The Importance of Participation in the Formulation of Public Policies:

How Service Quality Ensures Legislative Aspirations are Fulfilled

Ineu Purwadewi Sundari

Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran,
Bandung

ABSTRACT

This study aims to explore the quality of services in managing aspirations by members of the
West Java Provincial Parliament. The phenomenon of the development of the format of the
administration of regional government in Indonesia is a consequence of efforts to answer the
increasingly dynamic demands of the community for democratic and responsive services, and
the development policies being the focus of attention that motivate this study. The study uses a
descriptive qualitative method. The data was sourced from primary and secondary data sources.
Primary data was obtained directly at the study location by involving research informants and
has relevance and competence in research, while secondary data was obtained from various
published research literature in national and international scientific journals and planning and
reporting documents that support the analysis process of this study. Findings illustrate that the
quality of services carried out in the framework of managing aspirations for the formulation of
public policies has been running quite well as is shown through the application of specific
strategies and specific methods and form a special character of the services implemented.
However, efforts to implement quality services still face several obstacles such as low active
role of the community and the intensity of coordination with the relevant district / city
governments. Efforts to increase the active role of the community in the process of formulating
public policies in the regions should be carried out through a joint forum involving all parties,
namely the community and local government components.

Keywords: Quality Public Service Quali, Management of Community Aspirations, Public

Policy Formulation.

INTRODUCTION

In Indonesia, governance is directed at accelerating the realization of community welfare

