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THERMODYNAMICS

INTERNAL ENERGY (U)


Internal energy is energy stored within a body
or substance by virtue of the activity and
configuration of its molecules and of the
vibration of the atoms within the molecules.

u = specific internal energy (unit mass)


∆𝒖 = 𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏
U = mu = total internal energy (m mass)
∆𝑼 = ∆𝒖𝟐 −∆𝒖𝟏
Work (W)

Work is the product of the


displacement of the body and the
component of the force in the
direction of the displacement.
Work is the energy in transition;
that is, it exists only when a force is
“moving through a distance.”
Work of a Nonflow System

Work done BY the system


is positive (outflow of
energy).
Work done ON the system
is negative (inflow of
energy).
Work Nonflow
𝟐
𝑾𝒏 = න 𝒑𝒅𝑽
𝟏
Flow Work (Wf)
Flow work or flow energy is work done in
pushing a fluid across a boundary,
usually into or out of a system.

∆𝑾𝒇 = 𝑾𝒇𝟐 − 𝑾𝒇𝟏


HEAT (Q)
Heat is energy in transit (on the move) from
one body or system to another solely because
of a temperature difference between the
bodies or systems.

Q is positive when heat is added to the body or


system.
Q is negative when heat is rejected by the
body or system.
Classification of Systems

A closed system is one in


which mass does not cross its
boundaries.
An open system is one in
which mass crosses its
boundaries.
Conservation of Energy

The law of conservation of energy


states that energy is neither
created nor destroyed.
The first law of thermodynamics
states that one form of energy
may be converted into another.
STEADY FLOW ENERGY
EQUATION
Energy Entering System = Energy Leaving System

𝑷𝟏 + 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑾𝒇𝟐 + 𝑼𝟐 + 𝑾

𝑸 = ∆𝑷 + ∆𝑲 + ∆𝑾𝒇 + ∆𝑼 + 𝑾

Enthalphy ; H= U+pV
𝑷𝟏 + 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑯𝟏 + 𝑸 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 + 𝑾

𝑸 = ∆𝑷 + ∆𝑲 + ∆𝑯 + 𝑾
POTENTIAL ENERGY
the energy possessed by a body by virtue
of its position relative to others, stresses
within itself, electric charge, and other
factors.
1. A 22.88 kg mass has a potential energy of 4,216.35
Joules with respect to a given datum within the
earth’s standard gravitational field. (a) Find its
height relative to the datum.(b) if the gravitational
field is suddenly disturbed such that the local
gravity becomes 7.660 m/s2, what will be the effect
on the potential energy of the mass?
2. A 2000 kg elevator accelerates upward uniformly at
1 m/s2 from a stop position. (a) At the end of 4 sec
of operation what will be the kinetic energy and
the change in potential energy? Local gravity
acceleration is 9.7 m/s2.
3. (a) A 30,000 kg airplane is traveling at 700 mi/hr.
How much is its kinetic energy in KW-hr? (b) If it
suddenly noses vertically upward at this speed,
with power off and in the absence of atmospheric
resistance, through what vertical distance will it
move?
ANSWERS

1. h = 18.79 m; P = 3295.64 J
2. KE = 16,000 J ; PE = 155,200 J
3. KE = 407.9 KW-hr; h = 4,993 m
STEADY FLOW ENERGY
EQUATION
Energy Entering System = Energy Leaving System

𝑷𝟏 + 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑾𝒇𝟐 + 𝑼𝟐 + 𝑾

𝑸 = ∆𝑷 + ∆𝑲 + ∆𝑾𝒇 + ∆𝑼 + 𝑾

Enthalphy ; H= U+pV
𝑷𝟏 + 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑯𝟏 + 𝑸 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 + 𝑾

𝑸 = ∆𝑷 + ∆𝑲 + ∆𝑯 + 𝑾
Assuming that there are no heat effects and no
frictional effects, find the kinetic energy and speed
of a 3220 lbs body after it falls 778 ft from rest.
Start with the steady flow equation, deleting
energy terms which are irrelevant.
Given
𝒎 = 𝟑𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒔
𝒉 = 𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝒇𝒕

Unknown
𝒗 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑲𝑬
Given
𝒎 = 𝟑𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒔
𝒉 = 𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝒇𝒕
Unknown
𝒗 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑲𝑬

𝑷𝟏 + 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑾𝒇𝟐 + 𝑼𝟐 + 𝑾

𝑷𝟏 = 𝑲𝟐

𝑷𝟏 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉
𝟏
𝑲𝟐 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐
𝑷𝟏 = 𝑲𝟐

𝑷𝟏 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉
𝟏
𝑲𝟐 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐

𝟏
𝒎𝒈𝒉 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐

𝒗𝟐 = 𝟐𝒈𝒉
𝒗 = 𝟐𝒈𝒉
𝒇𝒕
𝒗= 𝟐 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 𝟐 (𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝒇𝒕)
𝒔
𝒇𝒕
𝒗= 𝟐 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 𝟐 (𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝒇𝒕)
𝒔

𝒇𝒕
𝒗 = 𝟐𝟐𝟒
𝒔
Steam enters a turbine with an enthalphy of
3005.55 Kj/kg and leaves with an enthalphy of
2554.25 Kj/kg. The transferred heat is 30.24 Kj/kg.
What is the work in KW for a flow of 0.907 kg/s?

