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𝑷𝟏 + 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑾𝒇𝟐 + 𝑼𝟐 + 𝑾
𝑸 = ∆𝑷 + ∆𝑲 + ∆𝑾𝒇 + ∆𝑼 + 𝑾
Enthalphy ; H= U+pV
𝑷𝟏 + 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑯𝟏 + 𝑸 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 + 𝑾
𝑸 = ∆𝑷 + ∆𝑲 + ∆𝑯 + 𝑾
POTENTIAL ENERGY
the energy possessed by a body by virtue
of its position relative to others, stresses
within itself, electric charge, and other
factors.
1. A 22.88 kg mass has a potential energy of 4,216.35
Joules with respect to a given datum within the
earth’s standard gravitational field. (a) Find its
height relative to the datum.(b) if the gravitational
field is suddenly disturbed such that the local
gravity becomes 7.660 m/s2, what will be the effect
on the potential energy of the mass?
2. A 2000 kg elevator accelerates upward uniformly at
1 m/s2 from a stop position. (a) At the end of 4 sec
of operation what will be the kinetic energy and
the change in potential energy? Local gravity
acceleration is 9.7 m/s2.
3. (a) A 30,000 kg airplane is traveling at 700 mi/hr.
How much is its kinetic energy in KW-hr? (b) If it
suddenly noses vertically upward at this speed,
with power off and in the absence of atmospheric
resistance, through what vertical distance will it
move?
ANSWERS
1. h = 18.79 m; P = 3295.64 J
2. KE = 16,000 J ; PE = 155,200 J
3. KE = 407.9 KW-hr; h = 4,993 m
STEADY FLOW ENERGY
EQUATION
Energy Entering System = Energy Leaving System
𝑷𝟏 + 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑾𝒇𝟐 + 𝑼𝟐 + 𝑾
𝑸 = ∆𝑷 + ∆𝑲 + ∆𝑾𝒇 + ∆𝑼 + 𝑾
Enthalphy ; H= U+pV
𝑷𝟏 + 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑯𝟏 + 𝑸 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 + 𝑾
𝑸 = ∆𝑷 + ∆𝑲 + ∆𝑯 + 𝑾
Assuming that there are no heat effects and no
frictional effects, find the kinetic energy and speed
of a 3220 lbs body after it falls 778 ft from rest.
Start with the steady flow equation, deleting
energy terms which are irrelevant.
Given
𝒎 = 𝟑𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒔
𝒉 = 𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝒇𝒕
Unknown
𝒗 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑲𝑬
Given
𝒎 = 𝟑𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒔
𝒉 = 𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝒇𝒕
Unknown
𝒗 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑲𝑬
𝑷𝟏 + 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑾𝒇𝟐 + 𝑼𝟐 + 𝑾
𝑷𝟏 = 𝑲𝟐
𝑷𝟏 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉
𝟏
𝑲𝟐 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐
𝑷𝟏 = 𝑲𝟐
𝑷𝟏 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉
𝟏
𝑲𝟐 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝒎𝒈𝒉 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐
𝒗𝟐 = 𝟐𝒈𝒉
𝒗 = 𝟐𝒈𝒉
𝒇𝒕
𝒗= 𝟐 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 𝟐 (𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝒇𝒕)
𝒔
𝒇𝒕
𝒗= 𝟐 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 𝟐 (𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝒇𝒕)
𝒔
𝒇𝒕
𝒗 = 𝟐𝟐𝟒
𝒔
Steam enters a turbine with an enthalphy of
3005.55 Kj/kg and leaves with an enthalphy of
2554.25 Kj/kg. The transferred heat is 30.24 Kj/kg.
What is the work in KW for a flow of 0.907 kg/s?
