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Course Number: ChE-302

Course Title: Chemical Engineering Laboratory-II

Experiment Number: 03

Name of the Experiment: Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium

Submitted by:
Submitted to:
Mahe Rukh Dr. Syeda Sultana Razia
Student Number: 1202036 Professor

Section: A2 Group Number: 02 Department of chemical engineering

Department of Chemical Engineering BUET

Partners’ Student Numbers: 1202037 Date of Performance: 03/10/15

1202038 Date of Submission: 10/10/15


1202039

1202040
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium

1.0 Summary
The aim of this experiment is to produce vapor-liquid equilibrium at atmospheric pressure and to
determine equilibrium composition and temperature. This experiment helps one to inspect the
relationship between vapor and liquid phases and to understand the concept of VLE
comprehensively. A binary system e.g. ethanol-water system was used in this experiment. The
mixture was fed into an evaporator and the evaporated vapor was cooled down using condenser.
The condensed liquid falls back into round bottom flask. This cycle continues until the temperature
becomes constant. Samples from both round bottle flask and distillate collector were collected to
measure refractive indices. At equilibrium point refractive indices of vapor and liquid achieve
constant values. Using refractive index vs. composition diagram equilibrium composition was
measured. The experimental values of equilibrium compositions with ‘Txy’ diagram and ‘X-Y’
diagram are then compared with the theoretical values. The equilibrium temperature of the vapor
liquid equilibrium system was found to be 820C. The mole fraction of ethanol in liquid phase was
.10 and that in vapor phase was .54, while the corresponding theoretical values are 0.29 and 0.57
correspondingly.

2.0 Introduction
Equilibrium can be referred to as a static condition in which there is no change in macroscopic
properties of a system with time. According to Vapor-liquid equilibrium(VLE) the rate of
condensation of vapor is equal to the rate of vaporization without any net interconversion between
liquid and vapor phase. In this experiment our goal was to create vapor liquid equilibrium at
atmospheric pressure and to determine equilibrium temperature and composition for a binary
system. Undoubtedly the concept of vapor liquid equilibrium is the heart of many chemical
processes and has immense importance in chemical and environmental engineering as various
processes like drying, distillation and evaporation depend greatly on VLE. According to theory it
needs forever to reach equilibrium but in real practice it can be reached in a closed space if vapor

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Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium

and liquid phases are in contact with each other for long period without any interference. For
multicomponent system equilibrium condition can be defined by following equations

;
; and

Where P and T are pressure and temperature of different phases and G is Gibb’s free energy also
called as chemical potential.

Temperature-composition curve (T-x,y diagram), composition of liquid phase vs. composition of


vapour phase (y-x diagram) are the most common graphical representation of binary vapor liquid
equilibrium system. And these diagrams were used to obtain result. This experiment also gives
us insight on distillation process.

3.0 Experimental work


3.1 Apparatus
 Refractometer
 Thermometer
 Round bottom flask
 Sample collector
 SOLTEQ® Vapor Liquid Equilibrium Unit

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Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium

3.1 Experimental setup

Figure-01: Experimental setup for vapor-liquid equilibrium

3.2 Procedure
 At first the refractive index of the feed solution was determined at room temperature.
 Then 200 ml of ethanol water feed solution of composition 24% ethanol (by weight) was
poured to the equilibrium still through thermometer point and no gas leakage must be
ensured
 As Temperature should not exceed 80-degree Celsius cooling water flow was started to
condenser.
 Then the mixture was heated by electric heater. The heater needed to be adjusted in such a
way that the mixture of vapor and liquid was raised through the narrow neck above the
flask.

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Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium

 After 30 minutes when temperature reached a constant value samples were collected from
both round bottom flux and distillate collector in small sample bottles. And their
corresponding refractive indices were recorded after they cool down.
 Step 5 was repeated until a constant refractive index was obtained and the system was
assumed to reach equilibrium.
 The temperature was recorded with thermometer which was the equilibrium temperature.
 Samples from both round bottom flux and distillate collector ware collected and refractive
indices were measured with refractometer.
 At last refractive index-composition curve was used to obtain the equilibrium conditions.

