ERODE SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institution)

DEPA RTM EN T OF E.I .E
Academic Year 2019-2020
EI6704 BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
UNIT I- FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
1. Define action potential.
When a stimulus is applied to a cell at the resting stage, there will be a high concentration of
the positive ions inside the cell. So, there will be slightly high potential on the inside the cell due
to imbalance of potassium ions. This is called action potential. Range 20 mV.
2. Define resting potential.
The membrane potential measured when a equilibrium is reached with a potential difference
across the cell membrane negative on the inside and positive on the outside is called resting
potential. Range -60 to 100 mV
3. State all or nothing law.
Regardless the method of excitation of cells or the intensity of the stimulus, which is assumed
to be greater than the threshold of stimulus, the action potential is always the same for any given
cell. This is known as the all or nothing law.
4. Define absolute refractory period.
During the initial portion of the action potential , the membrane cannot respond to any
stimulus , no matter how intense the stimulus is. This interval is absolute refractory period.
5. What is meant by sodium pump?
It is an active process , called sodium pump in which the sodium pumps are quickly
transported to the outside of the cell and the cell again become polarized and assumes its resting
potential.
6. Define relative refractory period.
ARP is followed by relative refractory period. During this period, action potential can be
elicited by a super threshold stimulus.
7. Define conduction velocity.
The rate at which an action potential moves down a fiber of a nerve cell or is propagated from
cell to cell is called the propagation delay or conduction velocity.
8. Write the classification of nervous system.
1. Central Nervous system
2. Peripheral Nervous system
i) Sympathetic nervous system
ii) Parasympathetic nervous system
9. What is meant by central nervous system?
The central nervous system is made up of the brain and the spinal cord.
10. What are the different parts of the central nervous system?
1. Cerebrum
2. Cerebellum
3. Brain stem
11. What is meant by peripheral nervous system?
The peripheral nervous system consists of all the nerves and groups of neurons outside the
brain and spinal cord.
12. What is meant by synapsing?
 The interconnection between neurons is called synapses. The word synapse can be used as
both a noun and a verb. Thus the connection is called synapse and the act of connecting is called
synapsing.

13. Define protoplasm

The different substances that make up the cell are collectively called protoplasm which is
mainly composed of electrolytes, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.
14. What are the electrolytes present in the cell?
The electrolytes present in the cell are potassium, magnesium, phosphate, sulphate,
bicarbonate and small quantities of sodium, calcium and chloride.
15. What is the nature of cancer cell?
Cancer is caused by mutation or abnormal activation of cellular genes that control cell growth
and cell mitosis.
16. Define ICF and ECF
The fluid which lies inside the cell membrane is called intra cellular fluid and the fluid which
lies outside the cell membrane is called extra cellular fluid.
17. Define arteries and veins
Blood vessels which carry pure blood from the heart to various organs are known as arteries.
Blood vessels through which impure blood returns to the heart are known as veins.
18. Define systolic and diastolic pressure.
The minimum level of blood pressure measured between contractions of the heart is called
diastolic pressure and its value is 80 mmHg. The blood pressure is at highest when the heart beats,
pumping the blood is called systolic pressure and its value is 120 mmHg..
19. What are the different valves present in the heart?
1. Bicuspid valve
2. Tricuspid valve
3. Pulmonary semi lunar valve
4. Aortic semi lunar valve
20. Define transducer.
Transducer is a device that converts non electrical quantity into a electrical quantity.
Transducer is a device which converts energy from one form to another form.
21. Classify the transducer.
Transducers are classified as

 Active and passive transducer

 Analog and digital transducer
 Primary and secondary transducer
 Transducer and inverse transducer
22. What is DNA?
DNA is the basic substance of the nucleus that controls replication of the cell.
23. Define biomechanics.
Biomechanics is the study of the structure and function of biological systems such as humans,
animals, plants, organs, fungi, and cells by means of the methods of mechanics.
24. What is the work of kidney?
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that serve several essential regulatory roles in vertebrates.
Their main function is to regulate the balance of electrolytes in the blood, along with
maintaining pH homeostasis. They also remove excess organic molecules from the blood, and it is
 by this action that their best-known function is performed: the removal of waste
products of metabolism.
25. What are the basic components of a biomedical system?
Subject, transducer, signal conditioning circuit, measurement, feedback unit, stimulus(Diagram
must)

26. Define sensitivity.

Sensitivity is defines as the electrical output per unit change in the physical parameter. High
sensitivity is generally desirable for a transducer.

