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AP Chemistry

Unit 3: Presentation B
Chemical Reactions and
Stoichiometry

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Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry

The world is full of chemical reactions. They power our batteries,
allow us to see, and make nice red paint for sports cars!

light

cis-retinal trans-retinal

The conversion of cis-retinal to trans-retinal is the first step of

many that allows us to see.
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Chemical Reactions

To review, all chemical reactions must obey the law of conservation of

mass - they must be "balanced".

3H2(g) + N2(g) --> 2NH3(g)

Reactants Products
6 H atoms 6 H atoms
2 N atoms 2 N atoms

This supports the Bohr notion that atoms are simply rearranged in a
chemical reaction, not created or destroyed. Nuclear reactions do
"destroy" atoms as we shall see but still obey the law of
conservation of mass
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Chemical Reactions
When balancing a reaction, only the coefficients may be changed as
changing the subscripts changes the nature of the material itself.

H2(g) + O2(g) --> H2O(g)

One cannot balance the O atoms by making O2 suddenly O!

Singular O is not reacting here, O2 gas is!
Instead, one must change the number of oxygen or water
molecules that react.

H2(g) + 1/2O2(g) --> H2O(g)

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Chemical Reactions

Make sure to write the correct formulas of reactants and products

NH4CO3 --> NH3 + CO2 + H2O

Incorrect formula makes balancing impossible

(NH4)2CO3 --> 2NH3 + CO2 + H2O

Correct formula makes things easy!!
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Chemical Reactions
Fractions may be used as coefficients which can then be
multiplied through by a number to get whole number coefficients.

2NaCl(s) + H2O(g) + SO2(g) + 1/2O2(g) --> 2HCl(g) + Na2SO4

To get whole number coefficients, multiply all

coefficients by 2!

4NaCl(s) + 2H2O(g) + 2SO2(g) + O2(g) --> 4HCl(g) + 2Na2SO4

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Reaction Stoichiometry
Coefficients represent the relative number of molecules,
elements, or compounds involved in the reaction.

4NaCl(s) + 2H2O(g) + 2SO2(g) + O2(g) --> 4HCl(g) + 2Na2SO4

4 moles of NaCl(s) produce 2 moles of Na2SO4

0.1 moles of NaCl(s) produce ______ moles Na2SO4
4.5 x 1023 formula units NaCl(s) produce ___________
formula units Na2SO4

*Note, the coefficients DO NOT represent the mass ratios -

ie. 4 grams of NaCl will NOT produce 4 grams of HCl.
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Reaction Stoichiometry
Coefficients can be used to determine the relative amounts of
substances involved in a reaction.

4NaCl(s) + 2H2O(g) + 2SO2(g) + O2(g) --> 4HCl(g) + 2Na2SO4

How many grams of oxygen would be needed to produce 3

moles of HCl(g)?

3 moles of HCl x 1 mol O2 x 32 g O2 = 24 g O2

4 mol HCl 1 mol O2

molar ratio from balanced equation

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1 What is the proper coefficient in front of the oxygen

molecule after the following equation is balanced?

NH3(g) + O2(g) --> NO(g) + H2O(l)

Answer
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2 The fermentation of sugar produces ethyl alcohol and

carbon dioxide gas. How many moles of carbon dioxide
would be produced from the fermentation of 0.4 mol of
glucose?
C6H12O6(s) --> C2H5OH + CO2

Answer
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3 What is the sum total of coefficients when the equation

below is balanced and all coefficients are simplified to the
lowest whole number ratio?

C2H5NH2 + O2 --> CO2 + N2 + H2O

Answer
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4 Given the UNBALANCED reaction below, determine how

many L of nitrogen gas would be produced when 110
grams of NaN3 decompose completely @STP?

NaN3(s) ---> Na(s) + N2(g)

A 22.4 L

B 44.8 L

Answer
C 33.1 L

D 57.2 L

E 11.2 L
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5 Phosphorus pentachloride decomposes into phosphorus

trichloride gas and chlorine gas. How many total moles of
gas will be produced after 50% of a 414 gram sample of
phosphorus pentachloride decomposes?

A 0.5 moles

Answer
B 1.0 moles

C 1.5 moles

D 2.0 moles

E 3.0 moles
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6 If a 20 mL solution of 0.3 M Ca(NO3)2 were mixed with a

solution of 3 M NaOH, how many mL of the 3 M NaOH
solution would be needed to react with all of the calcium
ions?
Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) --> Ca(OH)2(s)

Answer
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Reaction Stoichiometry

The theoretical yield is the anticipated amount of product that

should be made based on the amounts of reactants used and
reaction conditions.

CaCO3(s) --> CO2(g) + CaO(s)

What is the theoretical yield of CaO (in moles) if 200 grams of
calcium carbonate completely decompose?
200 g CaCO3 x 1 mol CaCO3 x 1 mol CaO = 2 mol CaO
100 g CaCO3 1 mol CaCO3
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Reaction Stoichiometry
When two or more reactants are present, the reactant that is
used up first (the limiting reactant) will determine the theoretical
yield of product.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) --> 2NH3(g)

If 44.8 L of nitrogen gas reacts with 44.8 L of hydrogen gas
@STP, what is the theoretical yield of ammonia?

