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Applications of
Derivatives
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Table of Contents
Maximum and Minimum
Mean Value Theorem
Derivatives and Graphs
Optimization
Linear Approximation
Related Rates
Antiderivatives
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Maximum and
Minimum

Return to
Table of
Contents
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Consider

Where is the function increasing?

Where is the function decreasing?

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In calculus:
Increase: Decrease:

This is the First Derivative Test: f '(x)<0 f(x) is decreasing,

f '(x)>0 then f(x) is increasing.

If f '(x)>0 for some x and f '(x)<0 for some x then there

must be an x that makes f '(x)=0. (Intermediate Value
Theorem.
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When f '(x)=0, this is where max/min occur. But

not all f '(x)=0 are max/min.

4 cases where f '(x)=0

Not all of the points are max/min.

How can we use f '(x) to determine whether it is a max/min or not?

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Look at y = x2 x -2 -1 0 1 2
y' = 2x
y 4 1 0 1 4
y' -4 -2 0 2 4

y'(0)=0 so this is a possible max/min.

Notice y' changes from decreasing to increasing

at this time. This makes (0,0) a minimum.

When y' changes from increasing to decreasing

the function is at a local max.
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Consider y=x3
y'=3x2
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y -8 -1 0 1 8
y' 12 3 0 3 12

In this example y'=0 at x=0, but the function

goes from increasing to increasing so (0,0) is
not a max or a min.

If a question asks where the function is

increasing x=0 would need to be excluded:
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Example: The table below shows selected values of f '(x). f(x) is a

closed differentiable function on the given interval.

x 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

f '(x) 2 1 -1 -2 -1 1

Where is f(x) at a local max?

Where is f(x) at a local min?
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1 The given table is of a function that is a closed

differentiable interval. Find all of the local maximums.

x 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

f '(x) 2 -1 0 1 2
A B C D E F G H I

B, D, F, and H represent the interval

between the given x-values
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2 The given table is of a function that is a closed

differentiable interval. Find all of the local minimums.

x 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

f '(x) 2 -1 0 1 2
A B C D E F G H I

B, D, F, and H represent the interval

between the given x-values
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3 The given table is of a function that is a closed

differentiable interval. Find all of the local maximums.

x 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

f '(x) -3 -1 1 1 3
A B C D E F G H I

B, D, F, and H represent the interval

between the given x-values
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4 The given table is of a function that is a closed

differentiable interval. Find all of the local minimums.

x 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

f '(x) -3 -1 1 1 3
A B C D E F G H I

B, D, F, and H represent the interval

between the given x-values
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Critical Points are when f ' = 0 or f ' does not exist.

Local max/min occur at critical points, but not all critical

points are max/min.
Example: What are the local max's and min's for

Inc:
Test a point Dec:
from the
interval Max:
f '(0) f '(.5) f '(2) Min:
f'(x) ++++ ------ +++++
The number line cannot be
f(x) 1 used as a justification on the
1/3
AP but will help to organize
your thoughts.
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Example: When is f(x) increasing? decreasing?

f '=0 @ x= -1 No real 0

f ' DNE @ x=0 Dec:

f '(x) ----- ++++ +++++ Inc:
x= -1 has a local max
f(x) -1 0
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5 Name a critical point for

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6 Is positive or negative?

A positive
B negative
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7 Is positive or negative?

A positive
B negative
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8 Is x=-2 a max or a min for ?

A max
B min
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9 Name a critical point for

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10 Is positive or negative?

A positive
B negative
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11 Is positive or negative?

A positive
B negative
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12 Is x=0 a max, min, or neither for

A max

B min
C neither
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13 Is positive or negative?

A positive
B negative
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14 Is positive or negative?

A positive
B negative
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15 Is x=8 a max, min, or neither for

A max

B min
C neither
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Sketch the a curve w/

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Mean Value
Theorem

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Contents
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Rolle's Theorem
Suppose f(x) is continuous on [a,b] and differentiable
on (a,b) and f(a) = f(b). Then there is at one point, c,
where a < c < b and f '(c)=0 or DNE

f(a)=f(b)

a b

Either value of x
would work.
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Example: Given f(x) = 3x2 -x3, show Rolle's Theorem

applies to [0,3].
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16 Given the function g(x)=4x2/3 - x2 find a value of c that

satisfies Rolle's Theorem.
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17 The table of values are for a function that is continuous

and differentiable. Is there a point where f ' (x) =0?

