MODULE 4

Art and Philosophy:

Imitationism and
Representationism
 LECTURE 4.1
Art and the
Perception of Reality
ART is . . .
 talent
skill
passion
emotion
idea

ART is . . .
truth
reality
goodness
beauty
form
expression
representation
power
 Art is
reality.
What is
this?

This is not a chair.

This is a painting!

Van Gogh,
Chair with
a Pipe
 Cover of Time
Magazine, June
24, 2002.

This is not Tom

Cruise. This is a
picture!

Who is
this?
 Burnt-Jones
Pygmalion
1878

“A moment of complete
happiness never occurs in the
creation of a work of art. The
promise of it is felt in the act of
creation but disappears towards
the completion of the work. For
it is then that the painter realizes
that it is only a picture he is
painting. Until then he has
almost dared to hope that the
painting might spring into life.”
Lucian Freud, from Gombrich
(1960), Art and Illusion, p. 80.
 Leonardo,
The Mona Lisa,
1501

RENAISSANCE ART

Does this
art look real?
 Picasso,
The Weeping
Woman,
1924

CUBISM

Does this
art look real?
Which art looks more real?
You see only
the front view
of the woman.
You see many
views of the
woman.
Which art looks more real?
 Mondrian,
Composition
with Red,
Yellow and Blue,
1924

CONCRETISM

Does this
art look real?
You see red,
yellow and blue.
Which art looks most real?
 Malevich,
White on
White,
1917

SUPREMATISM

Does this art

look real?
You see
white on
white.
Which art looks most real?
 Fajardo,
From Rags
to Riches
1984

READY
MADE
ART

Does this
art look real?
You the
object itself.
 Duchamp,
The Fountain
(Urinal), 1917
Which art looks most real of all?
 Art seen as
representational image

Art seen as abstract image

but still representational

ART AND
Art seen as form composed
REALITY of shapes, colors etc.

Art seen as
pure form

Art seen as the

object itself
Picasso, Marie Therese Picasso, Dora Maar Picasso, Jacqueline with
Walter 1937 with Cat, 1941 Crossed Hands 1941
 Rene Magritte
The Treachery
of Images

Video 2.2

THIS IS NOT A PIPE

 LECTURE 4.2
Imitation Theory
of Art and Beauty
THEORIES OF ART

Imitationism
Representationism
Formalism
Expressionism
Hedonism
Functionalism
Action Theory
Institutional Theory
 PLATO
348-267 BC

The Dialogue
The Republic

IMITATIONISM
Idealist Theory of Art
Raphael, The School of Athens, 1511
 Raphael,
The School
of Athens
(Detail)

Leonardo
as Plato

Michelangelo
as Aristotle
 Plato’s Circle
Mosaic of Pompeii
1st Century BC

MOSAIC
 IMITATIONISM BY PLATO

PHILOSOPHY
OF BEAUTY
What is beauty?
What is the essence of
beautiful things?

What is art?
What is the essence of art? PHILOSOPHY
OF ART
 TWO WAYS OF
CONSIDERING BEAUTY

RELATIVE ABSOLUTE
“Beauty is in the eye of “Beauty is in the thing
the beholder.” itself.”

SUBJECT OBJECT
AESTHETICS BEAUTY UGLY
is is is
Logic Truth Falsity
Metaphysics Reality Illusion
Epistemology Knowledge Ignorance
Ethics Good Evil
 IMITATIONISM BY PLATO
Ignorance Art Studies Philosophy Knowledge
WORLD OF WORLD OF WORLD OF
ART BECOMING BEING

IMITATION APPEARANCE REALITY

Illusory Changing Unchanging
Temporal Eternal
Illusion Artist Individual Demiurge Universal
COPY THING FORM

Painting of Chair Material Chair Idea of Chair

ARTISTIC PHYSICAL METAPHYSICAL
Beautiful Artworks Beautiful Things Idea of Beauty
 IMITATIONISM
IDEA
Beauty of Forms Metaphysical Contemplated
REALITY Chair: Idea by Philosopher

MATTER
Beauty of Things Physical Made by a
APPEARANCE Chair: Thing Carpenter

ART Copy of Made by a

Beauty of Imitation Physical Painter
ILLUSION Chair: Art
 World of Art World of Becoming World of Being
IMITATION APPEARANCE REALITY

IDEA OF
BEAUTY

ROSE DAWSON KATE WINSLET IDEA

In the Film Titanic In This World In the World of Ideas
“Artistic Beauty” “Physical Beauty” “Real Beauty”
PLATO’S ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE

ART

Inside the Cave Outside the Cave

THIS WORLD REAL WORLD
PLATO’S ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE

ART

Inside the Cave Outside the Cave

THIS WORLD REAL WORLD
PLATO’S ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE

ART

Inside the Cave Outside the Cave

THIS WORLD REAL WORLD
Movies Based on the Philosophy by Plato
IMITATIONISM BY PLATO
Things in this world are beautiful as
appearances of the reality or idea of beauty
or the universal form of beauty existing
in the world of being.

Art is the imitation

of the appearance of reality.