PART – B
1. Explain the action of sodium pump.
2. Discuss on pressure transducers and their applications in biomedicine.
3. Draw and explain the physiology of heart.
4. Explain the electrical conduction system.
5. What are the various factors that influence the selection of transducers?
6. Explain the various transducers used in pulse measurement.
7. Explain the principle of the cell potential.
8. Describe the characteristics of resting potential.
9. Explain the functioning of a human cell using its electrical characteristics.
10. Show how an ultrasonic transducer is applied in clinical diagnostic circuit.
11. Derive an approximate engineering system equivalent to the heart.
12. Explain the function of human respiratory system.
13. Write about the biomechanics of bone and spinal cord
14. Write about the biomechanics of soft tissue.
15. Explain about the working of kidney.

UNIT II - NON ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC

PROCEDURES

1. What are the types of BP measurement?

 Indirect or non Invasive method
 Direct or Invasive method
2. What is meant by mean arterial pressure?
Mean aterial pressure is the weighted average of the systolic and diastolic pressure. It falls
about one third of the way between the diastolic low and systolic peak.
3. What is korotkoff sound?
When cuff is inflated to a pressure that only partially occludes the branchial arterial
turbulence is generated in the blood as it spurts through the tiny arterial opening during the
systole. The sound generated by this turbulence is called korotkoff sound.

4. Define ventilation.
Ventilation deals with the determination of the ability of the body to displace air volume
quantitatively and the speed with which it moves the air. Mostly spirometers are used in the
ventilation measurement.
5. Define tidal volume.
Volume of gas inspired or expired during each normal, quiet and respiration cycle. For normal
adult this value is 10 %( 600 ml) of total lung capacity.
6. What is cardiac output?
It is the amount of blood delivered by the heart to the aorta per minute. During each beat in
the case of adults, the amount of blood ranges from 70 to 100 ml and hence in normal adult the
cardiac output is about 4-6 litres / minute.

7. What is phonocardiogram?
The graphic record of the heart sounds is called phonogram. Because the sound is from the
heart, it is called phonocardiogram.

8. What are the different types of heart sound?

 Valve closure sound
 Ventricular filling sound
 Valve opening sound
 Extra cardiac output
9. Differentiate between tidal volume and residual volume.
The tidal volume or normal depth of breathing is the volume of gas inspired or
expired during each normal , quiet, respiration cycle. The residual volume is the volume of gas
remaining on the lungs at the end of a maximum expiration.
10. Define MVV.
Maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) is a measure of the maximum amount of air that can be
breathed in and blown out over a sustained interval such as 15 or 20 seconds.
11. Define TLC.
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) is the amount of gas contained in the lungs at the end of a
maximal inspiration. It is also the sum of residual volume and vital capacity.
12. Define FVC
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) is the total amount of air that can forcibly be expired as quickly
as possible after taking the deepest breath.
13. Define FRC
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end
expiratory level. It is the sum of the residual volume and expiratory reserve volume.
14. Define Distribution.
Distribution measurements indicate the degree of lung obstructions for the flow of air and
also determine the residual volume of air that cannot be removed from the lungs.
15. Define diffusion.
Diffusion measurements indicate the lung ability to exchange gas with the circulatory system
or the rate at which gas is exchanged with the blood stream.
16. What is vital capacity?
The vital capacity is the maximum volume of gas that can be expelled from the lungs after a
maximal inspiration.
17. What is IRV?
Inspiratory reserve volume is the extra volume of gas that can be inspired with maximal effort
after reaching the normal end of inspiratory level.
18. What is ERV?
Expiratory reserve volume is the extra volume of gas that can be expired with maximaum
effort beyond reaching the normal end of expiratory level.
19. What is IC?
Inspiratory Capacity is the maximum amount of gas that can be inspired after reaching the
end respiratory level.
20. What is FEV?
Forced Expiratory Volume which is the maximum amount of gas that can be expelled in a
given time.