A Yes, according to Rolle's Theorem ...

B Yes, according to the Intermediate Value Theorem ...

C Not enough info

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The Mean Value Theorem

If f(x)is continuous on [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b)
then there exists a point c between a and b for which

f(b)
AB is a secant, so its slope,
Δy/Δx, is equal to the slope of
the tangent.
f(a)

a c b
This is a more general theorem than Rolle' because
f(a) and f(b) do not have to equal but could.
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Example: Find a value of c on (1,4) that satisfies the Mean

Value Theorem for h(x)= 4x3 + 6x2 - 5x + 2
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18 Find a value of c, if one exists, that satisfies the Mean

Value Theorem for f(x)= x2 - 8x on [3,8]. If no c exists
enter 0.0
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19 Find a value of c, if one exists, that satisfies the Mean

Value Theorem for f(x)= 3x3 - 4x2 + 2 on [-1,5]. If no c
exists enter 0.0
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20 Find a value of c, if one exists, that satisfies the Mean

Value Theorem for f(x)= 6x2 - 1/x on [2,6]. If no c exists
enter 0.0
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21 Find a value of c, if one exists, that satisfies the Mean

Value Theorem for f(x)= 6x2 - 1/x on [-3,4]. If no c exists
enter 0.0
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Derivatives
and Graphs

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Table of
Contents
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Recall how the first derivative helped us find increase, decrease,

max/min.

The second derivative find concavity.

concave down
concave up
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The first derivative of

is

f '(x) +++++ ---------- +++++

x -1.483164 .14981999

By the first derivative test, y is increasing on (-∞,-1.483)∪(.150,∪)

and decreasing on (-1.483,.150).
There is a max when x= -1.483 and a min when x= .150

But what about the functions concavity?

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The second derivative of

is

The second derivative test, says that where the second

derivative is negative and concave up when second derivative
is positive.

f ''(x) ---------- ++++++++++++

x
-2/3

The second derivative finds concavity or acceleration

at a point. It is the derivative of the derivative or the
rate of change of the derivative.
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Critical points for the second derivative are when f " =0 or DNE

Concavity changes at critical points.

Not all critical points signify a change in concavity.

If a function changes concavity at a point and that point is defined for

the function, the point is called the Point of Inflection (P.O.I.)

In the previous slide, x= -2/3 is a point of inflection.

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Equation Graphs Number line

Finds position
at a time. Like
max or min

f '(x) +++++ ---------- +++++

Finds rate of
x
change at a -1.483164 .14981999

point. MAX MIN

f ''(x) ---------- ++++++++++++

x
Indicates -2/3

concavity
P.O.I.
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Example: Given f(x)= x3 - x - 6x find interval of increase, interval

decrease, local max, local min, interval on which function is
concave up, concave down, and any points of inflection.
Inc:
f '(x)=
Dec:

f '(x) Max:
x Min:

f "(x)= C :

C :
f "(x)
P.O.I.
x
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22 At what value of x does y= x3 - 3x2 + 1 have a local

max? If none exists enter 0.0
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23 At what value of x does y= x3 - 3x2 + 1 have a local min?

If none exists enter 0.0
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24 At what value of x does y= x3 - 3x2 + 1 have a point of

inflection? If none exists enter 0.0
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25 At what value of x does y= x8 have a point of inflection? If

none exists enter 0.0
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26 At what value of x does y= x1/3 have a point of inflection?

If none exists enter 0.0
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Optimization
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Table of
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When we looked for max/min on a closed interval,

the values we checked were

This concept is the

Extreme Value Theorem
for a given interval.
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Steps to Solving a Optimization (max/min) Problem

Find the dimensions of a rectangle w/
1) Draw a picture P=100' and max area.
L
2) Label what we know and P=100
what we want to find out W W 100=2L+2W
L 50-L=W
3) Write the formula to
find max/min A=LW

4) Rewrite the formula A=L(50-L)

in 1 variable

5) Identify domain 0<L<50

(x values that make sense)

6) Use Extreme Value Theorem A'=50-2L A' is A(0)=0

to find max/min 0=50-2L continuous A(50)=0
25=L
25' x 25' maximizes area
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27 30 by 16 sheet of paper is to have squares cut out of

the corners so that the sides will fold to make an open
box. What is the greatest volume possible?
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28 A person is across a 400m river and down stream from

her campsite by 1600 m. If she swims at 1m/sec and
runs at 2 m/sec, how far will she end up swimming if
she takes the quickest path?

camp
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29 A right cylinder is to be inscribed in 3' radius sphere.