Given
𝑲𝑱
𝑯𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟓. 𝟓𝟓
𝒌𝒈
𝑲𝑱
𝑯𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟒. 𝟐𝟓
𝒌𝒈
𝑲𝑱
𝑸 = −𝟑𝟎. 𝟐𝟒
𝒌𝒈
𝑲𝑱
𝑯𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟓. 𝟓𝟓
𝒌𝒈
𝑲𝑱
𝑯𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟒. 𝟐𝟓
𝒌𝒈
𝑲𝑱
𝑸 = −𝟑𝟎. 𝟐𝟒
𝒌𝒈
𝑷𝟏 + 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑾𝒇𝟐 + 𝑼𝟐 + 𝑾
Enthalphy ; H= U+pV
𝑷𝟏 + 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑯𝟏 + 𝑸 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 + 𝑾
𝑯𝟏 + 𝑸 = 𝑯𝟐 + 𝑾
𝑲𝑱
𝑯𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟓. 𝟓𝟓
𝒌𝒈
𝑲𝑱
𝑯𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟒. 𝟐𝟓
𝒌𝒈
𝑲𝑱
𝑸 = −𝟑𝟎. 𝟐𝟒
𝒌𝒈
𝑯𝟏 + 𝑸 = 𝑯𝟐 + 𝑾
𝑾 = 𝑯𝟏 + 𝑸 − 𝑯𝟐
𝑲𝑱 𝑲𝑱 𝑲𝑱
𝑾 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟓. 𝟓𝟓 + −𝟑𝟎. 𝟐𝟒 − 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟒. 𝟐𝟓
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝑾 = 𝑯𝟏 + 𝑸 − 𝑯𝟐
𝑲𝑱 𝑲𝑱 𝑲𝑱
𝑾 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟓. 𝟓𝟓 + −𝟑𝟎. 𝟐𝟒 − 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟒. 𝟐𝟓
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝑲𝑱
𝑾 = 𝟒𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟔
𝒌𝒈
𝑲𝑱 𝒌𝒈
𝑾 = 𝟒𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟔 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟕
𝒌𝒈 𝒔
𝑲𝑱
𝑾 = 𝟑𝟖𝟏. 𝟗
𝒔
𝑾 = 𝟑𝟖𝟏. 𝟗 𝑲𝑾
A thermodynamic steady flow system receives
4.56 kg/min of a fluid where P1= 137.90 KPA,
V1=0.0388 m3/kg, v1= 122 m/s and U1= 17.16 kJ/kg.
The fluid leaves the system at a boundary where
P2=551.6 KPa, V2=0.193 m3/kg, v2=183 m/s and
U2=52.80 KJ/kg. During the passage through the
system, the fluid receives 180 kJ/min of heat.
Determine the work.
Given
m = 4.56 kg/min P1= 137.90 Kpa V1=0.0388 m3/kg
v1= 122 m/s U1= 17.16 kJ/kg
P2=551.6 Kpa V2=0.193 m3/kg v2=183 m/s
U2=52.80 KJ/kg Q = 180 kJ/min
m = 4.56 kg/min P1= 137.90 Kpa V1=0.0388 m3/kg
v1= 122 m/s U1= 17.16 kJ/kg
P2=551.6 Kpa V2=0.193 m3/kg v2=183 m/s
U2=52.80 KJ/kg Q = 180 kJ/min
𝑷𝟏 + 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑾𝒇𝟐 + 𝑼𝟐 + 𝑾
𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 = 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑾𝒇𝟐 + 𝑼𝟐 + 𝑾
𝑾 = 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 − 𝑲𝟐 − 𝑾𝒇𝟐 − 𝑼𝟐
m = 4.56 kg/min P1= 137.90 Kpa V1=0.0388 m3/kg
v1= 122 m/s U1= 17.16 kJ/kg
P2=551.6 Kpa V2=0.193 m3/kg v2=183 m/s
U2=52.80 KJ/kg Q = 180 kJ/min
𝑾 = 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 − 𝑲𝟐 − 𝑾𝒇𝟐 − 𝑼𝟐
𝟏
𝑲𝟏 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝒌𝒈 𝒎 𝟐
𝑲𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟔 𝟏𝟐𝟐
𝟐 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒔
𝑱
𝑲𝟏 = 𝟑𝟑𝟗𝟑𝟓. 𝟓𝟐
𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑲𝑱
𝑲𝟏 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟒
𝒎𝒊𝒏
m = 4.56 kg/min P1= 137.90 Kpa V1=0.0388 m3/kg
v1= 122 m/s U1= 17.16 kJ/kg
P2=551.6 Kpa V2=0.193 m3/kg v2=183 m/s
U2=52.80 KJ/kg Q = 180 kJ/min
𝑾 = 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 − 𝑲𝟐 − 𝑾𝒇𝟐 − 𝑼𝟐
𝟏