Art is beautiful as
imitations of things in this world.
Van Gogh,
Chair with
a Pipe

IMITATION OF THE
APPEARANCE OF
THE REAL CHAIR
 Leonardo,
Portrait of
Ginebra
d’Benci

IMITATION OF
A PHYSICAL
WOMAN
Van Gogh,
Sunflower
Cezanne,
Still Life
with
Apples
 CLASSICAL
GREEK SCULPTURE
Imitation of the
Idea of Beauty

Polycritus,
Doryphorus
(Spear Bearer)
450 BC
Kouros
Ancient
Greek
Sculpture
600 BC
Praxiteles
Hermis
340 BC
Praxiteles
Aphrodite
of Cnidos
Venus
de Milo,
150 BC
 Myron
Discobolus
(Disk Thrower)
340 BC

PERFECT POSITION OF
THE HUMAN BODY
Position of rest
between two
movements
 LECTURE 4.3
Philosophical Theory
of Music
 PHILOSOPHICAL
THEORY OF MUSIC

Concerns the structure

COSMOLOGICAL of the Physical Universe
PYTHAGORAS

Concerns the Nature

EPISTEMOLOGICAL of Human Knowledge
PLATO
PHYSICAL Where does it
UNIVERSE come from?

Music
Where does KNOWLEDGE
it lead to? OF REALITY
 COSMOLOGICAL
THEORY OF MUSIC
PYTHAGORAS
570-490 BC
Mathematician
Astronomer
Philosopher

THE SOUND OF THE SOUND

THE UNIVERSE OF MUSIC
“There is geometry in the humming
of the strings; there is music in
the spacing of the spheres.”
Music is the imitation of cosmic sound.
Music Human
of the Music
Spheres Corelli,
Sonata XII,
Music of the
Spheres

"The eyes are made for astronomy, the ears for harmony,
and these are sister sciences." PYTHAGORAS
EPISTEMOLOGICAL THEORY
OF MUSIC BY PLATO

“Gymnastics is for the body,

as music is for the soul.”

PHYSICAL BODY SPIRITUAL SOUL

GYMNASTICS MUSIC
Strong Body Intelligent Soul/Mind
Health Knowledge
LADDER OF KNOWLEDGE TRUTH
REALITY
PHILOSOPHY Ideas or Forms
Realm of Knowledge
MATHEMATICS Numbers

MUSIC Harmony of Spheres

Bach, Toccata and
Fugue in D Minor
ASTRONOMY Heavenly Bodies

PHYSICS Earthly Bodies APPEARANCES

Realm of Opinion
BIOLOGY Animals & Plants and Error
HISTORY Societies

LITERATURE Biographies & Stories

Painting & Sculpture IMITATION
MIMETIC ART
Realm of Ignorance
 Theological Theory of Music
AUGUSTINE

“Singing is praying Sing a new song

unto the Lord. Let
twice over.”
your song be sung
from mountains
high. Sing a new
song unto the Lord,
singing alleluiah.
Palestrina,
Credo
THEOLOGY ON THE COMMUNION OF SAINTS

HEAVEN
CHURCH
God, Mary,
TRIUMPHANT Saints, Angels
Prayer=Music

CHURCH EARTH
MILITANT People Alive

PURGATORY
Prayer = Music
Venial Sinners

CHURCH HELL
SUFFERING Moral Sinners
 LECTURE 4.4
Representation
Theory of Art

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
Representationism

is
an image
an appearance
a copy
a reproduction
of things, people, objects or event.

FIGURATIVE ART
Art that contains representation.
Van Eyck,
The Arnolfini
Marriage

REPRESENTATION
OF PEOPLE
REPRESENTATION OF THINGS OR OBJECTS

Van Gogh, Bedroom at Arles, 1888

 REPRESENTATION OF EVENT

Francisco, Mural on the History of the Philippines, 1963

 DEFINITION OF
ART ACCORDING TO
representationism

made by the artists

is the
recreation of

NATURE created by God

 WAYS OF REPRESENTING NATURE

PHYSICAL CHANGING the physical appearance of nature, like

a natural marble that turn into a sculpture by
ALTERATION carving and cutting.

ENHANCING the appearance of nature, like a forest

SELECTIVE that becomes a garden by arranging and trimming
MODIFICATION the plants, or a woman beautifying herself by
putting cosmetics on her face.

Copying nature according to the CHOICE of the

PERCEPTUAL artist, but the resulting image is still recognizable,
INTERPRETATION like in the style of representation in cubist and
fauvist art.
 PHYSICAL ALTERATION
OF NATURE

Block of Natural Marble Michaelangelo, Pieta

 SELECTIVE
MODIFICATION
OF NATURE
Forest
Garden

LANDSCAPING: Art of Environmental Design

 COSMETOLOGY
Art of Facial
Beautification

Natural Beautified
Face Face
PERCEPTUAL INTERPRETATION OF NATURE

Dora
Maar

Real Woman
(Natural Appearance)

The way of presenting the

subject is ABSTRACTIVE Painting of a Woman
(Cubist Style)
 REPRESENTATION
IN FAUVIST STYLE

Photo of Mrs. Matisse Matisse, Portrait of

Mrs. Matisse, 1913
 EXACT REPRESENTATION

Natural Tree Painting of a Tree

The more the art resembles nature,
the more it becomes beautiful.

The way of presenting the

subject is REALISTIC
Who was the better painter?

Zeuxis Parrhasius
Who was the better painter?

Zeuxis Parrhasius
Who was the better painter?

Zeuxis Parrhasius
 TROMPE
L’OEIL
“trick the eye”

Painting that
looks so realistic
that it fools the
eye as if it sees
the real thing.
 WILLIAM
SHAKESPEARE

“Art is putting a mirror

up to nature.”

“All the world is a stage,

and men and women are
merely players.”
 LEONARDO DA VINCI
“Art is a window to nature.”
CHINESE ART
The drawing of forms
which answer to
natural form.