through improving services, empowerment, and community participation, as well as increasing
regional competitiveness by paying attention to the principles of democracy, equity, and putting
the community as the owner of sovereignty, the use of voting rights used during General
Elections and Election of Regional Heads.
The principle of democracy always puts the participation of the community in the
implementation of regional government and regional development through deliberative forums
held in stages. So that community members are able to find other channels to convey their
desires and expectations needed which according to them are important and urgent. One way,
in which it can be done is through the conveying of people aspirations to the Regional People's
Representative Council as a community representative institution which helps to channel
community aspirations.
The Regional House of Representatives (DPRD) as a public institution refers to the concept in
government politics, democracy as Abraham Lincoln's statement on government politics, the
DPRD as an institution born of the people's right to power must encourage public dialogue that
is acceptable and accessible to all people, especially the voting community to respond.
DPRD members are recipients of the people's democratic credentials who voted, as stated in
Law Number 8 of 2012 Article 1 states that elections are a means of carrying out people's
sovereignty which is carried out directly, publicly, freely, confidentially, honestly and fairly in
the Republic of Indonesia based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of
Indonesia.
The role of the DPRD in the era of autonomy is the realization of democracy conceptualized by
the manifestation of the division of roles to enrich the variant of authority in a democratic
country, where the ideal state administration is democracy and devolution (Gidden, 1999: 89),
thus the political space in DPRD is the role of institutional democracy as part of government
and democratic institutions.
Apart from that as a representative institution, the DPRD ideally places itself as an institution
of elite action towards the implementation of the mandate service itself in accordance with the
authority stipulated in the legislation. The birth of regional autonomy led to demand for quality
services and achievements of regional development. In this case, the community encouraged
people's representatives to be a true and sincere bridge which fulfills people’s aspirations and
demands. Thus, the recess, the aspirational network of the DPRD, is the hope for the
community to achieve this hope of better services.
The role of the DPRD has been the hope of the community in the limitations imposed by the
government, this is because the DPRD has two roles at the same time in carrying out its duties,
institutionally part of the regional government, while the DPRD members elected by the
community through political parties are institutions that represent the community . This
important role makes DPRD an institution that is considered to have an important role in
receiving and channeling community aspirations, so that the distribution of aspirations is
considered effective to achieve expectations when community channels are not reached in the
regional government into a policy.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Public policy includes the formulation of policies, implementation of policies and policy
evaluation. One of a series of public policies is one stage of a series of processes for making
and implementing a public policy. Different studies have revealed that experts express their
views regarding the definition of public policy formulation differently. According to Dunn
(2000: 132) policy formulation is the development and synthesis of alternative means of
problem solving. Winarno (2002: 29) states that each alternative competes to be chosen as a
policy in order to solve problems. Tjokroamidjojo in Islamy (2000: 24) mentions policy
formulation as an alternative that is continuously carried out and never completed, which calls
for understanding the process of policy formulation by understanding the actors involved in the
process of policy creation.
Based on the understanding of experts, it can be understood that formulation is a stage where
policies are prepared with various policy alternatives that will be decided before becoming a
policy to be implemented, such that the formulation with various alternatives can give birth to
the best policy which aims to solve a problem from the many alternative solutions available.
Actor interaction in Public Policy Formulation.
Discussion of public policy is influenced by the interaction of actors who have strategic
positions together with the institutional factors (institutions) of the policy itself. The interaction
of actors and institutions is a determinant of the processes and strategies carried out by the
policy community and the actors in policy making are in a broader sense. According to Howlett
and Ramesh in Madani (2011: 36) explain that in principle policy actors are those who always
and must be involved in every process of public policy analysis, both functioning as formulators
and pressure groups that are always active and proactive in conducting interactions and
interrelations in in the context of public policy analysis.
Anderson in Madani (2011: 37) in his opinion that policy actors include internal bureaucratic
actors and external actors who always have attention to the policies of individual and group
actors who participate in every discussion and debate about public policy. Based on the opinions
of experts, it can be understood that policy actors are one or a group of people involved in policy
makers, both in the process of formulation, implementation and evaluation of public policy.
These policy actors can come from government officials, the community, workers, and interest
groups. According to Anderson in Madani (2011: 41), states that:
By paying attention to the various types and approaches in understanding the various actors
involved in the public policy process, the concept and context of the actor is strongly related to
the type and typology of the policy to be analyzed. In the perspective of public policy problem
formulation, the actors involved in broad outlines can be divided into two major groups, namely
groups in the bureaucratic organization (the official policy makers) and others are groups
outside the bureaucracy (un-official policy maker).
Winarno in Madani (2011: 41) holds that: Groups involved in public policy processes are formal
and non-formal groups. Formal groups such as government administrative bodies include:
executive, legislative and judicial. Meanwhile, the non-formal group consists of (1). Interest
groups, such as labor groups, and company groups; (2) Political party groups; (3) Individual
citizens. Various groups are then analyzed in detail, so that policy actors are often involved in
the negotiations or agreements in bureaucratic internal policy making.
The habit of actors involved in policy formulation can be divided into formal and non-formal
groups. Formal groups usually consist of official actors who have the power to make policies
such as the executive, legislative and executive. Whereas non-formal actors consist of people,
individuals, interest groups and actors of political parties, in this case including members of the
DPRD, individually have the power to influence the group while as an institutional group are
formulation actors as well as policy makers. Thus, policy is seen as a process with the focus of
attention is on the policy cycle, although it does not have to be linear and rigid. According to
Nakamura & Smallwood, (1980: 70) suggests that in general the policy cycle includes
formulation, implementation, and evaluation of policies.
According to Dunn (1994: 16) the policy cycle consists of “Agenda setting policy formulation,
policy adoption, policy assessment”. In the outline of the main activities of the policy cycle
consists of formulation, implementation and evaluation (Mustopadidjaja, 1998: 25).
Hoogerwerf (1983: 157) emphasizes that for a policy to provide the expected results, this policy
must be implemented.
Policy is a form of government efforts to find out and resolve common problems (problems).
Many problems or dissatisfaction in the community, but not all problems can be categorized as
a general problem. Charles O. Jones in Dunn (1981: 44) argues that "a policy problem is an
unrealized value, need or opportunity which, however identified, maybe attained thought public
action".
A policy will be realized if the policy is needed by the community, meaning that the policies
made by the government must reflect the will or interests of the community, because policies
appear preceded by public actions. David G. Smith in Anderson (1979: 52-53) argues: "For
policy purposes, a problem can be defined as a condition or a procedure that needs or
dissatisfaction with the part of people for which relief or redress is sought. This may be done
by those who are directly affected or by other acting on their behalf.
Islamy (2001: 20) argues that public policy does not only contain the spark of thoughts or
opinions of officials who represent the people, but also public opinion (public opinion) also has
an equal portion to be filled (reflected) in public policy. In addition, every policy must always
be oriented to the public interest.
This thinking is in line with what was stated by Goodin and Dryzek (2006; 219) and Mariana
(2015; 217) that the perspective of the existence of a community or community group has
undergone a paradigm shift into a very important position in policy formulation, especially in
its interaction in the context of public policy in the era of 1990. It means that in the past
community involvement in the interaction of formulating public policy was perceived as an
aspect of formality, but this position has experienced dynamics that position community
participation in delivering and fighting for aspirations according to the needs of the community
(community groups) into parallel position in the interest of formulating public policy.
Therefore, the view of policy studies as a bureaucratic-administrative process that is only the
domain of government institutions, is no longer relevant to be used to explain the political
process or the process of community interaction with the political elite that takes place in the
whole stage of formulating public policy. The birth of a policy product does not automatically
achieve its idealism even though it has gone through all stages as stated in the rational-
comprehensive concept. The essence of public policy actually lies in the relationship between
the state and society. The rigid and unresponsive paradigm of public policy is a reflection of
the stiff and unresponsive relations between the state and society. Conversely, a flexible and
responsive public policy paradigm will be an outcome of flexible and responsive relations
between the state and society. In this discussion why the process of interaction between the
community (community groups) and the political elite (in the context of this study intended as
members of the DPRD of West Java Province) must be active. So that the aspirations or
thoughts conveyed by the community (community groups) are able to be absorbed and
perceived correctly in the process of formulating public policy in West Java..
For that Mariana (2015; 219) views the importance of building a public policy paradigm that is
oriented towards the aspirations and needs of the community, an alternative paradigm that no
longer places public policy in the superstructure or ruling domain, but as a balanced process of
interaction between the superstructure and political infrastructure. This balanced process of
interaction requires the existence of public spaces that are open to community participation in
policy making.
Representative Theory
The service of channeling the aspirations of constituents by legislators elected by the
constituents is a manifestation of a pattern of representation of two parties who need each other.
On the one hand, constituents need representatives who can be trusted to absorb aspirations in
full and then channel their aspirations effectively. In this context, the constituents are the party
that gives the mandate to the party who is the representative in the representative institution.
On the other hand, parties who are constituent representatives and at the same time receive
mandates from constituents, need constituent support to appear in representative institutions
and at the same time actualize the role of their representatives in representative institutions.
Thus, a pattern of institutional representation is established in the implementation of a
democratic system of government.
It is not easy to define the word representative, this word is a form of a representative word,
which actually has a very clear meaning. A representative is one party acting for and or on
behalf of another party, and the action on behalf of it is agreed by both parties. This refers to
the view of Heywood (2000: 143) Representation to represent means, in everyday language to
"portray" or " make present , as when a picture is said to represent a scene or a person. As a
political principle, representation is a relationship through which an individual or group stands
for, or acts on behalf of, a larger body of people.
Representation means to represent, to describe or make someone represented as when we see a
picture of ourselves to represent ourselves or a group. As a political principle, representation is
a relationship in which an individual or group acts on behalf of a larger group. The history of
political representation is the history of the rise of the European parliament, through the
transformation of sovereign’s councilors (sovereignty of advisors) into sovereign assembly.
The concepts and thoughts about people's representation are upstream in the conception of
democracy in the order of social life and modern politics.
The representative system is generally more utilized by modern society. The more modern one
society the more complicated the representation procedures adopted. In the context of
Heywood's theory: (2000: 143), it gives thought to that theory: “Representation differs from
democracy in that, while the former acknowledges a distinction between* government and the
governed, the latter, at least in its clasisical sense, aspires to abolish this distinction and
establish popular self-government. Representative democracy may nevertheless constitute.”
Representation is different from democracy in that respect, while a representative acknowledges
the difference between government and governed, the latter, at least in the classical sense
aspiring to eliminate this difference and build the popularity of self-government.
Representatives of democracy remain a limited and indirect form of democratic rules, giving
representatives of government the main lines arranged in such a way that the views of the people
or their interests are guaranteed to be articulated effectively.
Referring to the classical theory of accommodation relating to the relationship between
representatives and representation, it is known as the mandate theory. This theory basically
assumes that the substance represented by a representative is limited to the mandate conveyed
by the people who give the mandate. This requires that all actions, including even the attitudes
and behavior of the representative, must always be in accordance with the wishes of the people
who give the mandate. In accordance with the development of this mandate theory, it develops
on the basis of assumptions about the quality of the mandate that forms the basis of the
relationship between a representative and the people he represents.
The definition of representation or representation varies greatly. Some of them are as stated by
Rao by basing on the opinion of Alfred de Grazia (1981: 8) who defines representation as a
relationship between two people, representatives with their representatives (constituents),
where the representative holds the authority to carry out actions that get approval from his
constituents . In line with this opinion, Pitkin (1967: 31) defines it as a representative process,
in which the representative acts in order to react to the interests of the parties represented. The
representative acts in such a way that there is no conflict between the representative and the
party represented and if it does occur, it must be able to relieve it with an explanation.
Representation is the concept that a person or group has the ability or obligation to speak and
act on behalf of a larger group (Budiardjo, 1992: 175).
Changes in demographic, regional and modern state needs, the issue of political representation
has attracted the attention of many people. The implication of the emergence of the concept of
representation is that institutions are needed as a media that connects the community with the
government. These institutions represent the political interests of the people at the government
level (political superstructure). At a later stage, the political representative institution was
known as the legislative body (Pahlevi, 2001: 9).
The representative-represented relationship pattern will determine the representative focus.
This style of representation will later determine the course of the democratic transition.
Representative relations that are close to the constituents will place constituents in an important
position, so that the constituents' aspirations become things that their representatives must fight
for. Likewise, the availability of a mechanism for constituents to communicate with their
representatives will minimize the occurrence of representative oligarchy or aspiration distortion
as is common in representative democracies. Who is the center of attention of representatives
in carrying out their duties will greatly determine whether the representatives are dealing with
individuals, the general public, groups or political parties. Thus, the style of representation will
determine the pattern of representation, whether the independent representative (guardian) or
representative is very dependent on his constituents (messengers) or the gradation between the
two.
The pattern of representative and represented relationships will determine the representative
focus. Who is the center of attention of representatives in carrying out their duties will
determine whether the representative is dealing with individuals, the general public, groups or
political parties. Thus, the pattern of representation will determine the pattern of representation,
whether the representative is independent (guardian) or gradation between the two (politico).
This style of representation will later determine the course of the democratic transition. Close
representation with its constituents will place constituents in an important position, so that the
constituents' aspirations are something that representatives must fight for. Likewise, the
availability of a mechanism for constituents to communicate with their representatives will
minimize the occurrence of representative oligarchy or aspiration distortion as is usually the
case in representative democracies.
One characteristic that is inherent in every country that adheres to a government demoratic
system is the implementation of a representative government of the people as the holder of the
highest sovereignty entrusting a small number of them to take control of the government. John
Stuart Mill (in Dahl, 1992: 138), argues that because of this, there is nothing less than what can
ultimately be desired more than everyone recognizes to own shares in sovereign state power,
namely a "democratic government". But because a larger society is not all people, it cannot
participate in all public affairs, as a result the ideal type in a perfect government must be
"representative government".
The involvement of the people in making binding decisions is reflected in the presence of
people's representative institutions. The existence of people's representative institutions or
legislative institutions is one of the important instruments in a country that adheres to the notion
and teachings of democracy. Effective people's participation in the decision-making process,
said Dahl (1992: 164).
In addition, the people have the opportunity to oversee the running of government power
through their representatives who sit in representative institutions and the legislature. This is
based on the opinion expressed by Sanit (1995: 203), which explains: The role of
representatives of the Legislative Body is essentially related to the problem of inter-agency
relations, there are members of the legislature, with members of the community they represent
individually, based on groups or as a whole. The view that this relationship is one of the main
problems in the life of the political system in general, and in the process of the Legislative Body
in particular.
Strongs (in Budiardjo, 1980: 173), argues that democracy is a system of government in which
the majority of adult members of the political community participate on the basis of a system
of representation which guarantees that the government finally takes responsibility for its
actions to the majority. Based on the model of the representative-people relations model, it can
be concluded that all representative theories have the character of political representation. That
is, someone who sits in a representative institution must go through the electoral process as a
political process, thus the nature of his representation is called political representation
(Budiardjo, 1992: 175).
General elections become a political mechanism for recruiting and selecting people who will
sit in representative institutions. The dynamic aspect of the holding of elections that take place
democratically, in the sense of being direct, general, free, confidential, honest, fair and
competitive, will determine the nature of the political representation.
Function of the Regional People's Representative Council