𝑲𝟐 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝒌𝒈 𝒎 𝟐
𝑲𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟔 𝟏𝟖𝟑
𝟐 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒔
𝑱
𝑲𝟐 = 𝟕𝟔𝟑𝟓𝟒. 𝟗𝟐
𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑲𝑱
𝑲𝟐 = 𝟕𝟔. 𝟑𝟓
𝒎𝒊𝒏
Please Remember
𝑵
𝑷𝒂 = 𝟐
𝒎
𝒌𝒈 − 𝒎
𝑵=
𝒔𝟐 𝟐
𝒌𝒈 − 𝒎
𝑱=𝑵−𝒎=
𝒔𝟐
m = 4.56 kg/min P1= 137.90 Kpa V1=0.0388 m3/kg
v1= 122 m/s U1= 17.16 kJ/kg
P2=551.6 Kpa V2=0.193 m3/kg v2=183 m/s
U2=52.80 KJ/kg Q = 180 kJ/min
𝑾 = 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 − 𝑲𝟐 − 𝑾𝒇𝟐 − 𝑼𝟐
𝑾𝒇𝟏 = 𝑷𝒎𝑽
𝑲𝑵 𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝟑
𝑾𝒇𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑𝟕. 𝟗 𝟐 𝟒. 𝟓𝟔 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟖
𝒎 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝒈
𝑲𝑱
𝑾𝒇𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓
𝒎𝒊𝒏
m = 4.56 kg/min P1= 137.90 Kpa V1=0.0388 m3/kg
v1= 122 m/s U1= 17.16 kJ/kg
P2=551.6 Kpa V2=0.193 m3/kg v2=183 m/s
U2=52.80 KJ/kg Q = 180 kJ/min
𝑾 = 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 − 𝑲𝟐 − 𝑾𝒇𝟐 − 𝑼𝟐
𝑾𝒇𝟐 = 𝑷𝒎𝑽
𝑲𝑵 𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝟑
𝑾𝒇𝟐 = 𝟓𝟓𝟏. 𝟔 𝟐 𝟒. 𝟓𝟔 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟑
𝒎 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝒈
𝑲𝑱
𝑾𝒇𝟐 = 𝟒𝟖𝟓. 𝟒𝟓
𝒎𝒊𝒏
m = 4.56 kg/min P1= 137.90 Kpa V1=0.0388 m3/kg
v1= 122 m/s U1= 17.16 kJ/kg
P2=551.6 Kpa V2=0.193 m3/kg v2=183 m/s
U2=52.80 KJ/kg Q = 180 kJ/min
𝑾 = 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 − 𝑲𝟐 − 𝑾𝒇𝟐 − 𝑼𝟐
Change in Internal Energy
𝒎(𝑼𝟏 − 𝑼𝟐 )
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝑱 𝒌𝑱
𝟒. 𝟓𝟔 𝟏𝟕. 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟓𝟐. 𝟖𝟎
𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝒌𝑱
−𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟓𝟐
𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑾 = 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑸 − 𝑲𝟐 − 𝑾𝒇𝟐 − 𝑼𝟐
𝑲𝑱
𝑲𝟏 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟒
𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑲𝑱
𝑲𝟐 = 𝟕𝟔. 𝟑𝟓
𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑲𝑱
𝑾𝒇𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓
𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑲𝑱
𝑾𝒇𝟐 = 𝟒𝟖𝟓. 𝟒𝟓
𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝒌𝑱
Change in Internal Energy( 𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟓𝟐 𝒎𝒊𝒏)
Q = 180 kJ/min
𝑾 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟒 + 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟓𝟐 + 𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝟕𝟔. 𝟑𝟓 − 𝟒𝟖𝟓. 𝟒𝟓
𝑲𝑱
𝑾 = −𝟒𝟖𝟓. 𝟑𝟖
𝒎𝒊𝒏
Activity
1. Airflows steadily at the rate of 0.5
kg/sec through an air compressor at 7
m/s speed, 100 kPa pressire and 0.95
m3/kg specific volume, and leaving at
5 m/s, 700 kPa and 19 m3/kg. The
internal energy of the air leaving is 90
KJ/kg greater than that of the air
entering. Cooling water in the
compressor jacket absorbs heat from
the air at the rate of 58 KW. Compute
the work in KW.
W = -122 KW