21. What is spirometer?

Spirometer is an instrument used to measure the respiratory volume measurements. All lung
volumes and capacities can be determined by measuring the amount of gas inspired or expired
under a given set of conditions or during a given time interval.

22. What are different types of spirometer?

Standard spirometer,Waterless spirometer,Wedge spirometer,Electronic spirometer,Broncho
spirometer
23. What is auscultation?
The technique of listening to sounds produced by organs and vessels of the body is
auscultation.
24. What is the Principle of plethysmograph?
Principle of operation of plethysmograph depends on Boyles law. Boyles law states that a
given Kelvin temperature the pressure of given mass of the gas is inversely proportional to
volume.
25. Mention the uses of Plethysmography.(June 2009)
Plethysmography is basically used to measure the volume changes in any part of the body that
result from pulsations of blood occurring with each heart beat. These measurements are useful in
the diagnosis of arteria; obstructions and pulse wave velocity measurementa which may lead to
determine the heart rate.
26. Define pH.
pH can be defined as the logarithm of the reciprocal of the H+ ion concentration . It is a
measure of the acid- base balance of a fluid.
27. Define GSR.
GSR is used for measuring variations in perspiration. In response to an external stimulus such
as touching a sharp point, the resistance of the skin shows a characteristic decrease and this is
known as Galvanic Skin Response.

PART B
1. Describe the working of phonocardiography.
2. Explain a method for measuring blood pCO2 . Draw a neat sketch of pCO2 electrode.
3. Describe the Fick’s method for the determination of cardiac output.
4. What are the two major factors that control the rate and depth of respiration? Elaborate.
5. Explain the construction of pO2 electrode.
6. Explain the construction and working of pH meter with diagram.
7. Explain the principles and working of a blood flow meter using the indicator dilution principle.
Justify using relevant expression.
8. Explain the functioning of infrared CO2 analyser with the aid of a neat diagram.
9. What is spirometer? Give its applications.
 10. Explain about Plethysmograph.
11. What are known as korotkoff sound? How will you measure them with an indirect method of
measurement?
12. Draw the block diagram of electrosphygmomanometer and explain.
13. Explain about oximeters.

UNIT III ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS

1. Define half cell potential.
The voltage developed at an electrode –electrolyte interface is designated as the Half cell
potential or electrode potential.
2. What is perfectly polarised electrode?
Electrodes in which no net transfer of charge occurs across the metal electrolyte interface are
called as perfectly polarized electrodes.
3. What is perfectly non polarisable eclectrodes?
Electrodes in which unhindered exchange of charge is possible across the metal electrolyte
interface are called perfectly nonpolarisable electrodes.
4. Classify the different types of electrodes.
 Surface electrodes
i. Metal plate electrode
ii. Suction electrode
iii. Floating electrode
 Internal electrodes
i. Wire loop electrode
ii. Silver sphere cortical electrode
iii. Multi element depth electrode
 Micro electrode
i. Metal microelectrode
ii. Supported metal micro electrodes
iii. Micropipette electrode
5. What is the purpose of electrode paste?
 Electrode paste decreases the contact impedance.
 It reduces the artifacts resulting from the movement of the electrode or patient.
6. What is the need for pre amplifier?
 Biosignal acquisition is a difficult one since it handles the biosignal data in the
low microvolt and low frequency region.
 The biosignals should be acquired without any loading effect.
7. What is chopper amplifier?
The chopper amplifier is used to convert the DC or low frequency signal into a high
frequency signal. Then this modulated high frequency signal is amplified by conventional AC
amplifier. Then this is demodulated and filtered to get low frequency or DC signal.
8. What are the different types of chopper amplifier?
 Mechanical chopper amplifier
 Non mechanical amplifier.
9. Mention various bioelectrical potentials
 Electro cardiogram
 Electro encephalogram
 Electro myogram
  Electro retinogram
 Electro oculogram
 Electro gastrogram
10. Define CMRR
It is the ratio of the amplification of the different voltage to the amplification of the common
mode voltage.