Drawing of a
Humanities
Student
 CHINESE ART WU TAO TZU
The drawing of forms “Sage in Chinese Painting”
which answer to
natural form.

Form of Form
Nature
= of Art

Art reaches
perfection and
become divine

CHIEH TZU YUAN

“When painting has STORY: He entered his own
reached divinity (shen), painting and lost there
there is an end of inside forever.
the matter.”
NATURE IN TRADITIONAL CHINESE PAINTING
Zhang Daqian Scenery
TAOISM ART
Constable
Hay Wain
Monet, Field
of Poppies
 Michelangelo,
God the Creator,
Sistine Chapel
Painting Detail
1512

CHRISTIAN ART
Representational

ICON
Religious
Images
 Masaccio
The Trinity
1425

STYLE
High
Renaissance
Art
Leonardo, The Last Supper, 1498
 Pieta
Michelangelo
1499

STYLE
High
Renaissance
Art
 LECTURE 4.5
Romantic Realism
in Philippine Art

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
ROMANTIC REALISM
(In Philippine Art)

Showing only aspect of beauty

Idyllic and exotic rural sceneries
Forms of light and shadow
For tourism purposes

Fabian de la Rosa
Fernando Amorsolo
“Master of Genre” in Philippine Art

Born in Paco, Manila

Studied in Escuela de Bellas Artes
and Academie Julian, Paris France
Director, School of Fine Arts UP
Won Gold and Bronze Award
in St. Louis Exposition, 1904
Awarded Patnubay ng Sining
at Kalinangan, 1968

FABIAN DE LA ROSA
1869-1937
De la Rosa, View of Santa Ana
De la Rosa
Pasay Beach
1927
De la Rosa, A Remembrance of Villa Borghese, 1909
De la Rosa, Women Working in Rice Field, 1902
De la Rosa, Transplanting Rice, 1904 Won Gold Medal, St. Louis Exposition, 1904
De la Rosa, El Kundiman, 1930
 De la Rosa,
Aurora Aragon
Quezon
FERNANDO AMORSOLO
1892-1972
Enrolled in Art School, Liceo de Manila
Studied in UP School of Fine Arts
and Academia de San Fernando, Spain
Made more than 10,000 paintings
Won First Prize, New York Fair, 1939
Dean, UP College of Fine Arts
First Philippine National Artist

Most popular painter in the country

“Grand old man of Filipino painters”
Video 4.2. “Master of tropical scenery”
“First Filipino impressionist”
 Amorsolo, Leyendo el Periodico, 1908
Won Second Place, Bazar Escolta sponsored
by Asociacion Internacional de Artistas
Amorsolo, Afternoon Meal of Rice Workers, 1929
Won First Prize, New York Fair 1929
Amorsolo
Winnowing
Rice
 Amorsolo
Rice Plating
Shows only
aspects of
beauty
Amorsolo,
Tinikling
Amorsolo, Fruit Pickers Under the Mango Tree
Amorsolo, The
Market Scene
 Amorsolo,
The Making of
Philippine Flag
Amorsolo, The
Celebration of
the First Mass
 Written by
CAMILO OSIAS
in 1917

Illustrated by
FERNANDO
AMORSOLO

Textbook for elementary

students during the
American period
 Amorsolo,
Patriotic Pledge

ILLUSTRATION
IN PHILIPPINE
READER
Amorsolo,
A Woman
Reading
a Letter,
1917

ILLUSTRATION
IN PHILIPPINE
READER
Amorsolo,
A Woman
Reading
a Letter,
1917

ILLUSTRATION
IN PHILIPPINE
READER
Amorsolo,
Roasting
Pig, 1917

ILLUSTRATION
IN PHILIPPINE
READER
Amorsolo,
Husband and
Wife Harvesting
Banana, 1917

ILLUSTRATION
IN PHILIPPINE
READER
Isidro Ancheta
(1882-1946)
Batis

AMORSOLO’S
FRIEND
 Dominador
Castaneda
(1904-1967)
Women
Washing by
the Stream

AMORSOLO’S
FRIEND
Cesar
Buenaventura
(1922-1983),
Bahay Kubo

AMORSOLO’S
INFLUENCE
Cesar
Buenaventura
Bahay Kubo
Cesar
Buenaventura
Landscape
1975
PRAISE FOR AMORSOLO’S
REPRESENTATIONAL STYLE
OF ROMANTIC REALISM
The paintings by Amorsolo
are “true reflection of
the Filipino soul.”

CRITIQUE
It is highly commercialized,
and is meant for political
propaganda by hiding
the social reality under
the appearance of
order and beauty.
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
MMDA Art
Beauty sa Harap, Pero sa Likod
Industrial Valley, Marikina
 Marikina
Industrial
Valley
Metro Gwapo Project, MMDA Bayani Fernando
Manasala,
Madonna of
the Slums,
1950

PHILIPPINE ART
From Romantic Realism
Through Modernism
To Social Realism
 Module 5
Art and Philosophy:
Formalism and Expressionism

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 LECTURE 5.1
Formalist Theory
of Art

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 Is this art according
to representationism?
 FORMALISM
Art is the combination
of perceptual elements.

AUDITORY VISUAL
Rhythm Line
Pitch Shape
FORM = ART
Melody Value
Harmony Texture
Dynamics Color
Art is NON-FIGURATIVE
because it does not contain
any representation.
NON-FIGURATIVE ART
has no representation

The way of
presenting
the subject is
NON-OBJECTIVE
 CLIVE BELL
(1881-1964)

ART
=
“To appreciate art, we Significant
bring with us nothing Form
from life.” What is
essential in art is only
the “significant form”.