This type of problem can be easily solved via a series of

steps.
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Reaction Stoichiometry Steps

STEP 1: Convert known quantities to moles

N2(g) + 3H2(g) --> 2NH3(g)

If 44.8 L of nitrogen gas reacts with 44.8 L of hydrogen gas @STP,
what is the theoretical yield of ammonia?

44.8 L N2(g) = 2 mol N2(g)

44.8 L H2(g) = 2 mol H2(g)

One might think that since both reactants are found in the same
quantities, we would run out of both at the same time. Why is this
not true for this reaction?
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Reaction Stoichiometry Steps

STEP 2: Choose a reactant and determine how much of the other
would be needed and compare to how much of that reactant is
available.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) --> 2NH3(g)
If 44.8 L of nitrogen gas reacts with 44.8 L of hydrogen gas @STP,
what is the theoretical yield of ammonia?
Moles Moles of other reactant
Reactant
available needed
N2(g) 2 moles 2 mol N2 x 3/1 = 6 mol H2
2 mol H2 x 1/3 = 0.66 mol
H2(g) 2 moles
N2
Since 6 mol of H2 are required and only 2 moles are available,
H2 is the limiting reactant.
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Reaction Stoichiometry Steps

STEP 3: Use limiting reactant amount to determine the
theoretical yield of product or amount of excess reactant that
reacted.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) --> 2NH3(g)
If 44.8 L of nitrogen gas reacts with 44.8 L of hydrogen gas @STP,
what is the theoretical yield of ammonia?

Finding Theoretical Yield

2 mol H2 x 2 mol NH3 = 1.33 mol NH3
3 mol H2

Finding Amount of Excess Reactant that Reacted

2 mol H2 x 1 mol N2 = 0.66 mol N2 reacted
3 mol H2
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7 How many grams of excess reactant will remain if 4

grams of hydrogen gas react with 16 grams of oxygen
gas by the reaction below?

2H2(g) + O2(g) --> 2H2O(g)

Answer
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8 If 16 grams of methane react with 32 grams of oxygen

gas by the reaction below, what would be the theoretical
yield of carbon dioxide ( in grams)?

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) --> CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

A 2 grams

B 11 grams

Answer
C 22 grams

D 44 grams

E 0.5 grams
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9 How many total liters of gas can be produced @STP if

4.8 grams of magnesium metal react with 100 mL of 0.5
M HCl?

Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) --> Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)

Answer
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10 If 8 molecules of propane (C3H8) react with 10 molecules

of oxygen gas, which would be true of the reaction
mixture after the reaction had gone to completion?
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) --> 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

C 3H 8 O2 CO2 H 2O

Answer
A 0 3 2 2
B 6 0 6 8
C 2 5 3 4
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11 If 300 mL of 0.2 M Ca(NO3)2 solution is mixed with 200

mL of 0.3 M Na3PO4 solution, what will be the
concentration of phosphate ions after the reaction below
has gone to completion?
3Ca2+(aq) + 2PO43-(aq) --> Ca3(PO4)2(aq)

Answer
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Reaction Stoichiometry
The amount of product made in the laboratory is often less
than what is theoretically possible.
Actual Yield x 100 = % Yield
Theoretical Yield
When 30 grams of CaCO3(s) decompose by the following reaction
and produce 10 grams of CaO, what is the % yield?
CaCO3(s) --> CO2(g) + CaO(s)
30 g CaCO3 x 1 mol x 1 mol CaO x 56 g = 16.8 g CaO
100g CaCO3 1 mol CaCO3 1 mol CaO

10 g CaO Actual Yield x 100 = 59.5% yield

16.8 g CaO Theoretical Yield
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Reaction Stoichiometry
If the yield of a reaction is known, it can be used to modify the
amounts of reactants needed to make the required amount of
product.
How many grams of NaN3(s) must be decomposed to produce 62 L of
N2(g) to fill an airbag at a 89% yield @STP?
2NaN3(s) --> 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)

62 L Actual Yield N2 x 100 L Theoretical Yield N2 = 69.7 L

89 L Actual Yield N2

We must plan to make 69.7 L instead of 62 L N2.

69.7 L N2 x 1 mol N2 x 2 mol NaN3 x 65 g NaN3 =135 g NaN3
22.4 L N2 3 mol N2 1 mol NaN3
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12 How many grams of potassium chlorate must decompose

to produce 35 L of O2 gas @ STP if the reaction below
operates at a 34% yield?

2KClO3(s) --> 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

Answer
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13 When 30 mL of 0.2 M KOH solution is mixed with 20 mL

of 0.2 M Cu(NO3)2 solution, 0.23 grams of Cu(OH)2(s)
precipitate was formed. What is the % yield?

Answer
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14 When 44 grams of butene (C4H8) combust in excess

oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide and water, what
will be the actual grams of carbon dioxide produced
assuming the reaction operates at a 30% yield?

Answer
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