11. What is ECG?

Electrocardio graphy deals with the study of the electrical activity of the heart muscles. The
potentials originated in the individual fibers of heart muscles are added to produce the ECG
waveform.
12. Mention the different electrode system used in ECG.
1. Bipolar Limb Leads (or) standard leads
2. Augmented unipolar limb leads
3. Chest leads (or) precordial leads
4. Frank lead system (or) corrected orthogonal leads
13. What are the different types of electrodes used in ECG?
1. Limb electrodes
2. Floating electrodes
3. Pregelled disposable electrodes
4. Pasteless electrodes
14. What are the important parts of the ECG recorder?
1. Patient cable and defibrillator protection circuit
2. Lead selector switch
3. Calibrator
4. Bio amplifier
5. Auxiliary amplifier
6. Isolated power supply
7. Output unit
8. Power Switch
15. Mention some considerations that have to be monitored while taking ECG.
1. The patient should not touch or make contact with any metal objects such as bed rail, bed
stand or furniture
2. Remove or unplug any other electrical appliances such as clocks, radios, lamps etc in the
vicinity of patient.
3. Make sure that the polarity test has been conducted before connecting the cable to the
patient.
4. All electrodes have been applied with right amount of paste or jelly and that all electrodes
straps are tight enough.
5. The patient should be comfortable and relaxed. If patient is not completely relaxed, the
unsteady trace may be produced.
16. What is EEG?
Electroencephalography deals with the recording and study of electrical activity of the brain.
17. What are the electrodes used for EEG?
1. Chlorided silver disc electrode
2. Depth electrode
3. Small needle electrode
4. Silver ball or pellet electrodes
5. Carbon cloth electrode
18. How is the basic frequency of the EEG wave classified?
1. Delta 0.5 – 4 Hz
2. Theta 4 – 8 Hz
3. Alpha 8 – 13 Hz
4. Beta 13-30 Hz
5. Gamma 22 – 30 Hz
19. List the uses of EEG.
1. To measure the level consciousness
2. To study characteristics features during the application of anesthesia
3. To detect cerebral death
4. To detect brain tumors

20. Define evoked potential.

Evoked potential are the potentials developed in the brain as the response to external stimuli
like light, sound etc. The external stimuli are detected by the sense sense organs which causes
changes in the electrical activity of the brain. It is also called as event related potential.
21. What is IPSP?
If the transmitter substance is inhibitory, the membrane potential of the receptor neuron
increases in a negative direction. So that it is less likely to discharge; this induced potential
change is called as Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential. (IPSP)
22. What is EPSP?
If the transmitter substance is excitatory, the membrane potential of the receptor neuron
increases in a positive direction. So that it is more likely to discharge and produce a spike
potential. This induced potential change is called as Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential. (EPSP)
23. What is EMG?
Electromyography is the science of recording and interpreting the electrical activity of muscle
action potential.
24. Define latency.
Latency is defined as the elapsed time between the stimulating impulse and the muscle’s
action potential.
25. Give the disadvantage of using surface electrode.
 Surface electrodes can be used only for superfacial muscles
 They are sensitive to electrical activity over too wide area
26. What are the electrodes used for EMG?
 Needle electrode,Coaxial core electrode,Capacitive type needle electrode
27. Give the color coding used in the ECG leads.
 White – right arm
 Black – left arm
 Green – right leg
 Red – left leg
 Brown – chest
28. What is the range of pH of blood?(June 2006)
pH of Venous blood is 7.35 and pH of arterial blood is 7.40
29. What is ERG?
Potential within the eye may be recorded relatively easily because of its exposed position. If
illumination of the retina is changed, the potential changes slightly in a complex manner. This
type of recording is called as Electroretinogram.
30. What are the two paper speeds used in ECG recorders?
 25 mm/s and 50 mm/s
31. What is graded potentials?
Graded potentials are the variations around the average value of the resting potential.
32. What is event related potential?
The changes in the potential that are evoked by an external stimulus but are related to an
event is called event related potential.
33. Mention the effects of electric current on the human body.
Sparks from static electricity could ignite flammable gases, causing an explosion. Shocks
from static electricity could cause cardiac arrest if applied to a pacing catheter.