“Art for art’s sake.”

THEOPHILE GAUTIER
 PAUL CEZANNE
1839-1906
“Artists need to look at
nature and things only as
forms made up of spheres,
cylinders, cones.”
Cezanne, Mount
Sainte-Victoire,
1902
 Cezanne
Apples and
Oranges
REPRESENTATION FORM

Green
Isosceles
Pine Tree Triangle
Brown
Vertical
Rectangle
THIN AND
THICK BLACK
SLANTING
LINES AND
SHAPES
 REDUCTION OF
REPRESENTATION
INTO FORM
 You see only
shapes and sizes,
not genitals nor
the sex act.

There is no
pornography in formalism!
 WASSILY KANDINSKY
(1881-1964)
Concerning the Spiritual
in the Arts, 1923

REPRESENTATIONAL ART PURELY FORMAL ART

Sign of Materialism in Would bring about
the Society Spiritual Life
“Every work of art is the child of its age…. It follows that each period of
culture produces an art of its own which can never be repeated.”

Art is born from the inner necessity of the artist in an enigmatic,

mystical way through which it acquires an autonomous life; it becomes
an independent subject, animated by a spiritual breath.”
 CATEGORIES OF KANDINSKY’S PAINTINGS

Paintings which retain some

IMPRESSIONS naturalistic representation.

Paintings which convey deep

IMPROVISATIONS emotions inspired by events
of a spiritual type.

Purely formal paintings done

COMPOSITIONS carefully, over a period of time,
after preliminary studies. These
are his most complicated works.
 Kandinsky,
Impression III
(Concert)
1911

He painted this
after attending
a concert by
Schonberg.
 Kandinsky,
Improvisation
No. 30 (Canons)
1913

He painted this
because of the
constant talk
about the
incoming war.
 Kandinsky,
Composition
No. 3, 1923

He painted
this after a lot
of preliminary
sketches.
 VISUAL MUSIC
PAINTING
Color REPRESENTATION Sound

“Yellow is the color of middle C on a brassy trumpet; black is the

color of closure, and the end of things; and that combinations of
colors produce vibrational frequencies, akin to chords played on
a piano.” KANDINSKY
SYNAESTHESIA: The ability to perceive color Kandinsky and
or sound simultaneously by two senses. Schonberg
 PURELY
FORMAL
PAINTINGS
Kandinsky, Color Composition
Kandinsky, Transversed Lines, 1923
 Mondrian
Composition with
Red, Yellow and
Blue, 1924

STYLE
De Stijl
Neoplasticism
Concretism
 Malevich
White on
White

STYLE
Suprematism
 Malevich
Black Square
 Malevich
Red Square
 Malevich
Black Rectangle,
Blue Triangle
 Malevich
Eight Red
Rectangles
 Malevich
Suprematist
Painting
 Malevich
Suprematist
Painting
 Current
Riley

OP ART
Shows
optical
illusion
 OP ART
Vassarely
FORMAL PATTERNS IN THE DESIGN OF THE TINALAK
ARABESQUE
The formal
geometrical
design in
Islamic Art

32-Arabesque
Islamic Art
52-Arabesque
Islamic Art
ARABESQUE
WINDOW
DESIGN

Alhambra
Palace
Granada
Spain
 ARABESQUE
WALL DESIGN

Royal Palace
Museum
Istanbul
Turkey
 ARABESQUE
WALL AND
DOOR DESIGN

Royal Palace
Museum
Istanbul
Turkey
 ARABESQUE
DOOR DESIGN

Taj Mahal
Agra,India
PURELY FORMAL MUSIC
Form of Classical Music

SUNG (VOCAL) MUSIC. There are lyrics, and may

CANTATA be accompanied by sounds of instruments. Music
becomes representational because of the lyrics.

INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC. There are only pure

SONATA sounds of musical instruments.
 Chopin
(1810-1849)
TONAL MUSIC C Dm Em F G Am Bdim7 Nocturne in
7-Tone Scale (7 Chords in Triad Notes) E Flat

ATONAL MUSIC
C Cm Caug5 Cdim7 C# C#m C#aug5 C#dim7
D Dm Daug5 Ddim7 D# D#m D#aug5 D#dim7
12-Tone Scale
E Em Eaug5 (Etc. total of 56 Chords in Triad Notes)

Schonberg (1874-1951)
String Quartet No. 1 in D Minor
 LECTURE 6.2
Expressionist Theory
of Art

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
EXPRESSIONISM

EXPRESSION Emotion
Ideas

Artist Art
SUSANNE LANGER
“Art is the creation
of symbolic forms
expressive of
human feelings.”

LEO TOLSTOY
“Art is the
objectification
of emotion.”
 ARISTOTLE
Art is the expression of
the artist’s overflowing
emotion (catharsis).

