UNIT 5 – INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT

DIFFERENT SCHEMES

The implementation of policies and various programmes/ schemes for providing infrastructure and
support services to small enterprises is undertaken through
1. its attached office, namely SIDO – Small Industries Development Organisation,
2. statutory bodies/ other organisations like the KVIC - Khadi and Village Industries Commission
and the Coir Board
3. the NSIC – National Small Industries Corporation which is a Public undertaking, and
4. Three training institutes such as: NISIET – National Institute of Small Industry Extension
Training, IIE – National Institute for Entrepreneurship and NIESBD – National Institute for
Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development.

A strong institutional network has been evolved for the promotion of small industries in the country.
The institutional network can broadly be classified under the following,
1. Central level institutions/agencies
2. State level institutions/agencies
3. Other agencies
This is shown in the following diagram,
CENTRAL LEVEL INSTITUTIONS

1. NATIONAL SMALL INDUSTRIES CORPORATION (NSIC)

The National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC), an enterprise under the union ministry of
industries was set up in 1955 in New Delhi to promote aid and facilitate the growth of small scale
industries in the country. NSIC offers a package of assistance for the benefit of small–scale
enterprises.
1. Single point registration: Registration under this scheme for participating in government and
public sector undertaking tenders.
2. Information service: NSIC continuously gets updated with the latest specific information on
business leads, technology and policy issues.
3. Raw material assistance: NSIC fulfils raw material requirements of small-scale industries and
provides raw material on convenient and flexible terms.
4. Meeting credit needs of SSI: NSIC facilitate sanctions of term loan and working capital credit
limit of small enterprise from banks.
5. Performance and credit rating: NSIC gives credit rating by international agencies subsidized for
small enterprises up to 75% to get better credit terms from banks and export orders from foreign
buyers.
6. Marketing assistance programme: NSIC participates in government tenders on behalf of small
enterprises to procure orders for them.

2. SMALL INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION (SIDO)

SIDO is created for development of various small scale units in different areas. SIDO is a
subordinate office of department of SSI and ARI. It is a nodal agency for identifying the needs of
SSI units coordinating and monitoring the policies and programmes for promotion of the small
industries. It undertakes various programmes of training, consultancy, evaluation for needs of SSI
and development of industrial estates.
The activities of SIDO are divided into three categories as follows:

(a) Coordination activities of SIDO:

(1) To coordinate various programmes and policies of various state governments pertaining to small
industries.
(2) To maintain relation with central industry ministry, planning commission, state level industries
ministry and financial institutions.
(3) Implement and coordinate in the development of industrial estates.

(b) Industrial development activities of SIDO:

(1) Develop import substitutions for components and products based on the data available for
various volumes-wise and value-wise imports.
(2) To give essential support and guidance for the development of ancillary units.
(3) To provide guidance to SSI units in terms of costing market competition and to encourage them
to participate in the government stores and purchase tenders.
(4) To recommend the central government for reserving certain items to produce at SSI level only.

(c) Management activities of SIDO:

 (1) To provide training, development and consultancy services to SSI to develop their competitive
strength.
(2) To provide marketing assistance to various SSI units.
(3) To assist SSI units in selection of plant and machinery, location, layout design and appropriate
process.
(4) To help them get updated in various information related to the small-scale industries activities.

3. SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES BOARD (SSIB)

The government of India constituted a board, namely, Small Scale Industries Board
(SSIB) in 1954 to advice on development of small scale industries in the country. The
SSIB is also known as central small industries board. The range of development work in small scale
industries involves several departments /ministries and several organs of the central/state
governments.
Hence, to facilitate co-ordination and inter-institutional linkages, the small scale industries board
has been constituted. It is an apex advisory body constituted to render advice to the government on
all issues pertaining to the development of small-scale industries.
The industries minister of the government of India is the chairman of the SSIB.
The SSIB comprises of 50 members including state industry minister, some members of parliament,
and secretaries of various departments of government of India, financial institutions, public sector
undertakings, industry associations and eminent experts in the field.

STATE LEVEL INSTITUTIONS

1. SMALL INDUSTRIES SERVICE INSTITUTES (SISI)

The small industries service institutes have been set up in state capitals and other places all over the
country to provide consultancy and training to small entrepreneurs both existing and prospective.

The main functions of SISI include:

(1) To serve as interface between central and state government.
(2) To render technical support services.
(3) To conduct entrepreneurship development programmes.
(4) To initiate promotional programmes.