What is the maximum voume the cylinder can have?
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Linear
Approximation

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Linear Approximations are used to get an

approximate value of a function that is hard
to find for f(x) but easy to find for a value of
x nearby.

Think of it as √82 not easy but √81 easy.

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The linear approximation is the equation of the tangent line at a

nearby value.
Example: find f(.2)
A value of x that would make this easier is x=0.

Now approximate f(.2) by subbing into the equation.

Since f(x) is concave down our approximation is an overestimate.

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Given
Find the approximate value of

Nearby value of x=

f(___)=___

f '(x)=____

f '(___)=____

y-____=___(x - ___)

f(52)≈___ which is an over / underestimate

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Given

Find the approximate value of

Nearby value of x=

f(___)=___

f '(x)=____

f '(___)=____

y-____=___(x - ___)

f()≈___ which is an over / underestimate

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30 Given f(x)=(x+10)2, what value of x could be used to

create a linear approximation of f(14)?
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31 Given f(x)=(x+10)2, what value of f(15)?

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32 Given f(x)=(x+10)2, what value of f '(15)?

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33 Given f(x)=(x+10)2 and using x=15 to create a linear

approximation, what is the approximate value of f(14)?
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34 Is the approximation of f(x)=(x+10)2 of f(14) using x=15,

and overestimate or an underestimate?

A overestimate
B underestimate
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Related Rates

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Contents
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Related Rates are applied Implicit Differentiation.

Solving Related Rates
1) Draw a picture. Label the picture with
:numbers if constant
:variables if changing

2) Make a legend. Write down numerical info you know

(including rates) and what you're looking for.

3) Write an equation involving the variables

4) Find d/dt of the equation

5) Plug in values from legend

6) Solve
7) Answer the question
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Example: If one leg, AB, of a right triangle increases at a rate of 2

in/ sec while the other leg, AC, decreases at a rate of 3 in/sec. Find
out the rate of change of BC when AB=6' and AC=8'.

B y = 6'
1) Draw picture and y z
label x = 8'
2)Make legend A x C
3)Write equation z = 10' (Pythag. Theo)
4)Find d/dt (What we want)
5)Plug in variables
6)Solve
7)Answer question BC is changing at a
a rate -1/10 ft/sec
when AB=6' and
AC=8'
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A conical tower is 10' high and 12' across. The height of

the water is changing at a constant rate of -.3'/hr.
Find the rate f change in the volume when h=6'
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Antiderivatives

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Antiderivatives are the undoing of a derivative.

Antiderivatives are the reverse steps used to take the derivative.

Ex: f '(x)=2x find f(x)

Think about how they arrived at f '(x)

f(x) = axn so f '(x) = (an)xn-1

1) multiplied coefficient by exponent
2) subtracted 1 from exponent
So antiderivative would be the reversal of steps in revese order
1) Add 1 to the exponent
2) Divide by the new exponent
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We have one last thing to think about, the constant.

Suppose f(x)=x2+1 then f '(x)=2x

g(x)=x2-6 then g'(x)=2x
h(x)=x2 then h'(x)=2x

So when we took the antiderivative of

and got we couldn't determine the constant.

So we use C as the constant of integration.

The antiderivative of is
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"Undo" these derivatives

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Rules for Antiderivatives

undoing the chain rule

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35 Which of the following is the correct antiderivative of

A
B

D
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36 Which of the following is the correct antiderivative of

C
D
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37 Which of the following is the correct antiderivative of

A
B

D
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38 Which of the following is the correct antiderivative of

D
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Initial Value Problems

In these problems you are not only given the derivative
but a point on the original function.

Find the antiderivative, then use the point to find C.

Example: y'=6x + 5 and (0,42) is on y, find y.

y=3x2 +5x + C is the antiderivative

Now find C: 42=3(0)2 +5(0) + C

42=C

∴ y= 3x2 +5x + 42
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Example: f '(x)= 4sin x + 2 , f(0)=6, find f(x)

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Example: f " (x) = 2 - 6x, f(0)=1 and f '(0)=4, find f(x)

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39 Acceleration of an object is 32 ft/sec2, initial velocity is

20 ft/sec, and initial height is 0 ft. What is the body's
position at t=1?

a(t)= y''
v(t)=HINT
y'
s(t)= y
Initial time: t=0