4.0 Observed data


Refractive index of feed solution= 1.357

Initial composition of feed solution= 24 mole% ethanol

Table 01: Data for refractive index of ethanol water system in liquid and vapor phase

Refractive Refractive
index index vapor
No. of Temperature
liquid phase phase
observation (oC)
(average (average
values) values)

1 82 1.355 1.361

2 82 1.348 1.3622

3 82 1.352 1.3625

4 82 1.3485 1.362

5 82 1.34875 1.362

6 82 1.348 1.362

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Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium

5.0 Calculated data


Table 02: Data for composition of ethanol water system in liquid and vapor phase

Refractive
Refractive index
No. of Temperature index liquid vapor
Mole fraction, x Mole fraction, y
phase phase
observation (oC) (mole %) (mole %)
(average
values) (average
values)

1 82 1.355 20 1.361 41

2 82 1.348 12 1.36225 60

3 82 1.352 10 1.3625 60

4 82 1.3485 11 1.362 54

5 82 1.34875 11 1.362 54

6 82 1.348 10 1.362 54

6.0 Sample Calculation


Equilibrium temperature= 82oC

From experiment

Composition of ethanol in mole percent

In vapor phase= 54%

In liquid phase= 10%

Literature values of composition of ethanol in mole percent from Txy diagram

Liquid phase = 29%

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Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium

Vapor phase = 57 %

From the x-y diagram

Vapor phase = 44 (mole %) ethanol for the composition of liquid phase = 10 (mole %) ethanol.

Liquid phase = 24 (mole %) ethanol for the composition of vapor phase = 54 (mole %) ethanol.

7.0 Graphical representation


105

liquid
100
vapor

95
Temparature ( C)

90

85 (0.57, 82)

80

(0.1,82) (0.29, 82) (0.54,82)


75

70
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Mole fraction of liquid (x) and vapor (y) of Ethanol

Figure 02: Temperature vs. molar composition of liquid(x) and vapor(y) phase

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Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium

0.9
Molar composition of Ethanol in vapor (y)

0.8
(0.24, 0.54)
0.7 (0.1, 0.44)

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Molar composition of Ethanol in Liquid (x)

Figure 03: Molar composition of Ethanol in liquid vs. molar composition of Ethanol
in vapor

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Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium

8.0 Results
Equilibrium temperature= 82oC

Equilibrium composition of ethanol in liquid phase= 10%(mole)

Equilibrium composition of ethanol in vapor phase= 54%(mole)

9.0 Discussions
The experiment was carried out successfully by following the procedures. The values we obtained
experimentally showed deviations from literature values due to errors introduced in the
experiment. At 82-degree Celsius the equilibrium composition of Ethanol in liquid and vapor
phase should be 29% and 57% respectively. Whereas we achieved 10 mole% ethanol composition
in liquid phase and 54mole% in vapor phase. From the data it is evident that deviation is
significant. Moreover, from X-Y diagram we can observe experimentally obtained equilibrium
composition lay below the theoretically obtained equilibrium values. However, the compositions
obtained experimentally should have lied on equilibrium curves as the compositions are
equilibrium compositions. The probable causes for such deviations are explained below-

 The provided graph of refractive index vs. composition graph was for 30o C. but the
temperature of the day of performance was above 30oC which may have influenced the
result.
 ethanol is highly volatile and transfer of ethanol from one vessel to another vessel provided
room for ethanol loss. As a result, measurement of refractive index was not accurate.
 Our system was not properly insulated and there was temperature difference between top
and bottom part of the equilibrium still. Hence, the temperature values that were recorded
were not the actual temperature values of the mixture. Therefore, lack of proper insulation
is responsible for deviation in results.
 Narrow pipes were used in the apparatus which increased pressure above the liquid. As a
result, vapor could not pass freely and pressure was not constant everywhere. But this

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process should be isobaric and constancy of pressure is a prime requirement of this


experiment.
 After measuring refractive index of a sample the sampling bottle was not cleaned properly.
Any drop of liquid from previous sample can change concentration of new sample and
manipulate results.

10.0 References
 Wankat, Phillip.C. (2012). Separations process engineering,3rd edition, Upper Saddle
River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Processes/Vapor-Liquid equilibrium, Wikibooks,
retrieved from
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Chemical_Engineering_Processes/Vapor-
Liquid_equilibrium
 Vapor–liquid equilibrium, Wikipedia, retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_equilibrium
 VLE, Academia, retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/11843101/VLE_Lab_Report_2015_

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Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium

Marking Scheme: Normal Report


Name: Mahe Rukh
Student number: 1202036

Section and marks allocated Marks


Summary(1)

Introduction (1)

Experimental Work (1.5)

Observed Data (1)

Calculated Data (1)

Sample Calculation (1)

Graphs (1)

Results and Discussion (1)

References and Nomenclature (0.5)

Writing Quality and Style (1)

Total (10)

10 | P a g e
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium

11 | P a g e
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12 | P a g e

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