Given
𝑲𝑱
𝑯𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟓. 𝟓𝟓
𝒌𝒈
𝑲𝑱
𝑯𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟒. 𝟐𝟓
𝒌𝒈
𝑲𝑱
𝑸 = −𝟑𝟎. 𝟐𝟒
𝒌𝒈
𝑲𝑱
𝑯𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟓. 𝟓𝟓
𝒌𝒈
𝑲𝑱
𝑯𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟒. 𝟐𝟓
𝒌𝒈
𝑲𝑱
𝑸 = −𝟑𝟎. 𝟐𝟒
𝒌𝒈

𝑷𝟏 + 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑾𝒇𝟐 + 𝑼𝟐 + 𝑾
Enthalphy ; H= U+pV
𝑷𝟏 + 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑯𝟏 + 𝑸 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 + 𝑾

𝑯𝟏 + 𝑸 = 𝑯𝟐 + 𝑾
𝑲𝑱
𝑯𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟓. 𝟓𝟓
𝒌𝒈
𝑲𝑱
𝑯𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟒. 𝟐𝟓
𝒌𝒈
𝑲𝑱
𝑸 = −𝟑𝟎. 𝟐𝟒
𝒌𝒈

𝑯𝟏 + 𝑸 = 𝑯𝟐 + 𝑾

𝑾 = 𝑯𝟏 + 𝑸 − 𝑯𝟐
𝑲𝑱 𝑲𝑱 𝑲𝑱
𝑾 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟓. 𝟓𝟓 + −𝟑𝟎. 𝟐𝟒 − 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟒. 𝟐𝟓
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝑾 = 𝑯𝟏 + 𝑸 − 𝑯𝟐

𝑲𝑱 𝑲𝑱 𝑲𝑱
𝑾 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟓. 𝟓𝟓 + −𝟑𝟎. 𝟐𝟒 − 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟒. 𝟐𝟓
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈

𝑲𝑱
𝑾 = 𝟒𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟔
𝒌𝒈
𝑲𝑱 𝒌𝒈
𝑾 = 𝟒𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟔 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟕
𝒌𝒈 𝒔
𝑲𝑱
𝑾 = 𝟑𝟖𝟏. 𝟗
𝒔
𝑾 = 𝟑𝟖𝟏. 𝟗 𝑲𝑾
A thermodynamic steady flow system receives
4.56 kg/min of a fluid where P1= 137.90 KPA,
V1=0.0388 m3/kg, v1= 122 m/s and U1= 17.16 kJ/kg.
The fluid leaves the system at a boundary where
P2=551.6 KPa, V2=0.193 m3/kg, v2=183 m/s and
U2=52.80 KJ/kg. During the passage through the
system, the fluid receives 180 kJ/min of heat.
Determine the work.
Given
m = 4.56 kg/min P1= 137.90 Kpa V1=0.0388 m3/kg
v1= 122 m/s U1= 17.16 kJ/kg
P2=551.6 Kpa V2=0.193 m3/kg v2=183 m/s
U2=52.80 KJ/kg Q = 180 kJ/min
m = 4.56 kg/min P1= 137.90 Kpa V1=0.0388 m3/kg
v1= 122 m/s U1= 17.16 kJ/kg
P2=551.6 Kpa V2=0.193 m3/kg v2=183 m/s
U2=52.80 KJ/kg Q = 180 kJ/min

𝑷𝟏 + 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑾𝒇𝟐 + 𝑼𝟐 + 𝑾
𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 = 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑾𝒇𝟐 + 𝑼𝟐 + 𝑾

𝑾 = 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 − 𝑲𝟐 − 𝑾𝒇𝟐 − 𝑼𝟐
m = 4.56 kg/min P1= 137.90 Kpa V1=0.0388 m3/kg
v1= 122 m/s U1= 17.16 kJ/kg
P2=551.6 Kpa V2=0.193 m3/kg v2=183 m/s
U2=52.80 KJ/kg Q = 180 kJ/min