BENEDETTO CROCE
Like language, art is the
expression of idea by the
artist (Intuitionism).
 EMOTIONAL LINES

Happy Sad Insensitive

 Van Gogh
Self Portrait

STYLE
Expressionism
 BORN
March 30, 1853
Zunbert, Netherlands

SCHOOL
Royal Academy of
Arts, Brussel
Van Gogh at 9 Years Old
Vincent Van Gogh Kee Vos Stricker
28 Years Old His Second Cousin
 Van Gogh
At Eternity’s
Gate 1885
Van Gogh, Miners, 1885
Van Gogh, Women Carrying Sacks, 1885
Van Gogh, The Potato Eaters, 1885
 Van Gogh
View of Paris
from the
Window
1886

LIVED IN PARIS
FROM 1886
TO 1888
 Van Gogh
Café Terrace
at Night
1888

Van Gogh met

famous Parisian
artist like, Seurat,
Pissaro, De Lautrec
Tanguy and Gauguin
Van Gogh, Restaurant
de la Sirene, 1887
Van Gogh, Summer
in Paris, 1887
Van Gogh, Starry Night
Over the Rhone, 1886
Van Gogh, View of Arles, 1888
Van Gogh, View of Arles with Irises, 1888
Van Gogh, Sunset in the Wheatfiel, 1888
Van Gogh, The Yellow House, 1888
 Van Gogh
Bedroom at Arles,
October 1888
 LETTER OF VAN GOGH
TO HIS BROTHER THEO
OCTOBER 16, 1888
Description of the
Bedroom at Arles

This time it's just

simply my bedroom .
The walls are pale
violet, and the floor is
of red tiles.
 The wood of the bed
and chairs is the
yellow of fresh butter,
the sheets and pillows
greenish citron.

The cover scarlet,

the window green.

The table orange,

the basin blue,
the doors lilac.
LETTER OF VAN GOGH TO GAUGUIN OCTOBER 17, 1888

Thanks for your letter, and thanks most of all for your
promise to come.

I did a painting of my bedroom with the whitewood

furniture. It amused me greatly doing this bare interior.
 Van Gogh
Bedroom at Arles,
October 1888
 GAUGUIN LEFT VAN GOGH IN ARLES

After nine weeks, Gauguin left Arles because of his quarrel

with Van Gogh.
Van Gogh’s dream of an artist colony was shattered, and he
suffered a terrible emotional depression.
Van Gogh,
Self-Portrait with
Bandaged Ear,
December 1888
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT THAT
LED TO VAN GOGH CUTTING
HIS EAR

In a fit of madness, Van Gogh

picked up his razor, pulled on
his left earlobe and cut it off.

Then he walked to a nearby

brothel, and asked to see
Gauguin’s favorite prostitute.
Van Gogh presented the
prostitute with his ear and
said, “Guard this object very
carefully.”

The woman fainted after

seeing the ear. Then Van
Gogh ran home.
Alerted by the brothel, the
police the following morning
discovered Van Gogh in bed
unconscious.

He was admitted to a hospital,

where he repeatedly asked to
see Gauguin. But his friend
never came.
Van Gogh
In Front of
the Assylum
in Saint Remy
Arles, France
1889

PERIOD OF
CONFINEMENT
From May 1889
To May 1890

DIAGNOSIS
Manic Depression
Epilepsy
Van Gogh
Dr. Paul
Gauchet
1889
 Van Gogh,
Ward in the
Hospital at
Arles, 1889
Van Gogh, Assylum Garden, 1889
Van Gogh, Wheatfield with Cypresses, 1889
 Van Gogh
Starry Night
June 1889
Video 5.2
 DOMINANCE OF BLUE COLOR IN THE PAINTING
Due to Van Gogh’s bipolar disorder or manic depression:
Sadness, social anxiety, isolation, hopelessness, loss of meaning
DOMINANCE OF CURVE LINES IN THE PAINTING
Due to physical movements during
moments of epileptic seizures
 VAN GOGH USED YELLOW IN THE PAINTING
Due to overmedication of digitalis pupurea to cure epilepsy
Due to excessive consumption of liquor Absinthe containing thujone
 Van Gogh
View of
Auvers
1890

Lived in an Inn
Auvers, France
May to July
1890
 Van Gogh
The Church
in Auvers
1890
 Van Gogh
View of Vassenots
Near Auvers, 1890
 Van Gogh,
Plain Near
Auvers, 1890
Van Gogh, Wheatfield at Auvers, 1890
Van GoghGreen Wheatfield
with Cypress, 1890
Van Gogh, Wheatfield
with Cornflowers
1890
 Van Gogh, Wheatfield with Crows, 1890
He shot himself in the stomach, in the wheatfield.
After 29 hours, he died.
 DIED
July 29, 1890
Auvers, France

ARTWORKS
860 oil paintings
1,300 watercolors,
drawings, sketches
Munch
The Scream
1893

STYLE
Expressionism
EDVARD MUNCH
(1863-1944)

He experienced miseries
and pain in life, which he
expressed through his art.
Munch
Anxiety
1894

STYLE
Expressionism
Munch
Despair
1892

STYLE
Expressionism
Munch
Despair
1892

STYLE
Expressionism
Munch
Jelousy
1895
 Munch
Melancholy
1895
Munch
Ashes
1895
 Munch
Death in
the Sicked
Room
1895
Munch
The Sicked
Child, 1886

Based on
the artist’s
experience of
the death of
his sister
Leonardo
The Mona Lisa
1503

STYLE
High
Renaissance
Art
 SMILE OF
MONA LISA
Cheerful
Powerful
Seductive
Sinful
Botticelli, The Birth of Venus, 1486 EARLY RENAISSANCE ART
SUPRESSION
OF EMOTION
Floating Eyes
Not smiling
Leonardo, The Mona Lisa Botticelli, Venus
CHEERFUL WOMAN SERIOUS WOMAN
Raphael
Madonna of
the Meadows
1505

STYLE
High
Renaissance
Art
SUPRESSION
OF EMOTION
Facial expression
is contemplative
prayerful, solemn
and serious
Leonardo, The Mona Lisa Raphael, Madonna
POWERFUL WOMAN MEEK WOMAN
Lucas Cranach
Adam and Eve
1526