Regional autonomy is expected to be able to provide a better life for people in various sectors
of life. With the economy and decentralization of power from the center to the regions to
manage and regulate the government in their respective regions, the local community is also
expected to play an active role in managing the area itself. The participation of the local
community greatly influences the pace of regional development and also the running of the
government.
The Regional People's Legislative Assembly (DPRD) is a regional people's representative
institution that is domiciled as an element of regional government administration in the province
/ district / city) in Indonesia. DPRD is mentioned in Article 18 paragraph 3 of the 1945
Constitution: "Provincial, regency and municipal governments have Regional People's
Representatives Councils whose members are elected through general elections".
As stated in Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government, the Regional People's
Representative Council or abbreviated as DPRD is a regional representative institution that
carries out the functions of regional government as partners equal to the regional government.
In the regional government structure, the DPRD is in two levels, namely at the provincial level,
called the Provincial DPRD and at the Regency / City level, called the Regency / City DPRD.
The Regional People's Legislative Assembly (DPRD) is a vehicle for implementing democracy
based on Pancasila, which artificially in this reform era has undergone a shift, both in roles and
executive functions are quite dominant even the legislative function is played by the executive.
As Miriam Budiarjo emphasized: "it has become a common symptom that the emphasis in the
legislative field has shifted to the hands of the executive". (Budiarjo, 1994: 299).
Regional House of Representatives is one of the institutions representing all levels of society in
the government. However, in its reality so far, in carrying out its role and function as a
representative of the people it has not been able to provide a maximum contribution to the
interests of the community. We can see this, where often the policies that have been determined
/ decided by the government are not at all against the interests of the community or not in
accordance with the aspirations of the community.
The DPRD in carrying out its duties and authorities has the right to ask regional officials,
government officials, legal entities, or citizens to provide information about a matter that needs
to be addressed in the interest of the nation and state. Every state official, government official,
legal entity, or citizen must fulfill the DPRD's request.
Every regional official, government official, legal entity, or citizen who violates these
provisions is subject to forced calls in accordance with the provisions of the legislation. In the
event that the forced call is not fulfilled without a valid reason, the person concerned can be
held for a maximum of 15 (fifteen) days in accordance with the provisions of the legislation. In
the event that an official who is held hostage expires or quits his position, the person concerned
is released from hostage taking by law.
Strengthening the role of the DPRD (legislative body) in the current era of reform and regional
autonomy, where the role of the DPRD as a central position which is usually reflected in the
doctrine of popular sovereignty in the era of regional autonomy, is an interesting phenomenon.
Pessimistic responses that previously led to the institution of the representative institution have
now become quite interesting discussions. The shift in the role and function of the legislature
in the era of regional autonomy is marked by affirming the role of the duties and authorities of
the DPRD, believing that besides absorbing and channeling the aspirations of the people into a
policy the regional government also performs a supervisory function. More explicitly stated in
the general explanation of Law Number 23 of 2014, that the DPRD must be integrated with the
regional community and separated from the regional government.
The application of the market mechanism model allows each community member to get a match
between the services provided by the local government and the needs they want. Because it is
not wrong to try first the application of market mechanisms in the implementation of certain
types of public services, for example, services in the health, education and hygiene fields. How
the public service system is organized, Ndraha (2008; 67) divides into the following two service
dimensions:

Table 1 Civil Service and Public Service

No. Dimension Public Service Civil Service
1 Basic Article 33 (2) 45 Constitution of Human Rights, Civil
the People's Choice (Public Rights, Constitutional
Choice) Right, Conventions

2 Aim Improving Welfare, especially Recognize, Protect, Save

social economy and Meet Human Rights
and the Environment
3 Status Government Authority
4 Served (YD) Layers / Community Groups as State Obligations
customers
5 YM / YD YD party adjusts to YM Party Private individuals as
attitude Conditions customers, consumers,
victims and prey
6 Prospect Increasingly decreases as society Increasingly Increased,
progresses Both Quality and
Quantity and Spread
7 Price / Cost Try as low as possible, can be Not Charged Directly to
borne by the YD YD Party: "No Price"
8 Actor (YM) Aktor Pemerintah Government Artist
9 Character a. Monopoli Pemerintah tetapi a. Government
dapat diprivatisasikan monopoly cannot be
b. Lebih normative privatized
b. More conscientious
and artistic, creative
10 Factor Depending on the Ability and Depending on the acting
Opportunity of the Customer and action of the
using the related Public Goods government artist
(output)
11 Quality Hope in helplessness
12 Problem: What Trust in disappointment Growing hope in the
about it human soul while he is
completely helpless
Source: Ndraha, 2008:67

Citizenship is more valuable than Entrepreneurship (Valuing Citizenship over

Entrepreneurship).
New Public Service view citizen involvement in administrative and government processes as
more important than government driven by entrepreneurial spirit. New Public Service argues
that the public interest will be better if it is formulated and developed by the State apparatus
together with citizens who are committed to making a meaningful contribution to shared life
rather than by entrepreneurial managers who act as if their money and public wealth belong to
them.

This principle has implications for the role of the government and its relationship with society.
The role of government in the past was more directing the community through direct functions
and controls such as regulation or regulation functions, service delivery, setting rules and
incentives. The increasingly complex life of modern society requires the role of the government
to shift from controlling functions to agenda setting, facilitation, negotiation or "brokering"
solutions to solve public problems (often involving coalitions of government, private and
nonprofit bodies). For this reason, public administrators are not enough to master management
control skills but also negotiation and conflict resolution skills.

Strategic Thinking, Democratic Acting (Think Strategically, Act Democratically).

The main idea of this principle is that policies and programs to respond to public needs will be
effective and responsive if managed through collective effort and collaborative processes. This
principle is related to how public administration translates or implements public policy as a
manifestation of public interest.

The model of policy implementation in the old public administration paradigm is top-down,
hierarchical, and unidirectional. Because of the influence of scientific management and formal
organizations (bureaucracy), the focus of implementation on behavioral control is in accordance
with the rules or standards

Understanding Accountability Is Not A Simple Thing (Recognize that accountability is not

Simple).

