTZQIGJITSJNSFSNSJWYFYRTXUMJWJXZHMFXHWFHPJIFRRTSNF 32-2

+TWHJWYFNSXYWJXXJIUFWYXXZHMFXXSFUJQJRJSYXTWINXHXYMJSTWRFQWJHTRRJSIJIYJRUJWFYZWJXRF^HFZXJMFWRKZQIJKTWRFYNTS.S
such cases it is recommended to snap the elements several times at the maximum operating temperature.

.KUFWYXFWJYTGJXYTWJIFKYJWMJFYYWJFYRJSYFUUQ^FSYNWZXYTNQ

2TZSYNSL+FXYJSNSLTK9MJWRTXYFY2JYFQ5FWYX
9MJFHHZWFH^TKIJƴJHYNTSFSI_JWTUTNSYXYFGQNY^TKGNRJYFQIJUJSIXNRUTWYFSYQ^ZUTSYMJFHYN[JQJSLYM9MJWJKTWJYMJRTZSYNSLTKF
YMJWRTXYFYRJYFQJQJRJSYXMTZQIGJFHHZWFYJFSIWNLNI9MJKTQQT\NSLUTNSYXRF^GJTGXJW[JI

9MJWRTXYFYRJYFQUFWYXHFSGJKFXYJSJIJNYMJWG^WN[JYYNSLGTQYNSLXUTY\JQINSLWJXNXYFSHJGWF_NSLXTQIJWNSLTWHQFRUNSL)TSTYZXJF
torch or electric arc for welding.

)JLWJFXJFGWFIJTWTYMJW\NXJRJHMFSNHFQQ^HQJFSRFYNSLXZWKFHJX&HNIUNHPQNSLNXSTYWJHTRRJSIJIJXUJHNFQQ^KTWYMJXJWNJX+TWXUTY
\JQINSLF\JQINSLUWTOJHYNTSTSJNYMJWTKYMJRFYNSLUFWYX\NQQGJTKFI[FSYFLJ

8NSHJYMJWFSLJTKGNRJYFQXMF[JF\NIJ[FWNJY^TKWJXNXYN[NYNJXYMJXUTY\JQINSLRFHMNSJFSIXMFUJTKJQJHYWTIJXXMTZQIGJFIOZXYJI
GJKTWJMFSIYTXZNYYMJY^UJTKGNRJYFQ+TWYMJXJWNJXTKGNRJYFQYMJFHYN[JXNIJ\MNHMNXFMNLMRFSLFSJXJFQQT^RF^MF[JFMFWI
T]NIJQF^JW.YNXWJHTRRJSIJIYMFYYMNXXJWNJXNXXUTY\JQIJITS1*XNIJTSQ^.KYMNXNXSTYUTXXNGQJYMJSFMNLMJWIJSXNY^TKHZWWJSYT[JWF
XMFWUUTNSY\NQQMJQUGWJFPYMWTZLMYMJT]NIJQF^JWJXUJHNFQQ^KTWYMJMNLMWJXNXYN[NY^Y^UJXXZHMFXFSI

9MJGNRJYFQJQJRJSYRZXYGJYNLMYJSJIFHWTXXNYX\MTQJ\NIYM

8JQJHYYMJRFYJWNFQXKTWYMJRFYNSLUFWYXXTYMFYLFQ[FSNHFHYNTSNXF[TNIJI(TWWTXNTSFYYMJRTZSYNSLXZWKFHJ\TZQIQJFIYTFQTTXJSNSLTK
the fastening and instability in the thermostat operation.

(TWWTXNTS7JXNXYFSHJ&SI5WTYJHYNTS
,JSJWFQQ^FQQYMJWRTXYFYRJYFQXFWJHTWWTXNTSWJXNXYFSYNSTWINSFW^FYRTXUMJWJ.SFYRTXUMJWJXTKMNLMXFQNSNY^FSIMZRNINY^YMJXJWNJX
GNRJYFQXGJHFZXJTKYMJMNLMRFSLFSJXJHTSYJSYTKYMJFHYN[JXNIJFWJQNFGQJYTXYWJXXHTWWTXNTSFKYJWUWTQTSLJIJ]UTXZWJ+TWRTXY
GNRJYFQX \NYMYMJJ]HJUYNTSTKXJWNJXHTWWTXNTSUWTYJHYNTSHFSGJUWT[NIJIG^JQJHYWTUQFYNSL\NYMSNHPJQYNSHFIRNZRXNQ[JW_NSHTW
gold. Silver plating may be useful to reduce contact resistance of direct electric heated bimetals.

