Group 1: 1.

Siti Salwa Azzahra

2. Tasya Larasati Dwi Efendi (5213419011)

Nickel Cadmium Battery

Nickel-Cadmium batteries have been used as batteries in external equipment since the
1970s. For example on satellites and some space equipment. Can be used in aircraft.

This battery uses nickel oxide as a positive electode (cathode), cadmium composition as a
negative electrode (anode), and KOH composition as an electrolyte. This nickel cadmium battery
can be recharged and lasts 10-20 years in space. When in use, the battery converts chemical
energy to electrical energy and vice versa, converts electrical energy to chemical energy when it
is being charged.

Cadmium nickel, aka NiCad, is the first and most inexpensive rechargeable battery that is
widely used in children's toys and various gadgets. The recharge is relatively fast, but has a
memory effect. If the power is not finished when you refill large crystals will form which are
obtained by the power provided the next time. In addition, even if not used, the battery will run
out of all power after about 90 days.

Nickel-cadmium batteries are dry, rechargeable batteries. This cell is usually called nicad
or nickel-cadmium battery. The reactions that occur in nickel-cadmium batteries are:

Cd (s) + 2OH- (aq) → Cd (OH) 2 (s) + 2- (anode)

NiO2 (2) + 2H2O + 2- → Ni (OH) 2 (s) + 2OH- (aq) (cathode)

Overall Reaction is:

Cd (s) + NiO (aq) + 2H2O (l) → Cd (OH) 2 (s) + Ni (OH) 2 (s)

During the use of batteries as a source of electricalenergy for various selectronic devices,
NiCd batteries carry out chemical reactions. The electro chemical principle that works is that in
the battery an oxidation and reduction reaction occurs which causes the movement of electrons,
so that an electric current is produced. The follow in gare chemical reactions that occur during
battery use (discharge) :
Positive (reduction) : 2NiOOH + 2H2O + 2e --> 2Ni(OH)2 + 2OH
Negative (oxidation) : Cd + 2OH --> Cd(OH)2 + 2e-
Netion reaction : 2NiOOH + 2H2O + Cd --> 2Ni (OH)2 + Cd(OH)2
One characteristic of NiCd batteries is that electrolyte does not play a direct role, but
plays arolein OH-transportation. Meanwhile, if all NiOOH has been changed to Ni(OH)2 and
orall Cd has become Cd(OH)2, it is necessary to 'recharge' the battery so that it can be used
again. This is done by reversing there action by giving an electriccurrent (according to the
principle of electrolysis, converting electrical energy into chemical energy). When an electric
current is given, the electrons will move to wards them or positive battery poles and cause the
opposite chemical reaction as follows:
Negative (reduction) : Cd(OH)2 + 2e --> Cd + 2OH-
Positive (oxidation) : 2Ni(OH)2 + 2OH --> 2NiOOH + 2H2O + 2e-
Netion reaction : 2Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2 --> 2NiOOH + 2H2O + Cd
The flow of electric current forces the occurrence of oxidation-reduction in the battery, so
that conditions return to be fore use. However, if an over charge (all Ni(OH)2 and or Cd(OH)2
has been changed to NiOOH and Cd but the electric current is still flowing), then the electric
current will continue to force oxidation and reduction, and there action is carried out in water
according to the following equation :
Positive : 4OH --> O2 + 2H2O + 4e-
Negative : 2H2O +4e --> 2OH- + H2
Netion reaction : 2OH --> H2 + O2
However, there action between oxygen and hydrogen can cause an explosion in the
process of water formation with ∆E =-285.8kJ/mol (∆E= enthalpy change, enthalpy table of
formation of some attached substances). Therefore, the gas must be flowed appropriately, or the
formation of one of the gases must be prevented. The second thing done by NiCd battery makers
is to prevent the formation of Hydrogen gas. To do this, the capacity of the negative electrode is
made larger than the positive electrode so that the positive electrode will be 'fully charged' more
than the negative electrode. NiCd batteries them selves are commonly use dinvarious electronic
devices such as remote control equipment, emergency lights, as well as several other wireless
devices.

Nickel-cadmium batteries are solids attached to the second electrodes. Nickel-cadmium

batteries have a voltage of around 1.4V. By reversing the direction of the flow of electrons, these
substances can be changed back to their original state.
NiCad / NiCd (Cadium Nickel)

The Nickel Cadmium (NiCad) battery, which was first produced in 1946, is a battery
made from a mixture of Nickel and Cadmium. The advantages are lightweight, more durable,
efficient charging, and small internal stability so that the voltage is stable. NiCad battery voltage
is 1.2 Volts, with a rate of energy reduction of 10% per month. In everyday use, this NiCad
battery can be pitted with an alkaline battery. The disadvantages of NiCad batteries are their
expensive manufacturing costs, reduced capacity if they are not discharged (memory effect), and
not environmentally friendly (rejected).

NiCd battery advantages are as follows:

1. Tolerates deep discharges over long periods

2. More charge/discharge cycles than other rechargeable batteries for longer battery life

3. Higher energy density, lighter and more compact than lead-acid batteries. NiCd is preferable
when size and weight are key factors, such as in airplanes.

4. Lower self-discharge rate than nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries (20 percent per month
versus 30 percent per month)

NiCd batteries are extremely toxic. Additionally, nickel and cadmium are expensive
metals. Unlike lead-acid batteries, NiCd batteries heat excessively, go into thermal runaway
mode and self-destruct if charged with a dynamo - even in over-current cutout systems.
However, NiCd battery packs are usually equipped with an interior thermal charger cutoff, which
is signaled if a battery heats and/or reaches maximum voltage.