34. What is micro shock?

A physiological response to a current applied to the surface of the heart that results in
unwanted stimulation like muscle contractions or tissue injury is called micro shock.
35. What is macro shock?
A physiological response to a current applied to the surface of the body that produces
unwanted stimulation like muscle contraction or tissue injury is called macro shock.
36. What are the parameters to be looked into in surgery to avoid tissue destruction?
 Fine wire electrode
 High RF volt
 High cutting speed
37. What is GFI?
Ground fault interrupter protects patients against a macro shock that occurs if a person
touches the hot lead with one hand and the ground with the others.
38. What is meant by letgo current?
It is the minimum current to produce muscular contraction. Let go current for men is about
16mA and for woman is about 10.5mA. Between 5Hz to 200Hz the value of letgo current is so
low. Above 200 Hz, the letgo current is directly proportional to the logarithm of frequency.

PART – B
1. Describe in detail about the clinical significance, lead configuration, recording methods and
waveforms of ECG.
2. Draw a buffer amplifier circuit and explain its working.
3. Explain the working of a chopper amplifier.
4. Explain the working of EMG system.
5. Discuss the different types of noises present in the amplifier circuit.
6. Draw the circuit diagram of ECG isolation amplifier and explain its action.
7. What are chopper amplifiers? Mention their importance in biomedical instrumentation. Draw a
non mechanical and mechanical chopper amplifier and explain its working.
8. Compare the characteristics of the micro, needle and surface electrodes.
9. With a neat block diagram show how EEG is recorded?
10. Explain eithovens triangle and describe how ECG lead configurations are employed.
11. Explain the action of a simple medical preamplifier.
12. What are the hazards caused due to electric shock?
13. With circuit, explain any three methods for reducing electrical shock hazards.
 UNIT IV-IMAGING MODALITIES AND ANALYSIS
1. How does a CT scan work?
Measurements are taken from the transmitted X-ray through the body and contain information
on all the constituents of the body in the path of the X-ray beam. By using multidirectional
scanning of the object multiple datas are collected. Computer performs the calculation and obtain
an information. this information can be present in a conventional raster form and results in two
dimensional picture.
2. Give the application of CT in medicine.
 It detects small bone injuries, damage of the brain , location and extent of bleeding .
 It helps in vascular lesions detecting arteriovenous malformations.
 In oncology for detecting metastatic disease
 In digenesative disease like cerebral atrophy, tuber vulomas.
 In the screening of high risk group for detection of lung cancer.
 Sputum examination shows malignant cells when conventional chest X- ray do not
reveal
3. What are the major systems in CT?
 Scanning system
 Processing system
 Viewing system
 Storage unit
4. State the classification of artifacts.
 Noise artifact
 Motion artifact
 Artifact due to high differential absorption in the adjacent tissue
 Technical errors and computer artifacts

5. Define NMR.(June 2006)

In the presence of large magnetic field, the spinning of nucleus in the atom and its axis of
rotation will precess about the magnetic field. Each spin state has different energy . at equilibrium
, the lower state has more nuclei than the higher state. Using RF radiation with energy exactly
equal to the energy difference between two nuclear energy states. One state can achieve
population inversion by raising the nuclei from the lower energy states to the higher energy state.
The excited nuclear spins will slowly return to its equilibrium. Emitting the RF called Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance.
6. Give the non surgical application of Laser.
Low power lasers include subtle chemical enzymatic or metabolic changes in the human
body. The wavelength coherence and power of the laser can be controlled to generate such photo
biological effects. They are also used to cure skin cancers like oral carcinoma.
7. Mention the different parameters that affect the laser tissue interaction.(May 2005)
 Wavelength of laser
 Energy density
 Pulse duration
 Irradiation time
 Absorption characteristics of target molecule
8. What are the advantages of using laser instruments?
 Highly sterile
 Highly localized and precise
 Dry field, almost bloodless surgery
  Non contact surgery
 Short periods of surgical time