STYLE EVE
High Woman
Renaissance Tempest
Art Sinful
Leonardo, The Mona Lisa SINFUL WOMEN Cranach, Eve
Leonardo, The Mona Lisa SEDUCTIVE WOMAN Picture of Nikki Zering
Amosolo
Woman with
Basket of
Mango
1949

THE SMILING
DALAGANG
FILIPINA
Innocent
and Fresh

STYLE
Romantic
Realism
El Greco
Christ
Carrying
the Cross
1580

STYLE
Mannerism
Christ Carrying
the Cross (Detail)
El Greco, 1580

NO EMOTION
The facial
expression is
solemn, it and
does not show
appearance of
suffering.
 LECTURE 6
Art and Philosophy:
Hedonism, Functionalism,
Action Theory
and Institutional Theory

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 LECTURE 6.1
Aesthetic Hedonism

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 AESTHETIC
HEDONISM

ARISTIPPUS
EPICURUS

BEAUTY = PLEASURE
UGLY = PAIN
“Eat, drink and be merry
for tomorrow you die.”
B PLEASURE
Bodily
E Sensual
Personal
A Subjective
Relative
U Temporal

T
Momentary
Limited

Y
Gratifying
EXPERIENCE
Duchamp
The Fountain
1917
CULINARY ART
 FASTFOODS
Delicious foods for the pleasure of eating
but no nutritive value
Sotein Woman in Pink 1924 Leonardo, The Mona Lisa, 1501
SEXUAL PLEASURE
EROTIC DANCE

Antonio Banderas and

Catherine Zeta-Jones
Dancing the Tango
Mask of Sorro, 1998
 LECTURE 6.2
Functionalist Theory
of Art

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 AESTHETIC
FUNCTIONALISM

SOCRATES
369-299 BC
Athens
59a. Raphael, The School of Athens, 1511
Socrates
 19. David,
The Death
of Socrates
 FUNCTIONAL ORGANIC
ARCHITECTURE

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT LE CORBUSIER

1867-1959 1887-1965
 FUNCTION

Feels the need

Satisfies the need

PERSON OBJECT
What is a
pencil for?

FUNCTION:
For writing
What is
art for?
ART IS FOR THE
APPRECIATION
OF BEAUTY
THE MONETARY VALUE OF ART
Monet, Venice at Twilight (San Giorgio
Maggiore at Dusk), 1908, Oil of
Canvass, 92 X 65 cm.
 Luna
Parisian
Life
Juan Luna

Jose Rizal Inang Pilipinas

Ariston Bautista

Bought
by GSIS in
2002 for
46 million
pesos
MOST EXPENSIVE
PAINTING IN THE
WORLD SOLD
IN 2010

106.5
Million
Dollars

Picasso, Nude,
Green Leaves
and Bust, 1932
 FUNCTION
To teach catechism
to people the during the
Renaissance period

Michelangelo, Sistine
Chapel Paintings in the
Ceiling and Altar Wall,
1508-12
 ARCHITECTURAL
PRINCIPLE
“Form follows
function.”
FORM
Shape
FUNCTION size
Purpose or color
Use of the texture
Building space
Proportion
Every part of the house has its T&B
specific function so that it has to
be designed according to its use. BEDROOM 2
BEDROOM 1

TERRACE
CLOSET

DINING
MASTER’S

WALK WAY
BEDROOM

CLOSET
T
LIVING KITCHEN
ROOM

CLOSET FOYER
STUDY

T&B GARAGE

FLOOR PLAN
Floor Plan
for the
Second
Level

Blue Print for the Guggenheim Museum (749 Drawings)

Wright, Guggenheim Museum, New York, 1959
 MAIN OFFICE
BUILDING OF
PETRON
CORPORATION
IN ASIA

Petronas Tower,
Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
 MAUSOLEUM
Taj Mahal, 1643, Agra India
Interior view of the Taj Mahal showing
the sarcophagi or tombs of Shah Jahan
and Mumtaz Mahal
 PYRAMIDS OF EGYPT
Serve as burial tombs for the pharaoh
Plan of the Pyramid Showing the Burial Chamber
Leandro Locsin, Cultural Center of the Philippines, 1969
 CCP Main Theater
Tanghalang Nicanor Abelardo
1,815 Seats
 CCP Little Theater
Tanghalang Aurelio Tolentino
413 Seats
 CCP Studio Theater
Tanghalang Huseng Batute
240 Seats
CCP Dream Theater
Tanghalang
Manuel Conde
100 Seats
Joern Utzon, Sydney Opera House, 1954-1973
Video 6.1.
Is this work of architecture beautiful or ugly?
Formally beautiful, but functionally ugly
DESIGN OF THE CONCERT HALL
The shape of the roof
is not efficient for
acoustics.
 The useless part
of the roof
Empty Space
The efficient shape
of the roof.
FUNCTIONALLY BEAUTIFUL
Formally beautiful, but functionally ugly.
 FEMININE BEAUTY

FORM FUNCTION
“Shape” “Reproduction”
Woman as Woman as
sexy body a mother
 Vital
Statistics
36-24-36
79. Venus of Willendorf, 35,000 BC
Lucas Cranach
Adam and Eve
1526

STYLE EVE
High Her
Renaissance bulging
Art stomach
indicates
fertility
which
symbolizes
feminine
beauty
Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel Paintings (Detail), 1512

“Go, and multiply.” (Gen. 1:28)

“Go, and multiply.”