Public officials must not only prioritize market interests, they must also prioritize adherence to
the constitution, law, community values, political values, professional standards, and the
interests of citizens. The accountability of public administration in the Old State Administration
is hierarchical and legal. Administrators cannot do a lot of discretion. They only implement
policies, rules or instructions that have been outlined by superiors or politically elected officials.
Because accountability is intended to guarantee that administrators comply with standards and
regulations / implementation procedures. This is in accordance with the principles of Political
and Administrative Dichotomy.

Serve Instead of Directing (Serve Rather than Steer).

Public apparatus is required to implement leadership based on the value of togetherness in

helping citizens articulate and fulfill common interests rather than merely controlling or
directing the community towards new directions / goals. This principle concerns the role or
leadership of managers in public sector organizations. Public organizations in the Old State
Administration paradigm follow a bureaucratic model with a line or scalar structure (command
line). The role of the leader is steering (controlling) or supervising (controlling) the behavior of
subordinates in order to act towards achieving organizational goals with the principle of "unity
of command" (unity of orders), division of tasks and delegation of authority in a hierarchical
manner.
RESEARCH METHOD

The study used descriptive qualitative methods. The data and information analyzed are sourced
from primary and secondary data sources. Primary data is obtained directly at the location of
research involving research informants and has relevance and competence in research,
secondary data obtained from various published research literature in national and international
scientific journals and planning and reporting documents that support the analysis process in
research. The results of the study illustrate that the quality of services carried out in the
framework of managing aspirations for the formulation of public policies has been running
quite well which is shown through the application of specific strategies and specific methods
and becomes a special character of the services implemented. However, efforts to implement
quality services still face several obstacles such as the still low active role of the community
and the intensity of coordination with the relevant district / city governments.

RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results

The results of this study are presented based on 2 sub-descriptions including an overview of the
research location in general as well as a manifestation of the service of community aspirations
carried out. The object of research on the quality of service for community aspirations carried
out by the West Java provincial DPRD, especially within the boundaries of the Electoral District
IX for the period 2014-2019 has a close relationship with the culture and implementation of the
aspiration service itself. This means that each electoral district, especially in West Java
Province, will show a different trend from one another. Therefore, the study intends to describe
the condition of the research location in general as well as a description of the aspiration
services carried out during the period of the research described.

General Description of Research Location

West Java is a province in Indonesia whose capital is in the city of Bandung. Historical
development shows that West Java Province is the first province formed in the Indonesian
Territory (Staatblad Number: 378). West Java Province consists of 27 regencies and cities,
provinces that are in the western part of Java Island. The area borders the Java Sea in the north,
Central Java in the east, the Indian Ocean in the south, and Banten and DKI Jakarta in the west.
The northern coast region is lowland. In the middle part is a mountain, which is part of a
mountain range that stretches from west to east of Java. The highest point is Mount Ciremay,
which is in the southwest of Cirebon City. Important rivers are the Citarum River and the
Cimanuk River, which empties into the Java Sea.

West Java Province with an area of 35,377.76 Km2 according to West Java Province Central
Bureau of Statistics data 2018 the population until the end of 2017 reached 48,037,600 people.
This population is spread across 26 Regencies / Cities, 625 Subdistricts and 5,899 Villages. The
largest population is in Bogor Regency as many as 4,966,621 people (11.03%), while the
smallest population is in Banjar City, which is 19,903 people (0.43%). Based on these data in
West Java, that the male population is more than the number of female population. This
description can be seen in almost all districts / cities, except Indramayu Regency (Men 49.78%,
Women 50.22%). The total population in the capital buffer zone, namely in Bogor Regency,
Bogor City, Bekasi Regency, Bekasi City and Depok City as many as 11,930,991 people or
26% of the total population of West Java. Thus, it can be concluded that a quarter of the
population of West Java lives in the buffer zone of the Capital City.
While the number of people living in Bandung Raya (Bandung Regency, West Bandung
Regency, Bandung City and Cimahi City) is 8,670,501 people or 18% of the total population
of West Java, meaning that almost one fifth of West Java's population lives in Greater Bandung
/ Provincial Capital City. If the number of residents living in the capital city of Greater Jakarta
and Greater Bandung is supported, the total population in these two regions will be 20,601,492
people or 44% of the total population of West Java. It is seen that almost half of the population
of West Java lives in these two regions.

The dependency ratio of the population of West Java Province is 51.20. This figure shows that
every 100 people of productive age (15-64 years) there are around 51 non-productive age people
(0-14 and 65+), which shows the burden of the population of a region. The dependency ratio in
urban areas is 48.84 while in rural areas 55.92. West Java Province for more than three decades
has experienced rapid economic development. At present the improvement of the modern
economy is marked by an increase in the manufacturing and service sectors. Besides social and
infrastructure developments, the manufacturing sector is the largest in contributing through
investment, nearly three quarters of non-oil manufacturing industries are centered around West
Java.

The Implementation of Community Aspiration Services in the Interest of Public Policy

Formulation by the West Java Provincial (DPRD)

Electoral districts or often abbreviated as electoral districts are general terms in general
elections in Indonesia which refer to the boundaries of territory or population which are the
basis for determining the number of seats contested, and therefore form the basis for
determining the number of votes to determine the elected candidate. Likewise, that applies in
West Java Province. The following is a map of the distribution of electoral districts in West
Java Province
Figure 1. Map of Distribution of Electoral Districts in West Java Province 2014-2019 Period
(Source; KPU)
The West Java provincial electoral district for the 2014 DPR RI legislative elections is divided
into 11 sections. The above description (Fig. 1) explains that the extent of the area of each
electoral district that was determined, including the Electoral District IX which became the
locus of this study. Although the distribution of electoral districts as listed in Figure 1 and Table
1 in the previous section has been carried out, the aspiration screening process also faces
significant problems that are felt by every member of the West Java Provincial DPRD,
especially in terms of complex and complex accessibility with increasing population and
population economic routine in various electoral districts.
In describing the complexity of the implementation of community service aspirations, it has
been implemented starting from the beginning of the management period of community
aspiration services by the West Java Provincial DPRD for the period 2014-2019. This means
that fighting for the aspirations and interests of the people also has the most appropriate
procedures, namely formulating political, economic and legal policies that truly take sides with
the aspirations conveyed. This aspiration could cover any issues such as the example of the
declining competitiveness of farmers' agricultural products as a result of the massive invasion
of imported products which are cheaper and thus encourage farmers to express their aspirations
and seek protection for local agricultural products as a result of the free trade.
One characteristic of people's political participation includes the existence of inputs in the form
of community aspirations which can be technically said to be demands and support. Aspiration
is an expression of dissatisfaction or strong desire from the community that is conveyed to the
government in the form of statements of attitudes, opinions, criticisms, hopes, input and
suggestions. The community in general has the right to express their aspirations in relation to
matters concerning development, governance and local community. However, because of the
many aspirations that come in, it allows for the emergence of difficulties in delivery to respond
to the aspirations conveyed by the community.
There are two forms of aspiration seen from the form of delivery, namely direct aspirations and
indirect aspirations. Direct aspiration is a form of community aspiration that is conveyed
directly without intermediaries, such as demonstrations where this action sometimes becomes
very uncontrolled because of the absence of responses or follow-up actions taken in resolving
existing problems, such as arson - burning, damaging buildings and actions other statements
which harm many parties. Whereas indirect aspirations are a form of community aspirations
conveyed through the media, such as letters sent to the government, e-mail sent via websites
and so on. Both of these aspirations are one channel of the communication process in how to
convey a message of dissatisfaction with a public policy. The existence of the roles and
functions of the DPRD is now felt to be very strategic to optimize the screening of the
aspirations of the wider community, especially in West Java Province, which includes:
Legislation Function, Budget function and Monitoring Function.
With the inherent dynamics as a special character in the effort to capture the aspirations of the
people in the electoral districts described above, various breakthroughs have been carried out
by the West Java Provincial DPRD as the subject who carries out the management of
community aspirations. The breakthrough was carried out in various ways including the
application of approaches according to culture and traditions held firmly by the people in West
Java and the use of the approach to follow the progress of Communication Information
Technology which produced a very varied aspiration screening program and succeeded in
becoming one of the referral implementations of management services by DPRD institutions in
other provinces in Indonesia (benchmarking that has been implemented by other Provincial
DPRDs in Indonesia to the West Java Provincial DPRD).
The dynamic variation also includes the development of networking techniques and aspiration
services following the development of information and communication technologies such as
the use of advanced smartphone operating system applications such as Android and IOS to rigid
development on social media. The whole breakthrough is to facilitate the West Java Provincial
Parliament in the framework of obtaining extensive, precise, fast and comprehensive
information for the purpose of formulating responsive public policies.
The overall implementation was felt to be very helpful in efforts to access the breadth of the
electoral area and the research interpreted it as a practical finding that succeeded in minimizing
the problem of the wide area of aspiration gathered from the community in all corners of
community domination in West Java Province. The process of implementing aspiration services
has gone through many directions interactively (multi source networking aspiration and
communication). It is also strengthened by the periodic publication of the BEWARA e-
magazine (People's Deputy News published almost every month with an average of 40-44 pages
of the magazine) as well as the holding of dialogue hearings (covering various groups such as
Students, civil society and other community cultural forums in West Java province.
Hearing dialogue is an activity to absorb aspirations from the community and convey the results
of work that has been done by the DPRD of West Java Province. The Dialogue Hearing then
became a routine activity carried out by the West Java Provincial DPRD which aimed to
establish harmonious communication between the government and the community, so that the
West Java Provincial DPRD obtained valuable inputs in order to make development,
government and community policies in its area. In addition, the Dialogue Hearing activities are
also intended to capture the aspirations, input and opinions of various elements of society in
West Java as well as an event to socialize the activities of the West Java Provincial DPRD. The
Dialogue Hearing was conducted by the West Java Provincial Parliament to obtain reciprocal
communication relating to the problems or aspirations conveyed by the community from
various components of West Java community leaders, such as cultural figures, religious leaders,
chancellor forums, mass media figures, journalists and regional leaders.