9. What are the special characteristics of optical fiber bundles used in endoscopy?(June
2007)
Low quality, Large diameter and Short length silica fibers are used.
10. What is endoscopy?
Endoscopy is an tubular optical instrument used to measure and and to view the body cavities
which are not visible to the naked eye normally.
11. What are the different types of endoscopy?(Nov 2007)
 Bronchoscope
 Cardioscope
 Laparoscope
 Opthalmoscope
 Thoracoscope
12. What are the different types of transducer used in ultrasonography?
 Linear
 Sector
 Convex array

13. What are the two types of reflections in ultrasounds?

 Specular
 Non specular
14. What are the types of display modes used in ultrasonography?
 A mode
 B mode
 M mode
15. What are the recording devices used in ultrasonography?
 Strip chart recorder
 Video printer
 Video recording
 Polaroid camera
16. What are the artifacts in ultrasonography?
 Related to instrument problems
 Improper operator technique
 Due to interaction of sound
17. What is thermograph?
Thermograph is an infrared thermometer incorporated into a scanner so that the entire surface
of a body or some portion of the body is scanned and the infrared energy is measured and used to
modulate the intensity of a light beam that produces a map of the infrared energy on photographic
paper.
18. State the advantage of microwave thermography.
When compared to the infrared radiation intensity, microwave is about 108 times greater in
wavelength. Thus temperature difference up to 0.1K can be detected in a depth of 1 cm in tissue
and 8 cm in fat and bones.
19. What are the different medical applications of thermography?(Nov.2008)
 To diagnose breast cancer
 To detect tumors
 Brain and nervous diseases
 Harmonic diseases
20. What is biotelemetry?
Bio telemetry is the electrical technique which permits examination of the physiological data
of man or animal under normal conditions and in natural surroundings without discomfort to the
patient under investigations.
21. Give the two categories of measurement made with telemetry system?
 Active measurement and Passive measurement
22. What are the applications of telemetry?
 Radio frequency transmission for monitoring astronauts in space.
 Patient monitoring in an ambulance or in locations away from the hospital and where
freedom of movement is desired.
 Research on unstrained, unanesthetized animals in their natural habitat.
 Use of telephone links for transmission of EEGs, ECGs etc.

23. What are different types of telemetry system?

 Single channel telemetry system
 Multi channel telemetry system

24. Define the term radio pill.

It is a radio pill that contains a sensor plus a miniature transmitter is swallowed and the data
are picked by a receiver and recorded. Such radio pills are used to monitor stomach pressure or
pH.
25. What is electroradiosonde?
Electro radiosonde is a biotelemetry unit. It is a radio pill less than 1cm^3 in volume so that it
can be swallowed by the patient. As it travels through the gastro intenstial tract, it measures the
various pressure it encounters.
26. What are the problems associated with implant telemetry circuits?
 For implant telemetry, the size and the weight limitations are much ,more serious and
the reliability requirement is more.
 These units also restrict the distance of transmission of the signal because it is greatly
attenuated by body fluids and skin.
 Encapsulation of the unit is required; the outer case and the wires should be
impervious to body fluids.
27.What is retinal imaging?
Retinal imaging aids in the early detection and management of diseases that can affect both
your eyes and overall health. This includes glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetes and
hypertension.

PART B

1. Explain in detail about the basic principle of thermography. With a neat diagram explain the
different parts of the thermal imaging system.
2. Write a note on endoscopy.
3. Explain the different elements involved in biotelemetry circuit.
4. Explain about patient monitoring system.
5. Draw the block diagram of a MRI system and explain its working principle.
6. Draw the block diagram of a single channel radio telemetry system and explain how blood
pressure can be monitored using telemetry.
7. Show how computer tomography has revolution the field of diagnosis explaining its salient
features.
8. Draw the block diagram of a CT scanner and explain the different blocks in it.
9. Describe any one therapeutic instrument using an endoscope.

10. Explain the image reconstruction using MRI system and mention its merits over other imaging
techniques.
11. With necessary diagrams explain the different display modes used in ultrasonic imaging system.
12.Describe the principle of magnetic resonance imaging

UNIT V LIFE ASSISTING, THERAPEUTIC AND ROBOTIC DEVICES

1. What is pacemaker?
Pacemaker is an electrical pulse generator that starts or maintains the normal heart rhyhm.
The application of electrical pulses to the heart is pacing action.
2. What are the two types of pacemakers?
 External pacemaker and Internal pacemaker
3. How the pacemakers are classified depends upon the mode of operation?
 Ventricular synchronous
 Ventricular asynchronous
 Ventricular inhibited
 Atrial synchronous pacemaker
 Atrial sequential ventricular inhibited pacemaker
4. What is external stimulation?
External stimulation is employed to restart the normal rhthym of the heart in the case of
cardiac stand still.
5. What is Internal stimulation?
Internal stimulation is employed in cases requiring long term pacing because of permanent
damage that prevents normal self triggering of the heart.
6. Which is the natural pacemaker in the human body?
Sinoatrial node is the natural pacemaker in the human body
7. What are the application of ventricular asynchronous or stand by pacemaker?
Ventricular asynchronous or stand by pacemaker is basically a simple astable multivibrator
produces a stimulus at a fixed rate irrespective of the heart rhythm.
8. What are the applications of ventricular inhibited pacemaker?
 The R wave inhibited pacemaker allows the heart to pace at its normal rhythm which
is able to. If the R wave is missing for a preset period of time, the pacer will supply
stimulus.
 When the sensor is slightly stressed or bent by patients body activity, the pacemaker
can automatically increase or decrease its rate. Thus it can match with the greater
physical effort.
9. What is the application of atrial synchronous pacemaker?
 This type of pacing is used for young patients with amostly stable block.
 It is used in stress testing & coronary artery diseases, in the evaluation of severity
mitral stenosis & in the evaluation of various conduction mechanisms.
 It has been used to terminate atrial flutter & paroxymal atrial tachycardia
 It act as a temporary pacemaker for the atrial fibrillation.
10. What is an atrial sequential ventricular inhibited pacemaker?
Atrial sequential ventricular inhibited pacemaker has the capability of stimulating both the
atria & ventricles and adopt its method of stimulation to the patient’s need. If atrial function fails,
this pacemaker will stimulate the atrium & the sense the subsequent ventricular beat.
11. Mention the advantages of atrial sequential ventricular inhibited pacemaker.
Atrial sequential ventricular inhibited pacemaker has the capability of stimulating both the
atria and ventricles and adopt its method of stimulation to the patient’s need. If atrial function
fails, this pacemaker will stimulate the atrium & then sense the subsequent ventricular beat.
12. What is defibrillator?
A defibrillator is an electronic device that cretes a sustained myocardial polarization of a
patient’s heart in order to stop ventricular fibrillation or atrial fibrillation.
13. What is the necessity of D.C. defibrillator?
Unlike A.C. Defibrillator , the D>C. defibrillator would not produce undesirable side effects
and at the same time, it produces normal heart beat effectively. Here the ventricular fibrillation is
terminated by passing a high energy shock through discharging capacitor to the exposed heart, or
to the chest of a patient.
14. Define cardioverter.
Defibrillator pulse must be synchronous with the R wave of the ECG so that it is applied to a
patient shortly after occurrence of R wave. It treats the atrial arrhythmia which is like a atrial
tachycardia causing the ventricales to contrast at an elevated rate.
15. Name the electrodes used in defibrillator.
 Internal electrodes with well insulated handles
 Paddles for external fibrillator having diameter of nearly 100nm
 Disposable electrodes
16. What is the maximum energy given from the defibrillator?
The maximum energy given from the defibrillator is nearly 400 joules for a voltage range of
2-9KV.
17. What is ventilator?
A ventilator is used to provide oxygen enriched, medicated air to a patient at a controlled
temperature.
18. What is humidifier?
In order to prevent damage to the patient’s lungs, the applied air or oxygen must be
humidified either by heat vaporization or by bubbling an air stream through a jar of water.
19. What is nebulizer?
A Nebulizer compressor produces a fine spray of water or medication into the patient’s
inspired air in the form of aerosols.
20. What is meant by stimulator?
Stimulators are the devices which are used to stimulate innervated muscles, denervated muscles
and nerves.
21. Name some medical stimulators.
 Medtronic neuromed transcutaneous stimulator
 Dorsal column stimulators
 Bladder stimulators
 Cerebellar stimulators
22. What is diathermy?
Diathermy means through heating or producing deep heating directly in the tissue in the body.
23. Mention the advantages of diathermy.
 The subject’s body becomes a part of the electrical circuit and heat is produced in the
body and not transferred through the skin.
  The treatment can be controlled precisely. Careful placement of the electrodes
localization of the heart to the region to be treated.

24. What is fulguration?

The term fulguration refers to a superfacial tissue discolouration without affecting seated
tissues. This is obtained by passing sparks from a needle or ball electrode of small diameter to the
tissues.
25. What is desiccation?
The needle point electrodes are stack into the tissue and kept steady while passing electric
current. This creates a high local increase in heat and drying of tissues is taking place. This is
called desiccation which produces dehydration in the tissues.
26. What is elctrotomy?
When the electrode is kept above the skin, an electrical arc is sent. The heat produces a wedge
shaped narrow cutting of the tissue on the surface. By increasing current level, deeper level
cutting of the tissues takes place. Normally continuous current is used.
27. What is coagulation?
When the electrode is kept near the skin , high frequency current is sent through the tissue in
the form of burst and heating it locally so that it coagulates from inside.
28. What is blending?
When the electrode is kept above the skin, the separated tissues or nerves can be welded or
combined together by an electric arc. This is called blending.
29. What is microwave diathermy?
Microwave diathermy involves the process of irradiating tissues of the patient body with very
short wireless waves frequency in the microwave region. Typically, the frequency used is 2450
MHz corresponding to a wavelength of 12.25 cm.
30. What is dialysis?
Dialysis is used in the treatment of acute or chronical renal failure. It is a process which
involves removal of waste products from blood and obtaining normal pH.
31. Differentiate extra corporal dialysis and intra corporal dialysis.
S.No. Extra corporal Intra corporal

1. Blood is purified by an artifiacl kidney The peritoneal cavity in our body is

machine called hemodialyser. used as a semipermeable membrane &
passing the dialysate into it. Waste
products are removed fro the blood by
diffusion.

2. More effective, technical complex Less effective

3. Dialyzing time is about 3 to 6 hours Dialyzing time is about 9 to 12 hours

32. What is hemodialysis?

Hemodialysis is the removal of chemical substance from the blood by passing it through tubes
made of semipermeable membrane.
33. Mention the function of heart lung machine.
Heart lung machine replaces the functions of heart and lungs thereby providing the rest of the
body with a continuous supply of oxygenated blood while the heart is stopped. It maintains the
blood circulation and oxygenates blood during heart surgery.
34. What is audio meter?
 Audiometer is an electronic acoustic instrument for measuring human hearing level limits of
loudness and pitch of sound.

35. What are the function sof Heat exchanger in the Heart lung machine?
 To regulate the blood temperature and compensate for the heat exchange in or out of
the oxygenators
 To reduce the temperature in preparation for a surgical procedure
 To rewarm the blood after performing operation under hypothermia
PART – B
1. Describe with necessary diagrams, the DC defibrillator unit.
2. Make a comparison between external and implanted pacemakers.
3. Explain the working of Hemodialyser unit. Draw suitable schematic.
4. Write note on shortwave diathermy unit.
5. Explain the working of a heart lung machine.
6. What are the properties of implantable pacemakers?
7. Explain the operation of ventilators.
8. State the principle of Bekesy audiometer. What are its advantages over other types?
9. What are the various modes of operation of a cardiac pacemaker? Give the block diagram for an
instrument used in each of the modes.
10. Explain the operation of shortwave diathermy.
11. Distinguish between demand pacemaker and synchronous pacemaker.
12. Write brief notes on the working principle of nerve stimulator