,JSJWFQQ^HTFYNSLXTKYMNHPSJXXyRFWJXZϬHNJSY5QFYNSLXGJQT\
TKYMNHPSJXX\NQQSTYFI[JWXJQ^JϫJHYYMJWRFQFHYN[NY^3TSRJYFQQNH
HTFYNSLXFWJSTYLJSJWFQQ^WJHTRRJSIJIFXYMJ^HMTPJYMJJ]HMFSLJTKMJFYGZYKTWQT\YJRUJWFYZWJX ZUYTIJLWJJX(HTFYNSLXTKUQFXYNH
or epoxy resins have been used successfully.

22
(3(2ZQYNXQNIJ+TWRNSL2FHMNSJX

(TRUTSJSYX+FGWNHFYNTS

23
Section E

Forms of Supply & Tolerances

+TWRXTK8ZUUQ^
+WTRSTWRFQUWTIZHYNTS\JHFSXZUUQ^GNRJYFQXYWNUXNSYMNHPSJXXWFSLNSLKWTRRRYTRRFSI\NIYMWFSLNSLKWTRRRYTRR9MNHPSJXX
and width outside this range can be supplied by special arrangement.

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HTQIWJIZHYNTS

9MJWRTXYFYRJYFQRF^GJXZUUQNJINSHTSYNSZTZXHTNQTWHZYQJSLYMXTWXMFUJIUFWYX

9MNSSJWRFYJWNFQNX\TZSITSF(FWIGTFWIHTWJ+TW[JW^YMNSFSISFWWT\RFYJWNFQKTWJ]FRUQJRFYJWNFQKTWƴTZWJXHJSYYZGJXYFWYJWXYMJXYWNUNX
wound on plastic bobbins.

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(TSYNSZTZX?NSH9NSUQFYJIXYWNUXHFSGJUWT[NIJIFYJ]YWFHTXY

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9MJWJXNXYN[NY^YTQJWFSHJX[FW^\NYMYMJY^UJTKGNRJYFQ,JSJWFQQ^YMJQFWLJWYMJXMZSYQF^JWFSIQT\JWYMJWJXNXYN[NY^YMJMNLMJWYMJYTQJWFSHJ
[FQZJ9MJXJ[FQZJXFWJQNXYJINSYMJ9FGQJTK;FQZJXNS8JHYNTS,

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9MNHPSJXX 9TQJWFSHJR

t 7 0.15 r7

0.15  t 7 0.25 r10

0.25  t 7 0.6 r 15

t ! 0.6 r 2½
TKY

Disc Material

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t 7 0.2 r4

0.2  t 7 0.40 r

TKY

9NLMYJWYTQJWFSHJX can be provided by prior agreement.

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appropriate hardening.

24
<NIYM9TQJWFSHJX

9MNHPSJXXNSRR <NIYM9TQJWFSHJNSRR

W 7 50mm W ! 50mm

t 7 0.2 r 0.1 r 0.15

t ! 0.2 r 0.15 r 0.20

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9MJSTWRFQRFSZKFHYZWNSLUWTHJXXLN[JXYMJGNRJYFQFƴFYSJXXXYWFNLMYSJXX\MNHMNXSTWRFQQ^KZQQ^XFYNXKFHYTW^MT\J[JWFS^XUJHNFQ
requirements can be agreed at the time of placing the order.

RR

LF

W
t
+NL

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measuring from the centre of the straight edge to the strip edge.

R

RR

+NL

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9MJSTWRFQRFSZKFHYZWNSLUWTHJXXLN[JXYMJGNRJYFQFƴFYSJXXXYWFNLMYSJXX\MNHMNXSTWRFQQ^KZQQ^XFYNXKFHYTW^MT\J[JWFS^XUJHNFQ
requirements can be agreed at the time of placing the order.

CC

+NL

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:SQJXXTYMJW\NXJXUJHNƳJIYMJRFWPNSLTKYMJLWFIJNXJYHMJITSYMJ1T\*]UFSXNTS8NIJ\NYMFXUJHNFQFHNI+TWQFWLJJSTZLMVZFSYNYNJX\JHFS
JYHMYMJHZXYTRJWXT\SHTIJFYJ]YWFHTXY-T\J[JWYMJFWY\TWPRZXYGJXZUUQNJI\JQQNSFI[FSHJ2FWPNSLTKXYWNUG^*SLWF[NSLHFSGJ
provided on special request.
25
Section F