Discussion

Referring to the research problem formulation that has been compiled in the previous section,
then the information sources that are useful for this research are then analyzed in depth and
refer to the research design that has also been determined. Thus, the next section explains the 2
classifications of analysis / discussion which includes the existence of community aspirations
as a result of interaction within the framework of participating in the formulation of public
policy and the responsiveness of members of the West Java DPRD, especially in IX Election
West Java. The second classification includes analysis of the indications that project the quality
of service in managing the intended aspirations.

Community Participation and Aspiration in the Process of Public Policy Formulation in

Electoral District IX West Java

There are several thoughts that underlie the analysis of community participation that results in
aspirations for the process of public policy formulation, especially in Electoral District IX West
Java. The study also believes that currently the perceptions of West Java DPRD members,
especially at the research locus in Electoral District IX, West Java, are also determined by their
experience and attention to development problems that are perceived or also understood
especially when interacting directly or indirectly with the community (community groups) in
various events or events. It is this form of aspiration that strategically then colors the attitudes
or actions of the DPRD members in the context of activities that formulate and decide on
alternative priorities which are the contents of a public policy in West Java. Thus, between
aspirations and interactions (the process of community participation in conveying their
aspirations) has one with others (Mariana; 2015; 219), which then in detail are on the important
points of the discussion of the next research.

Position of Community Aspiration as a Result of Community Participation in the Process

of Public Policy Formulation in Electoral District IX West Java.

The media of public participation in voicing their aspirations in the interests of public policy
formulation is very diverse. The research information explains that there are some advances
regarding the media that provide opportunities for people in West Java Province to implement
these participations both directly and indirectly. Media interaction between members of the
West Java DPRD, especially in District IX of West Java which was found during the research,
in the form of news in the mass media; hearing dialogue, the latest media such as the use of
web-online-based direct public procurement applications and also the application of online
aspirations using e-aspiration applications through android and IOS-based technology with the
legislature and then discussed in real terms by West Java DPRD members; discussion among
community groups; hearings with legislative institutions or other authorities in decision
making; even polls. Thus, there is actually a great opportunity to expand the space for public
participation in policy making. The availability of public spaces that facilitate the exchange of
arguments is an important essence to increase the level of public participation in the process of
formulating policies.

The application of community participation in the context of delivering aspirations to the

previous government paradigm has not yet proceeded in accordance with a dialogical
mechanism. Mariana (2015; 220) explains that participation in the old paradigm tends to be
interpreted quantitatively (only calculated from the number of participants or the number of
community organizations involved). In fact, the policy process will be far more meaningful as
a democratic process when participation is expanded its meaning as an opportunity for all
citizens to express their aspirations in an argumentative manner. The goal, so that the aspirations
delivered can change the perceptions of the policy-making elite. Transparency in the public
sphere also minimizes the potential for aspiration distortion in policy making. The community
is possible to "guard" their aspirations without worrying about being "hijacked" by certain elites
(a special analysis of these indications is detailed in the sub-discussion of security in managing
people's aspirations by members of the West Java DPRD specifically in Electoral District IX
West Java).

Responsiveness of DPRD Members to Community Participation for the Process of Public

Policy Formulation in Electoral District IX West Java.

The function of absorbing, channeling and fighting for the aspirations of the people by members
of the DPRD is one that must be carried out in accordance with its work program as an
institution or as part of a political party. The current political reality implies that elected
candidates (DPRD members) are required to be able to absorb aspirations by utilizing recess
times and times of working visits to electoral districts (electoral districts). There is no reason
for DPRD members not to carry out absorption and distribution of aspirations, because time,
facilities and budget have been arranged in such a way. In this discussion, the realization of the
task was not easy to implement as there were phenomena in several regions, namely the
community complained that the DPRD members they elected as representatives in parliament
were considered to be less accommodative, so they never visited and communicated with the
community according to the people's perceptions. so that certain communities or groups of
people feel they have lost the political communication channel to channel their aspirations. Or
DPRD members have visited and absorbed the aspirations of the people, but the aspirations
gathered were never realized in the form of development projects or programs in their area.

The study found that an analysis of this phenomenon was also found in the study sites even
though the levels were still minimal. This means that many people who feel that the
development of the implementation of development in their area now or that has been done is
inseparable from the aspirations they conveyed to members of the West Java DPRD on several
occasions, especially in face-to-face format during recesses and dialogue hearings.
Confirmation of the study was also confirmed through physical evidence of the construction of
a safety wall throughout the flood-prone areas that are close to the community's residence. This
empirical evidence is a strong alibi that the response of members of the West Java DPRD,
especially in District IX of West Java, is quite responsive especially to the urgent problems and
reap the anxiety of the people they visit.

Service Quality in Managing Community Aspirations by West Java DPRD Members

Organizing public services to the community as a whole to the community as a form of

comprehensive civil service in the context of this research is citizens. Denhardt & Denhardt
(2003; 7) reveal that there are three perspectives in public administration. These perspectives
are old public administration, new public management, and the new public service. The
perspective of the new public service initiates his views from the recognition of citizens and his
position which is very important for democratic governance in this research, precisely their
meaning to constituents.

Citizen identity is not only seen as merely a matter of personal interest (self-interest) but also
involves value, trust, and concern for others. The community is positioned as the owner of the
government (owner of government) and is able to act together to achieve something better.
Public interest is no longer seen as an aggregation of personal interests but as a result of dialogue
and public involvement in seeking shared values and common interests.