The SISIs also render assistance in the following areas:

(1) Economic consultancy/information/EDP consultancy.
(2) Trade and market information.
(3) Project profiles.
(4) State industrial potential surveys.
(5) District industrial potential surveys.
(6) Modernization and in plant studies.
(7) Workshop facilities.
(8) Training in various trade/activities.

2. STATE SMALL INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT CORPORATIONS

(SSIDC)
(Karnataka State Small Industries Development Authority KSSIDC in Karnataka State)
The State Small Industries Development Corporations (SSIDC) were sets up in various states under
the companies‘ act 1956, as state government undertakings to cater to the primary developmental
needs of the small tiny and village industries in the state/ union territories under their jurisdiction.
Incorporation under the companies act has provided SSIDCs with greater operational flexibility and
wider scope for undertaking a variety of activities for the benefit of the small sector.
The important functions performed by the SSIDCs include:
● To procure and distribute scarce raw materials.
● To supply machinery on hire purchase system.
● To provide assistance for marketing of the products of small-scale industries.
● To construct industrial estates/sheds, providing allied infrastructure facilities and their
maintenance.
● To extend seed capital assistance on behalf of the state government concerned provide
management assistance to production units.

3. DISTRICT INDUSTRIES CENTERS (DIC): Single Window Agency

The District Industries Centers (DIC‘s) programme was started in 1978 with a view to provide
integrated administrative framework at the district level for promotion of small scale industries in
rural areas. The DIC‘s are envisaged as a single window interacting agency at the district level
providing service and support to small entrepreneurs under a single roof. DIC‘s are the
implementing arm of the central and state governments of the various schemes and programmes.
Registration of small industries is done at the district industries centre and PMRY (Pradhan Mantri
Rojgar Yojana) is also implemented by DIC. The organizational structure of DICS consists of
General
Manager, Functional Managers and Project Managers to provide technical services in the areas
relevant to the needs of the district concerned. Management of DIC is done by the state government.
The main functions of DIC are:
(1) To prepare and keep model project profiles for reference of the entrepreneurs.
(2) To prepare action plan to implement the schemes effectively already identified.
(3) To undertake industrial potential survey and to identify the types of feasible ventures which can
be taken up in ISB sector, i.e., industrial sector, service sector and business sector.
(4) To guide entrepreneurs in matters relating to selecting the most appropriate machinery and
equipment, sources of it supply and procedure for importing machineries.
(5) To provide guidance for appropriate loan amount and documentation.
(6) To assist entrepreneurs for availing land and shed equipment and tools, furniture and fixtures.
(7) To appraise the worthiness of the project-proposals received from entrepreneurs.
(8) To help the entrepreneurs in obtaining required licenses/permits/clearance.
(9) To assist the entrepreneurs in marketing their products and assess the possibilities of
ancillarisation.
(10) To conduct product development work appropriate to small industry.
(11) To help the entrepreneurs in clarifying their doubts about the matters of operation of bank
accounts, submission of monthly, quarterly and annual returns to government departments.
(12) To conduct artisan training programme.
(13) To act as the nodal agency for the district for implementing PMRY (Prime
Minister Rojgar Yojana).
(14) To function as the technical consultant of DRDA in administering IRDP and
TRYSEM programme.
(15) To help the specialized training organizations to conduct Entrepreneur development
programmes.

In fact DIC‘s function as, the torch-bearer to the beneficiaries/entrepreneurs in setting up and
running the business enterprise right from the concept to commissioning.
So the role of DIC‘s in enterprise building and developing small scale sector is of much
significance.

4. TECHNICAL CONSULTANCY SERVICES ORGANIZATION OF

KARNATAKA (TECSOK).
TECSOK is a professional industrial technical and management consultancy organization promoted
by the government of Karnataka and other state level development institutions way back in 1976. It
is a leading investor-friendly professional consultancy organization in Karnataka. Its various
activities are investment advice, procedural guidance, management consulting, mergers and
acquisition, process reengineering studies, valuation of assets for takeovers, impact assessment of
socio-economic schemes, critical infrastructure balancing; IT related studies, detailed feasibility
studies and reports.
TECSOK with its pool of expertise in varied areas can work with new entrepreneur to identify a
product or project. In addition to this TECSOK sharpens the project ideas through feasibility
studies, project reports, market surveys, and sources of finance, selection of machinery, technology,
costing and also providing turnkey assistance. To help entrepreneurs to face the global competition
TECSOK facilitates global exposures, updated technology, market strategies, financial restructuring
and growth to improve profitability of an industry.
TECSOK can identify sickness in existing industry and facilitate its turn around.
TECSOK has expertise in rehabilitation of sick industries by availing rehabilitation packages
offered by the government and financial institutions. In addition it offers expert professional
services to various institutions and departments of the state and central government.
TECSOK undertake the assignment in the field of
● Technical and market appraisal of projects.
● Industrial potential surveys.
● Fact-finding and opinion reports.
● Corporate planning.
● Collection and collation of information.
● Impact assessment.
● Evaluation of schemes and programmes.
● Asset evaluation.
● Infrastructure development project proposal.
● Event management and publicity campaigns, and
● Organizing seminar and workshops.
TECSOK has over 25 well-experienced engineers in different disciplines, MBAs economists and
finance professionals. It has business partnerships with reputed national and multinational
consultants and out sources expertise for professional synergy.
TECSOK has an exclusive women‘s cell which conducts training and education programmes,
exhibitions for promotion of products and services provided by women entrepreneurs and offers
escort services to women entrepreneur.
Focused Consultancy Areas of TECSOK

Promotion of agro based industries: TECSOK is recognized nodal agency by the

Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India, for project proposal to avail grant and
loan assistance under the special schemes.
Energy management and audit: Thrust is given to use non-conventional energy sources for which both
state and central governments are offering incentives. TECSOK has been recognized as a body to
undertake energy audit and suggest energy conservation measures. TECSOK undertakes studies and
project proposal for availing assistance from the Indian Renewable Energy Development Authority
(IREDA).
Environment and ecology: TECSOK undertakes assignments relating to environment education,
environment impact assessment, environment management plan and pollution control measures.
TECSOK has joined hands with Karnataka cleaner production center
(KCPC) to provide total consultancy support in the area of environment.
Human Resource Development: TECSOK designs and organizes business development programmes,
management development workshops, skill development programmes and in-house training packages.
It undertakes programmes of empowerment of women entrepreneurs, organization of self-help groups.
In order to encourage local entrepreneurs
TECKSOK organizes awareness campaigns and motivation programmes in taluks and districts
throughout Karnataka.

Other TECSOK activities:

● Guidance in product selection and project identification.
● Market survey and market development advice.
● Consultancy for agro-based industries of a nodal agency of the government of
India.
● Diagnostic studies and rehabilitation of sick industries.
● Environment impact assessment studies environment management plans and propagation of cleaner
production techniques.
● Energy management and audit.
● Valuation of assets for mergers and takeovers.
● Infrastructure development project reports.
● Port tariff study and related areas.
● System study and software development.
● Management studies, company formation, corporate plan, enterprise restructuring etc.
● Designing and organizing training programme.

SMALL INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT BANK OF INDIA (SIDBI)

For ensuring larger flow of financial and non-financial assistance to the small scale sector, the
government of India set up the Small Industries Development Bank of India
(SIDBI) under Special Act of Parliament in 1989 as a wholly owned subsidiary of the
IDBI. The SIDBI has taken over the outstanding portfolio of the IDBI relating to the small scale sector.
The important functions of S IDBI are as follows:
(1) To initiate steps for technological up gradation and modernization of existing units.
(2) To expand the channels for marketing the products of SSI sector in domestic and international
markets.
(3) To promote employment oriented industries especially in semi-urban areas to create more
employment opportunities and thereby checking migration of people to urban areas.
The SIDBIs financial assistance to SSIs is channelled through existing credit delivery system
comprising state financial corporations, state industrial development corporations, commercial banks
and regional rural banks. In 1992-93 it has introduced two new schemes.
The first is equipment finance scheme for providing direct finance to existing well-run small-scale units
taking up technology up gradation/modernization and refinance for resettlement of voluntarily retired
workers of NTC.
The other new scheme was venture capital fund exclusively for small-scale units, with an initial corpus
of Rs 10 crore. SIDBI also provides financial support to national small industries corporation
(NSIC) for providing leasing, hire-purchase and marketing support to the industrial units in the small
scale sector.