Masaccio,
The Expulsion
of Adam and
Eve, 1425
 Van Eyck
The Arnolfini
Marriage
1434
 What’s the color of
the wedding gown?

GREEN
Symbolizes fertility
and the capacity for
reproduction
 Is the woman
pregnant?

She’s not pregnant!

She intentionally made
herself appear having
big stomach in order
to indicate fertility
which symbolizes
feminine beauty.
 Botticelli, The Birth of Venus, 1482

BULGING STOMACH: Sign or fertility and symbol of feminine beauty

Castelfranco, Sleeping Venus, 1510
Titian, Venus of
Urbino, 1538
Titian, Venus with
Organ Player and
Cupid, 1530
Peter Paul Rubens
Marie de Medici
Arriving at
Mersailles
1762

DETAIL
 LECTURE 6.3
Action Theory of Art

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 ACTION THEORY
Style of Abstract Expressionism
by Jackson Pollock

Artist
Product

ACTION = ART
“Painting” is a verb,
not a noun
 “ACTION PAINTING”
Harold Rosenberg, 1952

“The canvas began to appear as an arena in

which to act…. What was to go on the canvas is
not a picture but an event.”

ART OF PAINTING
The process of putting, dripping, pouring
and splashing paints on the canvas.
Pollock, Lavender Mist, 1947 STYLE Abstract Expressionism
JACKSON
POLLOCK
1912-1956

Video 6.2.

“On the floor I am

more at ease, I feel
nearer, more part of
the painting, since this
way I can walk around
it, work from the four
sides and literally be
‘in’ the painting.”
 SAND PAINTING
Native American
Navajo

Pollock
ACTION PAINTING
SAND PAINTING Art of pouring colored sand and powdered minerals
NAVAJO SAND
PAINTING

Believed to be
a portal that
attracts the
spirits that
heal the sick
Pollock, Painting, 1948
Pollock, No. 1
Pollock, Black and White, 1952
Pollock, No. 32
Pollock, Untitled No. 2
Pollock, Lucifer
Pollock, Number 8
De Kooning, Excavation
Painting
Kandinsky, Color Composition
Joya
Karate

FILIPINO
ACTION
PAINTER
Joya, Granadean Arabesque
Joya, Maranao
 Joya
Makiling
USING COMPUTER Action Painting, Humanities Student
 ACTION PAINTING

Using
Microsoft
Application
Paint
Pollock, Lavender Mist, 1947 Pollock’s Painting Technique
 COLOR FIELD PAINTING
(Branch of Action Painting)

Flat mass of colors

on the picture plane

Mark Rothko
Gus Albor
 Rothko
Untitled
1968
 Rothko
Green and
Maroon,
1953
Rothko,
No. 14,
1960
Rothko,
No. 10
1950
Gus Albor, Doctrine
 Albor,
Upward
Duality
 Albor,
Untitled,
2007
 Klein
Monochrome
Blue, 1959

MINIMALIST
COLORFIELD
PAINTING
 Klein
Monochrome
Rose, 1959
 LECTURE 6.4
Institutional Theory
of Art

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 Video
6.3
INSTITUTIONAL
THEORY
George Dickie
Arthur Danto
Art is an institution
in the society

“ARTWORLD”
 THE ARTWORLD
People in the position of power

artists
art critics
art historians/educators
art patrons/curators
art museums/galleries
schools/clubs
art awards
recognitions/popularity
art journals
TV/newspapers
 For something to become art is like for
someone to become a dentist or an engineer,
must pass all the standards set by the school as
an institution

ART
For someone to become an artist is like for a
person to become a member of the Catholic
church and rise to the hierarchy, must go
through all the stages prescribed by the church
as an institution.
 How to Elementary Graduate
be an
High School Graduate
engineer?
College Graduate

Pass the Board Exam

Work in Company
 HOW TO BE THE POPE IN THE
INSTITUTION OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH?

Seminarian

Deacon

Priest

Bishop

Cardinal

Pope
BOXING AS AN Nevada Athletic
Commission
INSTITUTION
Three Judges

Referee

Promoters

Pacquiao and
Mayweather

Media

Audience
 HOW TO BE RECOGNIZED AS AN ARTIST
BY THE ARTWORLD-INSTITUTION?
• Has skill and talent
• Study in art school
• Has degree in fine arts
• Become a member of art
organizations
• Win recognitions, prizes and
awards
• Has artworks exhibited in
museums, galleries
• Mentioned in books, media
and art history
• Become well known
• Revolutionized art
 A thing becomes art because it is
acknowledged to be art by the Artworld.

World of ordinary objects ARTWORLD

(Non-Art) (Art)
Duchamp,
Fountain Video
(Urinal) 6.4
1917
• Bedfordshire Model Urinal
• Entry in art competition by the
Society of Independent Artists
• Submitted by Marcel Duchamp
(R. Mutt) in 1917
• Has 8 reproductions, one copy
sold for 1.7 million dollars in 1999
• Exhibited in many museums in
the world
• Voted by art critics and historians
as the most influential artwork of
the 20th century
• Represents a “Copernican shift
in art”
• Included in art history books
• Discussed in classroom lectures
Duchamp
Bicycle Wheel
1914