Comfort in service

Comfort is the hope of everyone, especially in public services, the convenience of service will
create a conducive atmosphere in service and the community feels valued and fosters public
trust in the government, that the government is serious about improving public services.
Comfort in the management of aspiration services is also one of the important aspects to achieve
the success of these services, especially the service of aspiration management is the service of
requesting information on various issues in the electoral community, in this case aspiration
services tend to be DPRD members coming individually, rather than together in the regions
election, thus encouraging the demands of so many aspirations from the community.

The comfort received by the community in the aspiration screening or management of

aspirations opens up public awareness of the importance of aspiration support as an information
support to support the policy process that will be carried out by DPRD members as individuals,
groups and institutions as an interest in electoral areas that need attention.

Services carried out by DPRD members in the selection of aspirations through various means
such as aspirations were directly conveyed by the community to the DPRD office formally and
accepted by DPRD members, in this context the extent to which people feel comfortable
conveying various aspirations, from acceptance to reciprocal information given by the DPRD
to the people who channel their aspirations. Convenience will have an impact on the process of
receiving citizens' rights to their representatives in the DPRD giving birth to good or positive
perceptions of the services provided. On the contrary, the inconvenience of public acceptance
of expressing their aspirations to the DPRD office will give birth to negative perceptions of the
services and performance of the DPRD.

As a representative institution, the DPRD has prepared space for the community to
communicate with DPRD members in expressing their aspirations. In the delivery of these
aspirations, the community will be accepted by DPRD members as the goal of delivering
aspirations, if the DPRD members in question are in place, if no community will be accepted
by DPRD members in charge of aspirations, if there is no DPRD member the aspirations
delivered will be accepted by DPRD secretariat to be forwarded to DPRD leaders. Convenience
in this context is certainly not just public acceptance of DPRD institutions literally but refers to
the comfort conditions in the form of direct submission to DPRD members, the absence of
DPRD members accepting the channeling of aspirations and aspiration services by DPRD
institutions causing inconvenience, as revealed by research informants the following:

"What makes us uncomfortable is precisely when we convey our aspirations to the DPRD, no
DPRD member is willing to accept, even though we are from afar and need a solution from our
representatives in the DPRD"

The inconvenience of conveying the aspirations of the people will certainly make the
community feel as the owner of sovereignty does not feel valued by people who actually accept
the mandate in the institution, of course this condition is not expected by the community or
DPRD members in the service process.

"We as representatives of the people are ready to accept the entry of the people, because it is
our duty to provide services, but of course we apologize when people suddenly visit, especially
my constituency, I'm not in place"

In principle, DPRD members are willing to provide services, of course, with the hope that the
people who visit if they want to express their aspirations if the DPRD members from the
electoral district are allowed to leave their contact numbers so that DPRD members will contact
or visit the community.

DPRD members in carrying out functions, one of which is to supervise the administration of
government by the executive, such oversight efforts are carried out like a DPRD working visit.
Working visits for members of the DPRD are outputs that are assessed as part of the function
of service to the community, meaning the implementation of work visits is able to provide space
for the public to express their aspirations regarding the implementation of executive activities.
beneficial to society. With the service function developed by the DPRD, the DPRD members
in each activity carried out can be used as a service process to the community. Information
obtained by informants that work visits were only carried out at limited times and audiences
made it difficult for the community to express their aspirations during work visits, and because
the informants' formal scope of assessment assessed the condition was not comfortable to
communicate.

It is understandable that comfort in the service of aspiration management or screening is a

condition where the service implementation process is able to create a condition of service space
/ place that can provide a sense of comfort, especially for the voting community. This is actually
the meaning of the citizen service that stakeholders tend to view society as the owner of
sovereignty, not to view it as an object of policy.
In addition to supporting comfort, openness is needed. The principle of openness in this service
contains the existence of procedures / procedures, requirements, etc. such as formal services
such as administration or document services but refers to the meaning of how the services that
have been held are then publicly informed so that they are easily known and understood by the
public, whether requested or not . The principle of openness of this service in the management
of aspiration services can provide instructions to inform openly everything related to what is
expected, desires that need to be followed up.

The results of the direct interview of the field research (covering the electoral region) explained
that the face-to-face process, direct dialogue with members of the West Java Provincial DPRD
was still a place that was felt familiar and showed a satisfying experience especially in terms of
comfort. Meetings in open fields or community gatherings are still a medium of interaction and
communication that is felt to have comfort and openness. It is reasonable if the community may
feel uncomfortable if the direct meeting that occurs is actually held in places with formal
nuances such as Gedung. Formal events are believed to inhibit freedom and trigger an awkward
feeling for the community to convey ideas, complaints or aspirations freely and openly.

The expression of comfort felt by the community is certainly a form of success in the
implementation of political communication between members of the West Java Provincial
Parliament and the community. Besides being able to influence the policy making process,
political communication also functions as a way of flowing political information. More
specifically, political communication reinforced by a sense of comfort of the community which
is part of the direct interacting process can find out what the aspirations are, which will be
formulated in a policy that can be felt by the community itself as their aspiration. Through
political communication activities by the representative body of the people (DPRD) of West
Java Province, especially in the electoral district as well as the functioning of the institution
working in a political system through information from the results of political communication
which is an input for the steps taken by the next DPRD.

In the above context, in accordance with the rules that apply to the DPRD in carrying out its
duties it has functions: selecting and selecting, controlling and controlling, making regional
regulations, debating and representing functions and having rights: budgeting, asking questions
for each member, asking information, make changes, submit statements of opinion and the right
of initiative. The description of the functions and rights possessed by the DPRD above shows
that formally the DPRD has quite broad functions and rights similar to those of the DPR in its
scope in general.

More in-depth research also requires information about the relationship between the funding
dimensions or the existence of funds in every interaction carried out in the framework of direct
screening of aspirations, ideas and complaints in the community. When visiting the field,
members of the DPRD were not only facilitated by village and sub-district governments.
Political parties at the regional level also compete to welcome the arrival of party cadres in the
DPRD. What is done by the party will not reduce the intention of DPRD members to capture
the aspirations of the people. When board members come to meet their community in the recess
period, there is no direct financial assistance provided by council members to their constituents.
Many people consider the arrival of their representatives in the DPRD to provide cash to the
public. This perception, although a little, is obtained, but is still confirmed as a habit that is still
developing in the midst of the life of a less comfortable community.

Board members do not have tactical funds to give to their people, but the provincial government
holds and regulates the finances of the DPRD through the West Java Provincial DPRD
Secretariat work unit. If there is a formal desire from the council members to provide direct
assistance to the community, approval is obtained from the provincial government. The voting
community which is a constituent of people's representatives in the electoral district feels that
the visit of DPRD members will be accompanied by direct financial assistance. This is a
dilemma because the aspirations obtained from the community are generally in the form of
aspirations that require large costs. This fact really needs to be minimized through routine
interaction and political communication between members of the Provincial DPRD and the
community. To be able to know correctly the aspirations or desires that developed in the midst
of the community and to seek their realization in accordance with the wishes of the entire
community, the DPRD members held and carried out the mechanism of political
communication regularly. There is a thorough calculation of the budget for DPRD members to
meet their constituents.

The results of a review of the transcripts of field interviews conducted clearly illustrate that the
actual existence of financial assistance or other types of assistance directly to the community
when face to face is not a measure that determines comfort for the community in the area. The
development of the political life of the people in the area is felt to be more rational and tends to
prioritize benefits over a long period of time (continuous). This benefit can be exemplified in
the form of activities to build a fort on a riverbank that is often the cause of flooding as
confirmed through field research that this program is a development program with funding
sources of West Java Province and is a follow-up of community aspirations through screening
aspirations during recess hold direct discussion activities with community members.