𝑾 = 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 − 𝑲𝟐 − 𝑾𝒇𝟐 − 𝑼𝟐
𝟏
𝑲𝟏 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝒌𝒈 𝒎 𝟐
𝑲𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟔 𝟏𝟐𝟐
𝟐 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒔
𝑱
𝑲𝟏 = 𝟑𝟑𝟗𝟑𝟓. 𝟓𝟐
𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑲𝑱
𝑲𝟏 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟒
𝒎𝒊𝒏
m = 4.56 kg/min P1= 137.90 Kpa V1=0.0388 m3/kg
v1= 122 m/s U1= 17.16 kJ/kg
P2=551.6 Kpa V2=0.193 m3/kg v2=183 m/s
U2=52.80 KJ/kg Q = 180 kJ/min

𝑾 = 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 − 𝑲𝟐 − 𝑾𝒇𝟐 − 𝑼𝟐
𝟏
𝑲𝟐 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝒌𝒈 𝒎 𝟐
𝑲𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟔 𝟏𝟖𝟑
𝟐 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒔
𝑱
𝑲𝟐 = 𝟕𝟔𝟑𝟓𝟒. 𝟗𝟐
𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑲𝑱
𝑲𝟐 = 𝟕𝟔. 𝟑𝟓
𝒎𝒊𝒏
Please Remember
𝑵
𝑷𝒂 = 𝟐
𝒎
𝒌𝒈 − 𝒎
𝑵=
𝒔𝟐 𝟐
𝒌𝒈 − 𝒎
𝑱=𝑵−𝒎=
𝒔𝟐
m = 4.56 kg/min P1= 137.90 Kpa V1=0.0388 m3/kg
v1= 122 m/s U1= 17.16 kJ/kg
P2=551.6 Kpa V2=0.193 m3/kg v2=183 m/s
U2=52.80 KJ/kg Q = 180 kJ/min

𝑾 = 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 − 𝑲𝟐 − 𝑾𝒇𝟐 − 𝑼𝟐
𝑾𝒇𝟏 = 𝑷𝒎𝑽

𝑲𝑵 𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝟑
𝑾𝒇𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑𝟕. 𝟗 𝟐 𝟒. 𝟓𝟔 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟖
𝒎 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝒈
𝑲𝑱
𝑾𝒇𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓
𝒎𝒊𝒏
m = 4.56 kg/min P1= 137.90 Kpa V1=0.0388 m3/kg
v1= 122 m/s U1= 17.16 kJ/kg
P2=551.6 Kpa V2=0.193 m3/kg v2=183 m/s
U2=52.80 KJ/kg Q = 180 kJ/min

𝑾 = 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 − 𝑲𝟐 − 𝑾𝒇𝟐 − 𝑼𝟐
𝑾𝒇𝟐 = 𝑷𝒎𝑽

𝑲𝑵 𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝟑
𝑾𝒇𝟐 = 𝟓𝟓𝟏. 𝟔 𝟐 𝟒. 𝟓𝟔 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟑
𝒎 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝒈
𝑲𝑱
𝑾𝒇𝟐 = 𝟒𝟖𝟓. 𝟒𝟓
𝒎𝒊𝒏
m = 4.56 kg/min P1= 137.90 Kpa V1=0.0388 m3/kg
v1= 122 m/s U1= 17.16 kJ/kg
P2=551.6 Kpa V2=0.193 m3/kg v2=183 m/s
U2=52.80 KJ/kg Q = 180 kJ/min

𝑾 = 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 − 𝑲𝟐 − 𝑾𝒇𝟐 − 𝑼𝟐
Change in Internal Energy
𝒎(𝑼𝟏 − 𝑼𝟐 )
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝑱 𝒌𝑱
𝟒. 𝟓𝟔 𝟏𝟕. 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟓𝟐. 𝟖𝟎
𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈

𝒌𝑱
−𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟓𝟐
𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑾 = 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 − 𝑲𝟐 − 𝑾𝒇𝟐 − 𝑼𝟐
𝑲𝑱
𝑲𝟏 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟒
𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑲𝑱
𝑲𝟐 = 𝟕𝟔. 𝟑𝟓
𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑲𝑱
𝑾𝒇𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓
𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑲𝑱
𝑾𝒇𝟐 = 𝟒𝟖𝟓. 𝟒𝟓
𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝒌𝑱
Change in Internal Energy( 𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟓𝟐 𝒎𝒊𝒏)
Q = 180 kJ/min
𝑾 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟒 + 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟓𝟐 + 𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝟕𝟔. 𝟑𝟓 − 𝟒𝟖𝟓. 𝟒𝟓
𝑲𝑱
𝑾 = −𝟒𝟖𝟓. 𝟑𝟖
𝒎𝒊𝒏
Activity
1. Airflows steadily at the rate of 0.5
kg/sec through an air compressor at 7
m/s speed, 100 kPa pressire and 0.95
m3/kg specific volume, and leaving at
5 m/s, 700 kPa and 19 m3/kg. The
internal energy of the air leaving is 90
KJ/kg greater than that of the air
entering. Cooling water in the
compressor jacket absorbs heat from
the air at the rate of 58 KW. Compute
the work in KW.
W = -122 KW

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