Testing of Thermostatic Bimetals

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HTSXYWZHYJI TZY TK .S[FW YT WJIZHJ JWWTWX IZJ YT J]UFSXNTS TK NYX
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temperature is controlled to r 0.1q ( 9MJ IJƴJHYNTS NX RJFXZWJI G^
means of a large least count micrometer when its transmission rod
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multimeter indicates the point at which contact is made with the strip.
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RJFXZWJINX8UJHNƳH9MJWRFQ(ZW[FYZWJ\MNHMHTWWJXUTSIXYT+QJ]N[NY^
(TS[JWXNTS  TK +QJ]N[NY^  YT 8UJHNƳH  9MJWRFQ  (ZW[FYZWJ  NX ITSJ  G^
RZQYNUQ^NSLYMJ+QJ]N[NY^[FQZJG^

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reference only.

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2 - Measuring Electrical Resistivity

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WJXNXYFSHJXNSHJYMJRFYJWNFQNXMFWI+WTRYMJINRJSXNTSXTKYMJXUJHNRJSFSIYMJRJFXZWJIWJXNXYFSHJYMJWJXNXYN[NY^NXHFQHZQFYJIZXNSL
JVZFYNTS 

2JFXZWNSL-FWISJXX
9MJMFWISJXX[FQZJTKYMJQT\J]UFSXNTSFSIMNLMJ]UFSXNTSHTRUTSJSYXNXRJFXZWJIFX;NHPJWXMFWISJXX&RNHWTMFWISJXXYJXYNSLFUUFWFYZXNX
ZXJI\NYM[JW^QT\QTFIX QJXXYMFS3YTF[TNIJWWTWXIZJYTYMJNSƴZJSHJTKYMJHTRUTSJSYTSYMJZSIJWXNIJ

4 - Measuring Shape
+TWHTNQXJYHFRGJWHWTXXHZW[FYZWJ7JKJWXJHYNTS***WJXUJHYN[JQ^

.KFQYJWSFYJYJXYRJYMTIXFWJZXJI\JXZLLJXYFHTSXZQYFYNTS\NYMTZW*SLNSJJWXXTYMFYHTRUFWFYN[JYJXYWJXZQYXHFSGJTGYFNSJIFSI
misunderstandings can be avoided.

26
Section G

Shivalik Bimetal Types

Technical Data

9^UJ)JXNLSFYNTSFSI 9MJLWFUMXUWNSYJINSYMNXXJHYNTSFWJNSYJSIJIYTIJRTSXYWFYJWJQFYN[JGJMF[NTZW

(TRUTXNYNTS only. Extrapolated values may be in approximation.

8MN[FQNPXLWFIJXMF[JGJJSWFYNTSFQNXJIXTFXYTNSINHFYJ )JƴJHYNTS;X9JRUJWFYZWJ

YMJY^UJTKJQJRJSYFQQT^XZXJI9MJƳWXYYMWJJSZRGJWXTK
the grade indicate the high expansion alloy followed
G^FSZRGJW\MNHMHTINƳJXYMJQT\J]UFSXNTSFQQT^ 6 721-112
+TWJ]FRUQJTSYMJMNLMJ]UFSXNTSXNIJXYFSIXKTW
FQQT^HTSYFNSNSL
3N
(WGFQFSHJ+JFSI (Z
5
XYFSIXKTWFSFQQT^HTSYFNSNSL
3N
2SFSI 206-1
GFQFSHJ+J\MNQJNSINHFYJX
2S
3N 721-140 (Z
206-2

(ZFSI3NSINHFYJXUZWJ3NHPJQ 4 223-1
7*1&9.;*)*+1*(9.43

4SYMJQT\J]UFSXNTSXNIJNSINHFYJX.S[FWNJ
3N
'FQ+JXYFSIXKTW
3N'FQ+JFSIKTW
3N'FQ+J (Z
3
.SYMJWJXNXYN[NY^XJWNJX\NYMYMJJ]HJUYNTSTK(Z-
\MNHMMFX
3N'FQ+JTSYMJ1*XNIJFQQWJXNXYN[NY^
Y^UJXMF[J.S[FWTSYMJ1*XNIJ.SYMJXJY^UJX
2
material of shunt is indicated alongwith the resistivity
values in P:HR+TWJ]FRUQJ(ZNXFYWNRJYFQ\NYM
FQQT^TSYMJFHYN[JXNIJF(TUUJWXMZSYQF^JWNSYMJ 100mm 1mm
D
1
middle and having a resistivity of 11 P:HR9MJQT\
J]UFSXNTSXNIJHTRRTSKTWYMJ\MTQJXJWNJXNX.S[FW

0
20 100 200 300 400 500 600
9*25t(

206-3
5
223-3

4
3N
7*1&9.;*)*+1*(9.43

3

2
3

1 100mm 1mm
D

0
20 100 200 300 400 500 600

9*25t(

27
 7JXNXYN[NY^;X9JRUJWFYZWJ

7*8.89.;.9>ơRR2R 721-140

1.50
1.45 721-112
1.40
1.35
1.30
1.25
1.20
1.15
1.10 206-1
1.05 206-3
1.0 223-1

0.9
7*8.89.;.9>ơRR2R

0.8
3N
0.7

0.6 (Z
3N
0.5
(Z
0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
100 200 300

9*25t(

(Z

(Z
7*8.89.;.9>ơRR2R

(Z-
(Z
(Z

(Z

0.10
0.09 (Z
0.08 (Z
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01

100 200 300

9*25t(

28
 SHIVALIK BIMETAL CONTROLS LTD. SUMMARY OF STANDARD GRADES

SPECIFIC RECOMENDED
RESISTIVITY AT RESISTIVITY Modulus of THERMAL EQUIVALENT GRADES
THERMAL RANGE OF Max Temp of RESISTIVITY HEAT STANDARD HARDNESS RANGE
TYPE FLEXIVITY 20°C AT 75°F Elasticity DENSITY CONDUCTIVITY
'FLEXIVITY F CURVATURE LINEARITY** usage** TOLERANCE TREATMENT FOR
Sr No. SHIVALIK TOLERANCE ρ* ρ* 'E' ** ** 'K'**
(50 to 200°F) 'k'** 2 HRS LE SIDE HE SIDE
ASTM IMPHY EMS FPEC DIN AUERHAMMER NEOMAX
X 10 -6 /°F ±% X10 -6 /°C °C °C Ohm mm 2 /m Ohm circmil/ft. ±% KN /mm 2
gm/cm 3 W/cm ˚C °C VICKERS HARDNESS NO.(HV)

1 206-1 15.80 5 28.44 -20 to 200 500 0.780 470 4 170 8.1 0.120 350 190-240 200-275. TM29 AS LA1 FPA206-78 TB1577A TB155/78 (BL-2)
2 206-2 14.60 5 26.28 -20 to 300 500 0.770 465 4 170 8.1 0.120 350 190-240 200-275 TB150/74
3 206-3 12.20 5 21.96 -20 to 380 500 0.700 420 4 170 8.1 0.125 350 190-240 200-275 BS LA3 FPA206-70 TB1170A TB 115/70 BH-2
4 206-4 9.90 5 17.82 -20 to 430 500 0.619 373 4 170 8.0 350 190-240 200-275
5 206-S 6.30 5 11.34 -20 to 200 500 0.211 127 4 170 8.0 350 180-230 200-275
6 223-1 15.00 5 27.00 -20 to 200 500 0.790 475 4 170 8.1 0.120 350 190-240 215-300 TM1 R80 B1 FPA223-80 TB 140/80 BL-5
7 223-1D 14.72 4 26.50 -20 to 200 500 0.790 475 4 170 8.1 0.120 350 200-240 240-300 TM1 R80 B1 FPA223-80 TB 140/80 BL-5
8 223-3 11.70 5 21.06 -20 to 320 500 0.690 415 4 170 8.1 0.130 350 190-240 215-300
9 223-N 4.60 5 8.28 -20 to 200 500 0.158 95 6 200 8.6 0.420 350 190-240 215-300
10 N-1 10.20 5 18.36 -20 to 150 450 0.158 95 6 170 8.6 0.420 350 190-240 190-240 TM22 R15/15B N1 FPAN-16 TB 97/16 BL-3
11 258-1 13.90 5 25.02 -20 to 200 500 0.830 500 4 175 8.1 350 190-240 210-270 E1 FPA258-75
12 258-3 10.40 5 18.72 +90 to 320 500 0.722 435 4 175 8.1 350 190-240 210-270 TM3 E3
13 258-5 6.60 5 11.88 +150 to 430 500 0.614 370 5 175 8.1 350 190-240 210-270 TM5 E5 FPA258-60
14 703-1 15.00 5 27.00 -20 to 150 175 0.123 74 15 130 8.3 1.980 150 190-240 150-180
15 206Cu3 13.10 5 23.58 -20 to 200 400 0.033 20 10 140 8.6 250 190-240 200-275. TB132/03
16 206Cu6 14.80 5 26.64 -20 to 200 400 0.060 36 10 165 8.4 1.360 250 190-240 200-275 LA35R10 FPA206-06 TB1406 TB130/06
17 206Cu9 15.40 5 27.72 -20 to 200 400 0.090 55 7 165 8.2 250 190-240 200-275
18 206Cu9H 12.00 5 21.60 -20 to 380 450 0.090 55 10 170 8.2 0.160 350 190-240 200-275 BS9 LA55R30 FP206-9 TB1109 TB115/09 THC-9
19 206Cu9L 13.90 5 25.02 -20 to 200 400 0.090 55 10 165 8.2 250 190-240 200-275
20 206Cu11 15.40 5 27.72 -20 to 200 400 0.110 66 7 165 8.2 0.650 250 190-240 200-275 AS11 LA70R10 FP206-11 TB1511 TB150/11
21 206Cu15 15.60 5 28.08 -20 to 200 400 0.150 90 7 170 8.2 0.550 250 190-240 200-275 FP206-15 TB150/15 TRC-15K
22 206Cu17 15.60 5 28.08 -20 to 200 400 0.170 102 7 170 8.2 0.460 250 190-240 200-275 FP206-17 TB150/17
23 206Cu19 15.60 5 28.08 -20 to 200 400 0.191 115 6 170 8.2 0.400 250 190-240 200-275 TB150/19
24 206Ni25 14.50 5 26.10 -20 to 200 450 0.250 150 6 170 8.3 0.270 350 190-240 200-275 AS25 FP206-25 TB1425 TB140/25 TR-25
25 206Ni35 15.20 5 27.36 -20 to 200 450 0.352 210 5 170 8.3 0.220 350 190-240 200-275 AS35 LA200R10 FP206-35 TB1435 TB148/35 TR-35
26 206Ni45 15.60 5 28.08 -20 to 200 450 0.450 270 5 170 8.2 0.180 350 190-240 200-275 TB150/45 TR-45
27 206Ni50 15.40 5 27.72 -20 to 200 450 0.500 300 5 170 8.2 0.880 350 190-240 200-275 TB150/50 TR-50
28 206Ni55 15.70 5 28.26 -20 to 200 450 0.550 330 5 170 8.2 0.163 350 190-240 200-275 AS55 FP206-55 TB1555 TB150/55 TR-60
29 223Cu3 13.00 5 23.40 -20 to 150 350 0.033 20 10 140 8.6 2.240 250 190-240 80-120 TM24 R3 F20R FPA982-3 TB121/03
30 223Cu3 (3) 13.10 5 23.58 -20 to 200 400 0.033 20 10 140 8.6 250 190-240 200-275. TB132/03
31 223Cu4 13.50 5 24.30 -20 to 200 400 0.042 25 10 140 8.6 250 190-240 215-300 R4 F25R FPA982-4 TB124/04 TRC-5
32 223Cu5 13.90 5 25.02 -20 to 150 350 0.050 30 10 160 8.5 1.601 250 190-240 215-300 TM25 F30R FPA982-5 TB128/05
33 223Cu5L 12.40 5 22.32 -20 to 250 400 0.050 30 10 160 8.5 1.601 250 190-240 215-300 TB115/05
34 223Cu6 14.20 5 25.56 -20 to 150 350 0.058 35 10 160 8.4 1.360 250 190-240 215-300 R6 F35R FPA982-6 TB131/06
35 223Cu7 14.40 5 25.92 -20 to 150 350 0.070 42 10 165 8.3 1.422 250 190-240 215-300 F40R FPA982-7 TB134/07
36 223 Cu7L 13.20 5 23.76 -20 to 250 400 0.070 42 10 165 8.3 1.422 250 190-240 215-300 TB125/07
37 223Cu8 14.60 5 26.28 -20 to 150 350 0.083 50 9 170 8.3 1.041 250 190-240 215-300 TM26 R8 F50R FPA982-8 TB135/08 TRC-10
38 223 Cu8L 13.60 5 24.48 -20 to 250 400 0.083 50 9 170 8.3 1.041 250 190-240 215-300 TB128/08
39 223 Cu10 15.00 5 27.00 -20 to 150 350 0.100 60 7 170 8.3 250 190-240 215-300 F60R TB137/10
40 223Cu11 14.70 5 26.46 -20 to 150 350 0.116 70 7 170 8.3 0.712 250 190-240 215-300 TM27 R11 F70R FPA982-11 TB137/12 TRC-12
41 223 Cu11L 13.90 5 25.02 -20 to 250 400 0.116 70 7 170 8.3 0.712 250 190-240 215-300 TB131/12
42 223Cu15 14.80 5 26.64 -20 to 150 350 0.150 90 7 170 8.3 0.540 250 190-240 215-300 TM28 F90R FPA982-15 TB138/15 TRC-15
43 223Cu16 14.80 5 26.64 -20 to 150 350 0.166 100 7 170 8.3 0.140 250 190-240 215-300 R16 F100R TB138/17
44 223Cu17L 13.40 5 24.12 -20 to 250 400 0.166 100 7 170 8.3 0.140 250 190-240 215-300 TB125/17
45 223Ni16 11.50 5 20.70 -20 to 150 500 0.166 100 7 180 8.3 0.412 350 190-240 215-300 TM9 R15-T B100R FPA223-17 TB100/17
46 223Ni20 13.10 5 23.58 -20 to 150 500 0.208 125 6 180 8.3 0.341 350 190-240 215-300 TM10 B125R FPA223-21 TB119/21
47 223 Ni20L 12.60 5 22.68 -20 to 250 450 0.208 125 6 180 8.3 0.341 350 190-240 215-300 TB118/21
48 223Ni25 13.70 5 24.66 -20 to 150 500 0.249 150 6 180 8.3 0.292 350 190-240 215-300 TM11 R25 B150R FPA223-25 TB127/25
49 223Ni30 14.10 5 25.38 -20 to 150 500 0.291 175 6 175 8.3 0.252 350 190-240 215-300 TM12 B175R FPA223-30 TB130/29
50 223Ni35 14.40 5 25.92 -20 to 150 500 0.332 200 5 175 8.3 0.212 350 190-240 215-300 TM13 B200R FPA223-35 TB134/33
51 223 Ni35L 13.80 5 24.84 -20 to 250 450 0.332 200 5 175 8.3 0.212 350 190-240 215-300 TB130/33
52 223Ni40 14.70 5 26.46 -20 to 150 500 0.416 250 5 175 8.3 0.200 350 190-240 215-300 TM14 R40 B250R FPA223-40 TB138/42
53 223 Ni40L 13.90 5 25.02 -20 to 250 450 0.416 250 5 175 8.3 0.200 350 190-240 215-300 TB131/42
54 223Ni50 14.90 5 26.82 -20 to 150 500 0.499 300 5 170 8.3 0.171 350 190-240 215-300 TM15 B300R FPA223-50 TB139/50
55 223Ni60 15.00 5 27.00 -20 to 150 500 0.582 350 5 170 8.1 0.162 350 190-240 215-300 TM16 R60 B350R FPA223-60 TB140/58
56 223-560 14.50 5 26.10 -20 to 150 350 0.929 560 5 170 8.6 350 190-240 215-300 TM7
57 721-3 18.00 5 32.40 -20 to 200 350 0.938 565 5 170 7.8 260 190-240 185-235 TM23 P3 FPA721-95
58 721-112 21.50 5 38.70 -20 to 200 350 1.122 675 5 140 7.8 0.061 260 190-240 185-235 TM2 108SP P675R FPA721-110 TB20110 TB 208/110
59 721-140 15.90 5 28.62 -20 to 200 350 1.413 850 5 136 7.6 0.050 260 190-240 185-235 TM8 140SP P850R FPA721-140 TB140/140 BR-2
60 721 Cu3 17.56 5 31.61 -20 to 200 350 0.033 20 10 170 8.3 260 190-240 185-235 TB170/03
61 721Cu5 18.50 5 33.30 -20 to 200 350 0.050 30 10 140 8.3 1.600 260 190-240 185-235 TM31 5SP P30R FP721-5 TB1805 TB180/05 BRC-6
62 721Cu8 19.80 5 35.64 -20 to 200 350 0.083 50 9 140 8.1 1.000 260 190-240 185-235 8SP P50R FP721-8 TB2008 TB185/08 BRC-8
63 721Cu8LE 21.10 4 38.00 -20 to 200 350 0.082 49 9 140 8.1 1.000 260 190-240 185-235
64 721 Cu10 20.60 5 37.08 -20 to 200 350 0.100 60 8 140 8.0 260 190-240 185-235 10SP P60R FP721-10 TB2010 TB200/10
65 721Cu11 20.50 5 36.90 -20 to 200 350 0.113 68 8 140 7.9 0.710 260 190-240 185-235 11SP P70R FP721-12 TB2011 TB200/11
66 721Cu15 21.10 5 37.98 -20 to 200 350 0.150 90 7 140 7.9 0.541 260 190-240 185-235 15SP P90R FP721-15 TB2015 TB200/15
67 721Cu17 21.10 5 37.98 -20 to 200 350 0.166 100 7 140 7.9 0.462 260 190-240 185-235 P100R FP721-17 TB200/17
68 721Cu20 21.20 5 38.16 -20 to 200 350 0.208 125 7 140 7.9 0.365 260 190-240 185-235 20SP P125R FP721-20 TB2020 TB200/20 BRC-22
69 721Cu25 21.20 5 38.16 -20 to 200 350 0.249 150 6 140 7.9 0.270 260 190-240 185-235 FP721-25 TB2025 TB200/25
70 721Cu30 21.20 5 38.16 -20 to 200 350 0.291 175 6 140 7.9 0.250 260 190-240 185-235 30SP P175R FP721-30 TB2030 TB200/30 BRC-32
71 721Cu35 21.50 5 38.70 -20 to 200 350 0.332 200 6 140 7.9 0.210 260 190-240 185-235
72 721Cu40 21.50 5 38.70 -20 to 200 350 0.416 250 6 140 7.9 0.190 260 190-240 185-235 40SP P250R FP721-40 TB2040 TB200/40
73 721Cu40LE 21.39 4 38.50 -20 to 200 350 0.400 241 5 140 7.9 0.190 260 190-230 185-225
74 721S50 21.50 5 38.70 -20 to 200 350 0.499 300 5 140 7.8 0.170 260 190-240 185-235 TB2050
75 721S60 21.50 5 38.70 -20 to 200 350 0.582 350 5 140 7.8 0.162 260 190-240 185-235 60SP P350R FP721-60 TB2060 TB200/60 BRC-61
76 721S80 21.50 5 38.70 -20 to 200 350 0.831 500 5 140 7.8 0.110 260 190-240 185-235 80SP P500R TB200/80 BRC-83
77 197-7 9.90 5 17.80 0 to 200 450 0.850 510 4 190 8.1 0.120 350 200-250 215-300 GB-14
FLEXIVITY CORRESPONDS TO THERMAL CURVATURE IN °C(MULTIPLYING FACTOR 1.8) *VALUES ARE MEASURED AND CERTIFIED, **THESE VALUES ARE NOT MEASURED AND ARE PRESENTED TO AID DESIGNING AND SHALL NOT BE USED FOR REJECTION OR ACCEPTANCE PURPOSE SBCL/TS/BM /001/10

29
 7JXNXYN[NY^;X&IRNXXNGQJ8MTWY(NWHZNY(ZWWJSY

&RR
2 &8*(7&9.3,
'8*(7&9.3,
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&)2.88.'1*8-479(09(:77*39

800

400
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200

100
'

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
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100 200 300 400 500

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31
30
*SVZNW^KTW9MJWRTXYFYNH'NRJYFQX
.K^TZFWJZXNSL9MJWRTXYFYRJYFQXNSFSJ]NXYNSLUWTIZHYYMJJVZN[FQJSY8MN[FQNPLWFIJHFSGJTGYFNSJIG^\WNYNSLYTZXYMJLWFIJSZRGJW
presently being used by you.

+TWSJ\FUUQNHFYNTSXFSISJ\UWTIZHYIJ[JQTURJSY\JXZLLJXYYMFY^TZNS[TQ[JZXFYFSJFWQ^XYFLJ<J\TZQIWJVZNWJFSX\JWXYTYMJKTQQT\NSL
VZJXYNTSXYTIJIZHJYMJXN_JFSIY^UJTKGNRJYFQKTW^TZWFUUQNHFYNTS

What is the operating temperature range?

<MFYNXYMJRF]NRZRYJRUJWFYZWJYMJGNRJYFQRF^GJXZGOJHYJIYT$

<MFYNXYMJIJƴJHYNTSFSIKTWHJWJVZNWJI$

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.KJQJHYWNHFQQ^MJFYJI\MFYNXYMJ;TQYFLJFSI&RUJWFLJ$

<MFYNXYMJF[FNQFGQJXUFHJKTWYMJJQJRJSY$,N[JFIJXHWNUYNTSFSIIWF\NSL

9^UJTKRT[JRJSYWJVZNWJINJFSLZQFWTWQNSJFW$

.XYMJGNRJYFQJQJRJSYWJVZNWJIYTTUJWFYJZSIJWHTWWTXN[JHTSINYNTSX

32
31
Section G

Components And Subassemblies

8MN[FQNPHFSUWT[NIJHTRUTSJSYXTK'NRJYFQ*'<JQIJI2FYJWNFQXYFRUJINSMTZXJTSUWJHNXNTSXYFRUNSLUWJXXJX

9MJYTTQNSLXFWJFQXTIJ[JQTUJINSMTZXJ8MN[FQNPXZUUQNJX4*2X\NYMRNQQNTSXTKHTRUTSJSYXJ[JW^RTSYMHTSKTWRNSLYTYMJNWJ[JWNSHWJFXNSL
quality requirements.

Statistical techniques are used to ensure quality on ppm levels.

33
32
 (TS[JWXNTS+FHYTWX

+WFHYNTSX Decimals Millimeters 9T(MFSLJ 9T(MFSLJ'FHP

of an inch of an inch
+WTR to 2ZQYNUQ^G^ +WTR to 2ZQYNUQ^G^
 0.0156 0.397
Length Length
 .0313 0.794
mm in .03937 in mm 25.4
 .0469 1.191
cm in .3937 in cm 2.54
 .0625 1.588
cm ft .03281 ft cm 30.48
 .0781 1.985
in m .0254 m in 39.37
 .0938 2.381
 .1094 2.778
 .1250 3.175 Area Area
 .1406 3.572 cir mils sq in ..0000007854 sq in cir mils 
 .1563 3.969 cir mils sq mils .7854 sq mils cir mils 1.2732
 .1719 4.366 cir mils sq mm .0005066 sq mm cir mils 
 .1875 4.763 sq mm sq in .00155 sq in sq mm 645.16
 .2031 5.159 sq mils sq in .000001 sq in sq mils 
 .2188 5.556 sq cm sq in .155 sq in sq cm 6.4516
 .2344 5.953
 .2500 6.350
;TQZRJ ;TQZRJ
 .2656 6.747
cu cm cu in 0.0610 cu in cu cm 16.387
 .2813 7.144
 .2969 7.541
 .3125 7.938 Weights Weights
 .3281 8.334 grams lbs .002205 lbs grams 453.59
 .3438 8.731
 .3594 9.128
Density Density
 .3750 9.525
grams cu cm QGX F[IUHZNS .03613 QGX F[IUHZNS grams cu cm 27.68
 .3906 9.922
 .4063 10.319
 .4219 10.716 Electrical resistivity Electrical resistivity
 .4375 11.113 TMRXHNWHRNQKY TMRXXVRNQKY 0.7854 TMRXXVRNQKY TMRXHNWHRNQKY 1.273
 .4531 11.509 TMRXHNWHRNQKY ohms mm2R 0.001662 ohms mm2R TMRXHNWHRNQKY 601.68
 .4688 11.906
 .4844 12.303
+QJ]N[NY^ +QJ]N[NY^
 .5000 12.700
 .5156 13.097 +QJ]N[NY^ 8UJHNƳHIJƴJHYNTS 0.9540 8UJHNƳHIJƴJHYNTS +QJ]N[NY^ .1.048

 .5313 13.494 +QJ]N[NY^ 8U9MJWRFQHZW[FYZWJ .5556 8U9MJWRFQHZW[FYZWJ +QJ]N[NY^ 1.800

 .5469 13.891

 .5625 14.288 Modulus of Elasticity Modulus of Elasticity
 .5781 14.684
lbs sq in 3RR2 0.006895 3RR2 lbs sq in 145.04
 .5938 15.081
0URR2 3RR2 9.81 3RR2 0URR2 0.102
 .6094 15.478
 .6250 15.875
 .6406 16.272
9JRUJWFYZWJHMFSLJ 9JRUJWFYZWJHMFSLJ
 .6563 16.669 +tYJRUHMFSLJ (tYJRUHMFSLJ 0.5556 (tYJRUHMFSLJ +tYJRUHMFSLJ 1.800
 .6719 17.066
 .6875 17.463
 .7031 17.859
 .7188 18.256
 .7344 18.653
 .7500 19.050
 .7656 19.447
 .7813 19.844
 .7969 20.241
 .8125 20.638
 .8281 21.034
 .8438 21.431
 .8594 21.828
 .8750 22.225
 .8906 22.622
 .9063 23.019
 .9219 23.416
 .9375 23.813
 .9531 24.209
 .9688 24.606
 .9844 25.003
1 1.0000 25.400

34
33
8MN[FQNP'NRJYFQ(TSYWTQX1YI

HEAD OFFICE

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www.shivalikbimetals.com

Manufacturing Location

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