In this context, there has actually been a picture of comfort that takes place between the
community as a source of information on problems and priorities for development needs in the
area, with the DPRD in West Java Province. Namely through a communication network based
on direct discussion in the place where the community is domiciled. This two-way
communication process is thus a benchmark of comfort needed in an effort to manage
community aspirations in every process of formulating development policy that have been felt
as a useful and monumental step for the community. This finding corroborates the research
assumption that the dimensions of comfort can actually influence the appearance of positive
public interest in the wheels of ongoing regional governance.

Regarding the comfort factor, it is inseparable from the fact that the aspirations gathered either
through direct communication or through political party communication channels in each
electoral district, of course, still require a long process so that later the development program
will be implemented. There are several stages of a community's aspirations which are continued
to be a policy. DPRD members fill the recess period by carrying out political communication
with their constituents to obtain information, which is then followed by development planning
deliberations at the village, sub-district, district / city level, and then structured into the agenda
of discussion in the Provincial DPRD. The results of the recess conducted by DPRD members
will be fought when DPRD members make a budget arrangement with the local government,
namely the West Java Provincial Government in the discussion of the Budget Draft

In its implementation, the process of policy formulation is very important for development in
West Java, namely the policy of the Regional Budget Revenue Plan (RAPBD). The West Java
Provincial DPRD is always faced with a demand to know exactly what the people's aspirations
about what their people are want. The community in this case is understood as a term free from
the connection of any political party and or society in terms of its constituents. To be able to
know correctly the aspirations or desires that are developing in the midst of the community, the
DPRD members technically hold and implement a mechanism for political communication on
a regular basis.
CONCLUSION
Social phenomena about community service activities in the management of aspiration
screening for the benefit of formulating public policies, especially at the research locus, have
conformity with the theoretical concept of service to the community in the paradigm of the new
public service government or what is called the governance paradigm. Thus, the results of this
study intend to strengthen the application of his thinking in accordance with the situations and
conditions that occur in the current research location. Thus, the aspirations of the community as
a form of participation in the process of formulating public policy in West Java have a strategic
position and are proven to be able to determine the perceptions of West Java DPRD Members,
especially West Java Electoral District about priority aspirations being formulated in public
policy. That the quality of service in managing the aspirations of the community by members
of the West Java DPRD, especially in District IX of West Java, has been effective. Research
has found a variety of conditions that reinforce the implementation of services in efforts to
capture the aspirations of the people in West Java widely. The reinforcement of the
implementation of this service empirically includes the fact that currently the advancement of
information and communication technology has been able to give birth to the application of the
latest computing systems that greatly facilitate the public in expressing their aspirations, and the
culture of promoting togetherness, hospitality, courtesy and family. There are results of
assessments and analysis of research that the quality of services produced still requires
improvement in a strategic and systematic manner. Strategic involves better improvement of
planning to increase the intensity of coordination with the district government in District IX of
West Java. Systematically able to realize the pattern of information synchronization, the results
of aspiration screening become a standard guideline capable of boosting performance
strategically for the optimization of the role of DPRD members in West Java.

