SOLID WASTE ENGINEERING

Putrescible  animal and vegetable waste resulting from the

waste handling, preparation, cooking, and serving of food

Solid Waste  Generation – handling – collection – storage –

Management processing – utilization - disposal
System

Green chemistry  attempting to select materials, design manufacturing

and Green processes, and enhance energy conservation to minimize
engineering their effects on the environment

Closed-loop or
primary  use of recycled products to make the same or similar
recycling products

Secondary  use of recycled materials to make new products with

recycling different characteristics than the originals

Tertiary  recovery of chemicals or energy from postconsumer

recycling waste materials
curbside  primary method of collecting dry recyclables
collection

Iron and Steel  most commonly recycled metals

HDPE and PETE  most commonly recycled plastics

Glass  easiest material to recycle

Composting  controlled decomposition of organic materials

Combustion  to achieve destruction of all the combustible material

(burn out), it is necessary to achieve 700◦C
throughout the bed of waste and ash

Higher Heating  maximum heat released, T = 25◦C, combustion water is

Value (HHV) in liquid state
Lower Heating  T > 100◦C, combustion water is in vapor state
Value (HHV)

ash content  Reduces energy yield in combustion

TYPES OF
INCINERATORS

1.Conventional  most common form of MSW incineration

(Mass-Fired) Refuse is not pretreated
Incineration

2.Refuse-  Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is the combustible portion

Derived Fuel of solid waste that has been separated from the
Facilities noncombustible portion through processes such as
shredding, screening, and air classifying

 supplemental fuel system is the processed refuse-

derived fuel containing 12–16 MJ · kg−1 which can be
produced from 55–85% of the refuse received

3.Modular  steam is the sole energy product

Incinerators

4.Fluidized-Bed  sand is heated to about 800◦C by oil or gas and is

Incinerators blown around, or “fluidized,” in the incinerator
by a blower that sends air from the bottom upward

 Combustion and heat recovery in fluidized-bed

incinerators are very efficient and the level of
pollutant emissions is low.

Public Health  Combustion:

and emission of particulate matter, acid gases (SOx,
Environmental HCl,HF), NOx (primarily NO and NO2), carbon monoxide,
Issues organics, and heavy metals

 Incineration:
Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
Polystyrenes appear to yield the highest
concentrations of PAHs
Other Thermal
Treatment
Processes:

1.Pyrolysis  thermal processing of a material in the absence of

oxygen. Uses external heat source

2.Gasification  partial combustion in which a fuel is burned with less

than a stoichiometric amount of oxygen. Self-
sustaining
Sanitary  land disposal site employing an engineered method of
landfill disposing of solid wastes on land in a manner that
minimizes environmental hazards by spreading the solid
wastes to the smallest practical volume, and applying
and compacting cover material at the end of each day

Area method  most commonly used method of operation at sanitary

landfills. 3-step process: spreading the waste,
compacting it, and covering it with soil

Disease vectors  Carriers of disease

Leachate  liquid that passes through the landfill, extracts

dissolved and suspended matter from the waste material
field  The quantity of water that can be held against the
capacity pull of gravity
Geomembrane  Liner system - at least 30 mils (0.76 mm) thick
supported by a compacted soil liner at least 0.6 m
thick.
Geonet
 a synthetic matrix that resembles a miniature chain
link fence - protective layer to keep out the sand
Geofabric
 an open-weave cloth - protective layer to keep out
the sand
Methane and  principal gaseous products emitted from a landfill
Carbon Dioxide

Methane  explosive in the presence of oxygen when it is present

at concentrations greater than 40%

Landfill gas
collection
systems

1. Active  provide a pressure gradient to force the gas from the

systems cells

2. Passive  allow a natural pressure gradient to build up

systems