“That is art,
because I
say so!”
 A GREAT ART!
Made by Leonardo
da Vinci, it is the
most historical,
the most popular
and well-known,
the most influential,
the most expensive,
Renaissance
painting in the
world.
 Amanda
Regina
Orate,
Doraemon
The Mouse
 PABLO
PICASSO “The most famous
and successful artist
of the 20th century.”
“The most influential
painter in the history
of modern art.”
Art genius
Originator of cubism
75 years of art career
13,500 paintings
100,000 prints
34,000 illustrations
300 sculptures
 TRIVIA
Pablo Diego Jose Francisco
de Paula Juan Nepomuceno
de los Remedios Crispin Cipriano de la
Santissima Trinidad y Picasso
 Rhea Regis
Feminist Arrest
2009

Who’s that?
Is this art?
Javacheff, Wrapped Reichtag, Berlin Germany, 1995

INSTALLATION ART
CHRISTO JAVACHEFF
Vienna Academy of
Fine Arts
Honorary Degree,
Occidental College
Elected into
National Academy
of Design
Awardee, Premium
Imperiale
Javacheff, Wrappped Trees, Switzerland, 1998
Javacheff, Wrapped Cans and Bottles, 1972
Javacheff, Wrapped Woman, 1968
Javacheff, Running Fence, California, 5.5 m
high, 40 km long. 2,152,780 square feet of
white nylon fabric, hung from a steel cable
strung between 2,050 steel poles secured by
350,000 hooks. LONGEST INSTALLATION ART
ILLUSTRATION
IN THE BOOK
PHILIPPINE
READER
By Fernando Amorsolo
FERNANDO AMORSOLO

“Grand old man of Filipino painters”

“Master of tropical scenery”
“First Filipino impressionist”
Most popular painter in the country
Made more than 10,000 paintings
Won First Prize, New York Fair, 1939
Dean, UP College of Fine Arts
First Philippine National Artist
 POP ART
Amorsolo, Label
of Ginebra San
Miguel

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

Don S. Amorsolo
Bridges: Flux
2010
Don S. Amorsolo
Bridges: Journey
2010
Don S. Amorsolo
Bridges: Complexity
2010
Don S. Amorsolo, Bridges, 2010 SERIAL PAINTING
 Medio Cruz
Poleteismo
Kulo Exhibit
2009, CCP

STYLE
Installation
Art

Video 6.5
 Recipient, CCP Artist Award, 2003
Video 6.6
Grantee, Art Tuilage, Burgundy
France, 2005

MEDIO
Resident Artist, Gauchet Gallery,
Vancouver Canada, 2007
CRUZ Fellow, Asian Cultural Center, New
IN THE York, 2009
ARTWORLD Resident Artist, Headland Center for
the Arts, San Francisco USA, 2008
Recipient, Visiting Foreign Artist Fund,
Canada Council for the Arts, 2010
Art Exhibits in Switzerland, Singapore,
Australia, US, Serbia, China, Germany
ART OR NON-ART?
CARLO J. CAPARAS
Named by Pres. Arroyo in 2009 as
National Artist of the Philippines for
Visual Art and Film, amidst protest
mostly from the academic sector.
The Supreme Court nullified the
proclamation of Caparas in 2013.
https://professionalheckler.com/2009/08/09/totooy-ba-to/

POINT OF VIEW OF THE INTELLEGENSIA CLASS

President Arroyo has recently declared former security guard turned Filipino
comic strip creator/writer-turned director and producer Magno Jose “Carlo” J.
Caparas as National Artist for a new & “mixed” category she herself created,
“Visual Arts & Film.” GMA’s choice of Caparas though was not surprising since
Mrs. Arroyo’s rise to power itself was a work of fiction.

In last week’s protest action, Armida Siguion-Reyna said she didn’t want to
address her message to Carlo J. Caparas because “mahina ang kanyang ulo,” to
which his wife, Donna Villa said, “Mahina man ang ulo, malakas naman sa
pangulo.”

“Mr. Caparas, this is Dr. Butch Dalisay, director of the UP Institute of Creative
Writing, UP College of Arts and Letters. Allow me please to share my thoughts
on your controversial palace-backed recognition. But before I say my piece, may
thesaurus o dictionary ka ba sa tabi mo? You’ll need one.”

“Carlo, si Joel Lamangan ‘to. Walang personalan huh pero… hindi ko keri ang
award mo! Maloloka ako sa ‘yo!”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_J._Caparas

POINT OF VIEW OF INTELLIGENSIA CLASS

Complaints regarding Caparas' proclamation centered on the complaints that he
did not illustrate the comic books he wrote and was therefore not qualified for the
honor under visual arts, and the assertion of protesting artists that his work in the
category of Film is supposedly "sub-par", being largely "pito-pito"(literally, "seven-
seven"; films rush-finished in seven days), and "massacre films" whose focus was
sensational crimes.
POINT OF VIEW OF CAPARAS
Caparas said that instead of criticizing his award, entertainment people "should
unite and work together to revive the ailing movie and komiks industry." He
attributed his win to the fact that he managed to cross over from comic books to
film and television, and saying that his triumph was significant because he was a
National Artist who came from the working class.... "I am a National Artist who
came from the masses", the Philippine Daily Inquirer quoted him as saying. "I work
and struggle with them." He said it was time for a National Artist "who the masses
can identify with—someone who walks beside them, someone who can inspire
them." Noting that some Filipinos did not even know the National Artists he said
"Hopefully, since I am still active in TV and in the movies, this will encourage our
countrymen to learn more about our National Artists."
Trisha Co Reyes
(13 Years Old),
Life in the Forest
2011

First Place,
20th International
Children’s Painting
Competition on the
Environment
organized by the
United Nations
Environment
Programme
 Godofredo Fabreo
The River and My House, 2008
(Final Project in Humanities)