References

Alfred De Grazia, 1981, Chaos and creation, Metron Publication Princeton London
Bombay
Andrianus Pito, Toni, dkk. 2006. Mengenal Teori-Teori Politik . Nuansa. Bandung
Budihardjo, Meriam ,1992, Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Politik, PT Gramedia, Jakarta.
Creswell, John W. 1994. Research Design Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches.
Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Creswell, John W. 2012. Research Design Qualitative & Quantitative Approaches.
E.III Sage Publication: New Dehli.
Dahl, Robert A, 1992, Demokrasi dan para pengkritiknya, jiid 1, yayasan obor, Jakarta.
Daft, Richard L. dan Richard M. Steers. 1986. Organization: A Micro/Macro
Approach. Foresman Company.London
Denzin, Norman K. dan Yvonna S. Lincoln (ed.). 1994. Handbook of Qualitative
Research. Sage Publications. London
Dwiyanto, Agus. 2005.Mewujudkan Good Governance Melalui Pelayanan Publik.
Gadjah Mada University Press.Yogyakarta
Gaspersz, Vincent. 1997. Manajemen Kualitas : Membangun Tujuh Kebiasaan
Kualitas. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta
Hamdi, Muchlis. 2002. Bunga Rampai Pemerintahan. Yarsif Watampone. Jakarta
Hamdi, Muchlis. 2014. Kebijakan Publik “Proses, Analisis dan Partisipasi”. Bogor :
Ghalia Indonesia.
Heywood, Andrew. 2000. Key Concepts In Politics,Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
Hoogerwerf, 1983. Ilmu Pemerintahan. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Huberman, Michael dan Mattew B. Miles. 1994. “Data Management and Analysis
methods”, dalam Norman K. Denzin dan Yvonna S. Lincoln (ed.), Handbook of
Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
Inosentius Syamsul, 2004. Meningkatkan Kinerja Fungsi legislasi DPRD, Adeksi.,
Jakarta
Islamy, Irfan. Prinsip-prinsip Perumusan Kebijaksanan Negara. Jakarta, Bumi Aksara:
2000
Janet V. Dernhart dan Robert B. Dernhart. 2003. The New Public Service : Serving,
not Steering. M.E Sharpe, New York
Jones, Charles O. 1984. An Introduction to the Study of Public Policy. Belomont CA:
Wadsworth.
Kantaprawira, Rusadi, 1988, Sistem politik Indonesia : suatu model pengantar
Penerbit Sinar Baru, Bandung
Kuper, Adam & Kuper (ed), 2000, Ensiklopedi Ilmu-ilmu Sosial , Diterjemahkan
Oleh Haris Munandar dkk, Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada
Leach, steve: Stewart. John and Kieron Walsh, 1994. The Changing Organization and
Management of Local Government, Mcmillan press Ltd.
Madani, Haris, 2011, Dimensi Kebijakan Aktor Dalam Proses Perumusan Kebijakan
Publik. Graha Ilmu. Tahun Terbit : Cetakan Pertama, Jakarta
Napitupilu, Paiman. 2007. Menuju Pemerintahan Perwakilan, Alumni, Bandung.
Nasir, Mohammad. 1999. Metode Penelitian. Ghalia Indonesia, Jakarta
Neuman, William Lawrence, 2000, Social Research Methods Qualitative and
Quantitative Approach, Allyn and Bacon: London
Nordholt, Henk Schulte & Klinken, Van Gerry (ed). 2007. Renegoltiating Boundaries
Local Politics In Post Soeharto Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV Press
Ndraha, Talidzuhu. 2003. Kybernology. Bandung : Bumi Aksara.
Ndraha, Taliziduhu, 2008, Kybernologi dan Kepamongprajaan, Sirao Credentia Center.
Jakarta
Nugroho, Riant. 2003. Kebijakan Publik : Formulasi, Implementasi dan Evaluasi. Elex
Media Komputindo. Jakarta
Miles, B.B., dan A.M. Huberman, 1992, Analisa Data Kualitatif, UI Press. Jakarta
Oates. E Wallace, 1995. Environmental and public economics : essays in honor of
published in his honor . London
Pahlevi, Rizal Muhammad, 2001, Peran Partai Politik Indonesia, Gramedia, Jakarta.
Pamudji, Suparni. 1984. Pelaksanaan Azas Desentralisasi dan Otonomi Daerah di
Dalam Sistem Administrasi NKRI. IIP Press.. Jakarta
Patton, Michael Quinn. 1990. Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. London:
Sage Publications.
Peraturan Pemerintah No. 16 Tahun 2010 tentang Pedoman Penyusunan Peraturan
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah tentang Tata Tertib Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat
Daerah. (n.d.).
Pitkin. Hanna. 1967, The Concept Of Refresentation, Atherton Press, New York
Provinsi Jawa Barat dalam Angka tahun 2016
Pudyatmoko, Sri, 2009, Perizinan, Problem dan Upaya Pembenahan, Grasindo. Jakarta
Rahman H.I, 2007. Sistem Politik Indonesia, Graha Ilmu, Jakarta
Rasyid, M. Ryaas, 1998. Makna Pemerintahan : Tinjauan Dari Segi Etika dan
Kepemimpinan, Yarif Watampone, Jakarta.
Rasyid, Muhammad Ryaas. 2000. Penjaga Hati Nurani Pemerintahan. Pusat Kajian
Etika Politik dan Pemerintahan (PUSKAP) dan Masyarakat Ilmu Pemerintahan.
Jakarta
Ratminto, dan Atik Septi Winarsih. 2005.Manajemen Pelayanan. Pustaka Pelajar.
Jakarta
Ripley, Randall B. dan Grace A, Franklin. 1987. Congress, The Bureaucracy and Public
Policy. Dorsey Press.
Sanit, Arbi. 1995. Perwakilan Politik di Indonesia. Rajawali Press. Jakarta
Saragih. R.Bintan R. dan Koesnardi, Moh, 1988, Konstitusi Republik lndonesia Sejak
Proklamasi hingga Reformasi. Grafitri Budi Utami. Bandung
Suseno Franz Magnis, 2001, Etika Politik Prinsip-Prinsip Moral Dasar Kenegaraan
Modern, Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta
Soencen, Rune J. 2006. Local Government Consolidations: The Inpact of Political
Transaction Costs. Public Choice. London
Stewart, John, 1988, Understanding The Management of Local Government, Longman,
London
Wahidin, Syamsul 2007, dimensi kekuasaan indonesia, pustaka pelajar. Jakarta
Wahab, Solichin Abdul. 2008. Analisis Kebijaksanaan: Dari Formulasi ke
Implementasi Kebijaksanaan Negara. Bumi Aksara. Jakarta
Winarno, Budi. 1989. Teori Kebijaksanaan Publik. PAU-Studi Sosial Universitas
Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta
Antonini, Matteo, Michael A. Hogg, Mannetti Lucia, Barbara Barbieri, Joseph A.
Wagoner, 2015, Motivating Citizens to Participate in Public Policymaking:
Identification, Trust and Cost-Benefit Analyses, Department of Developmental
and Social Psychology, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. [b] Social
Identity Lab, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA, Journal of
Social and Political Psychology, Vol. 3(2), 131–147, doi:10.5964/jspp. v3i2. 408,
http://jspp.psychopen.eu.
Babooa Sanjiv Kumar, 2008, Public Participation in The Making and Implementation
of Policy on Mauritius With Reference to Port Louis’ Local Government, Public
Administration Programme At University Of South Africa.
David Spacek and Svatava Nunyaroya, 2009, Quality Management And Citizens'
Satisfaction Selected Practice Of Czech Public Administration, The International
Journal of Knowledge, Culture & Change Management, Australia.
Dubow, T. (2017). Civic engagement: How can digital technologies underpin citizen-
powered democracy? Retrieved from
https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/conf_proceedings/CF300/CF373/R
AND_CF373.pdf
Eklund, L. (1999). From Citizen Participation Towards Community Empowerment
From Citizen Participation Towards Community Empowerment.
Gabriele Abels, 2007, Citizen Involvement in Public Policy-making: Does it Improve
Democratic Legitimacy and Accountability? The Case of pTA, Institute for
Science and Technology Studies (IWT), Faculty of Sociology, Bielefeld
University, Germany, Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp.
103–116.
Goodin, R. E., & Dryzek, J. S. (2006). Deliberative Impacts : The Macro-Political
Uptake of Mini-Publics, 34(2), 219–244.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329206288152
Goodman, R. M., Speers, M. A., Mcleroy, K., Fawcett, S., Kegler, M., Parker, E., …
Wallerstein, N. (1998). Identifying and Defining the Dimensions of Community
Capacity to Provide a Basis for Measurement, 25(June), 258–278.
Janis Lee, 2005, Citizen Involvement in Public Policy Formation from The Perspective
of a Rural Kansas Senatorial District, European Integration online Papers 6 (19),
Internet: http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/2002-019a.htm.
Kazemi, Mohammed, 2015, The Effect of E-government Service Quality on Public
Trust: Case Study: Saanat o Madan Bank of Iran, Bankacılık ve Sigortacılık
Araştırmaları Dergisi.
Kim, B. S. (1995). Increasing Trust in Government through more Participatory and
Transparent Government. Forum American Bar Association, (Fukuyama), 381–
384.
Lee, C., & Huang, T. (2014). E-government Use and Citizen Empowerment :
Examining the Effects Of Online Information On Political Efficacy, 12(1), 54–
66.
Hanna Naukkarinen, Aspiration Development among Rural Youth Case study of Liceo Rural
Sámara, Social and Public Policy/Development and International Cooperation
Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy University of Jyväskylä.

Olphert Damodaran, L., W. (2005). Dialogue with Citizens - the Missing Link in Delivering e-
Government. Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, 3(6), 32–36. Retrieved from
http://www.iiisci.org/Journal/CV$/sci/pdfs/P804066.pdf

Rowell, A. (2008). Law, Belief and Aspiration, 8(9), 1–4.

Sabanci, T. (2015). Expressions of Hope and Aspiration Among Young People, (June).

Sri Sundari (2012) dengan judul : “Koordinasi Dewan Perwakilan Daerah Dengan Dewan
Perwakilan Rakyat Dalam Penyerapan Aspirasi Masyarakat”, Disertasi, Program Studi
Ilmu Pemerintahan, Program Pascasarjana FISIP Universitas Padjadjaran.

Syamsuddin Haris, 2005. Desentralisasi dan Otonomi Daerah, LIPI Press, Jakarta

Schedler, Andreas. 1998. What is Democratic Consolidation? Journal of Democracy 9 (2) 91-
107

Schwab, B and D Kubler, 2001, “Metropolitan Governance and the ‘democratic deficit’:
Theoretical Issues and Empirical Findings”, Paper in Conference Area-based initiatives
in contemporary urban policy, Copenhagen, May 2001, AvailableOnline:
http://www.sbi.dk/eura/workshops/papers/workshop2/schwab.pdf

Wahyu Mahendra, Metia Pratiwi, & R. P. (2015). Citizens’ Aspirations and Complaints Online
System (LAPOR) in Indonesia: Making Citizens Happy. Faculty of Social and Political
Sciences, University of Indonesia, 1–15.

Warwick, Donald P. 1975. A Theory of Public Bureaucracy. Massachussets: Harvard

University Press.

Whithehead, Laurence. 1989. The Consolidation of Fragile Democracies. Democracy in the

America, 30-45 New York Holmes.

Zaw Oo, Min. 2008. From Democratic Transaction to Consolidation; The Analysis Of 115
cases of Democratic Transition In Eighty six. Dissertation the Graduate Faculty of
George Mason University UMI.

Legislation

Undang-Undang Nomor 23 tahun 2014 Tentang Pemerintahan Daerah

Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 96 Tahun 2012 Tentang Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 25

Tahun 2009 Tentang Pelayanan Publik
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 25 Tahun 2004 tentang Pedoman Penyusunan Peraturan Tata
Tertib Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah pengganti Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 1 tahun
2001 tentang Pedoman Penyusunan Tata Tertib Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah,
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 16 Tahun 2010 tentang Pedoman Penyusunan Peraturan Dewan
Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Tentang Tata Tertib Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah