UNIT 1.

KINGDOMS

1. KINGDOMS AND CELLS

Three kingdoms: animal kingdom, plant kingdoms and fungi kingdom.

Animal kingdom character:

- They can move and eat other living things.

- Eg: vertebrates and invertebrates.

Plant kingdom character:

- They can´t move around and produce their food (photosintesis).

- Eg: grass, brushes and trees.

Fungi kingdom character:

- They can´t move around.

- They can´t produce food.

- They eat other living things.

- Eg: mushrooms, yeast and mould.

All living things are made of cells (animals, plants and fungi).

Cells have 3 main parts: nucleus, membrane y cytoplasm.

There are 2 types of cells: unicelular (1 cell: bacteria) and multicelular (many cells: animal).

2. INVERTEBRATES AND VERTEBRATES

Invertebrate are oviparous and they haven´t got backbone. They are 6 main groups: Molluscs,
Jellyfish, Sponges, Echinoderms, Annelids and Arthropods.

Molluscs have soft muscular body, often protected by a hard shell.

Eg: With shell: snails Without shell: octopus slag

Jellyfish have soft body called umbrella with tentacles and holes.

Sponges have soft body whit holes and they stay on seabed. We use them in the bathroom.

Echinoderms have hard skin with spikes to protected themselves form predators. (Eg: starfish).

Annelids have long, soft body divided into segments. (Eg: earth worm, water worm).

Arthropods are almost all animals. We have 3 parts: head, thorax and abdomen. We have jointed
legs and exoskeleton.

Insects: 6 legs
Spider: 8 legs
Crabs: 10 legs
Centipede: 100 legs

Vertebrate have got back bone. They are 5 groups: Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and
Fish.

RESPIRATION
GROUP ANIMAL NUTRITION REPRODUCTION (They breathe
with…)

MAMMALS dog, whale omnivore viviparous lungs

omnivore and
BIRDS parrot, eagle oviparous lungs
carnivore

REPTILES cocodrile, snake carnivore oviparous lungs

AMPHIBIANS toad, frogs carnivore oviparous lungs, gills

omnivore and viviparous and

FISH shark, clown fish gills
carnivore oviparous

3. FOOD CHAIN
Animals, plants, fungi… need each other to survive. All living things need energy to live. They get
energy from food. Who eats what?

- Descomposer: bacteria and fungi decompose dead animals and turn them into nutrients for the
soil.

- Producers: plants produce their own food from than soil+water+sunlight.

- Herbivores: eat the plants.

- Carnivores: eat herbivores and omnivores. The waste go to the soil again.