KARNATAKA INDUSTRIAL AREAS DEVELOPMENT BOARD

(KIADB)
The Karnataka industrial areas development board is statutory board constituted under the Karnataka
industrial area development act of 1996. Since then it is in the business of apportioning land for
industries and gearing up facilities to carryout operations. The
KIADB now acquires and provides developed land suited for industrialization, by drawing up well laid-
out plots of varying sizes to suit different industries with requisite infrastructure facilities. The facilities
include roads, drainage, water supply etc. The amenities such as banks, post offices, fire stations, police
outposts, ESI dispensaries etc. are also provided. It also plans to initiate the provision of common
effluent treatment plants wherever necessary.
Application forms for the allotment of land may be obtained from the executive member, KIADB
Bangalore or general manager DIC of concerned district or from the
Zonal office of KIADB located at Mysore, Mangalore, Dharwad, Gulbarga, Bidar, Hassan and
Belgaum.
Applications duly filled must be accompanied by:
(a) A brief project report.
(b) Details of constitution of the company
(c) Provisional registration certificate
(d) EMD of Rs 500/- per acre, subject to a maximum of Rs 10,000/- along with 20%, 15% and
5% of the land cost for various districts.
On receipt of applications for all districts other than Bangalore, a discussion with the promoters
regarding the project will be held in the concerned district headquarters.
The district level allotment committee will take a decision on allotment of land to the
SSI units.
In case of Bangalore, the screening committee comprising of executive member
KIADB, director of SISI, chief advisor TECSOK with discuss the project and make necessary
recommendation to a sub-committee. The sub-committee will in turn allot the land. Once land is
allotted the remaining payment should be made within six months of the date of issue of allotment
letter.

KARNATAKA STATE FINANCIAL CORPORATION (KSFC)

The KSFC was established by the government of Karnataka in 1956 under the state financial
corporation act 1951 for extending financial assistance to set up tiny, small and medium scale industrial
units in Karnataka. Since 1956 it is working as a regional industrial development bank of Karnataka.
KSFC has a branch office in each district; some districts have more than one branch.
KSFC extends lease financial assistance and hire purchase assistance for acquisition of
machinery/equipment/transport vehicles. KSFC has merchant banking department which takes up the
management of public issues underwriting at shores, project report preparation, deferred payment
guarantee, and syndication of loans, bill discounting and similar tasks.
KSFC give preference to the projects which are
(i) Promoted by technician entrepreneur.
(ii) In the small-scale sector.
(iii) Located in growth centers and developing areas of the state;
(iv) Promoted by entrepreneurs belonging to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, backward classes
and other weaker sections of society.
(v) Characterized by high employment potential.
(vi) Capable of utilizing local resources; and
(vii) In tune with the declared national priorities.
The eligible industrial concerns for financial assistance from KSFC are those engaged/to be engaged in
manufacture, preservation, processing of goods, mining, power generation transport, industrial estate,
hotels, R & D of any product or process of industrial concern, weigh bridge facilities, power laundries,
photocopying, hiring of heavy material handling equipment, cranes and other earth moving equipment,
hospitals, nursing homes, medical stores, computers, tourism related activities, construction of roads,
tissue and horticulture software development, software parks, block board vehicles, office construction,
go down and warehouse construction, mobile canteens, commercial complexes, training institutes,
office automation and so on.

Loan Schemes of KSFC

KSFC has evolved loan schemes for extending financial assistance to industrial concerns promoted by
rural artisans, weaker sections of society, disabled entrepreneurs, ex-servicemen, women entrepreneurs
and others.
The various loan schemes of KSFC are given below:
(1) Composite loan scheme
(2) Disabled entrepreneurs loan scheme.
(3) Scheduled cast and scheduled tribe‘s loan scheme.
(4) Ex-service men loan scheme.
(5) National equity fund scheme.
(6) Mahila Udyama nidhi loan scheme.
(7) Single window loan scheme.
(8) Transport loan scheme.
(9) Computer loan scheme.
(10) Modernization loan scheme.
(11) Diesel generator loan scheme.
(12) Equipment finance loan scheme.
(13) Tourism related activities loan scheme.
(14) Hospital/nursing / medical store loan scheme.
(15) Electro-medical equipment loan scheme.
(16) Assistance for acquiring indigenous or imported second-hand machinery.
(17) Qualified professionals loan scheme.
(18) Scheme of assistance for acquisition of ISO 9000 series of certification.
(19) Hotel /mobile canteen loan scheme.
(20) Industrial estate loan scheme.
(21) Loan scheme for office automation.
(22) Loan scheme for training institution.
(23) Loan scheme for private software technology parks.
(24) Loan scheme for commercial complexes.
(25) Industrial estate loan scheme.
(26) Loan scheme for ready-built office/construction of new office building.
(27) Loan scheme for acquisition of land/building/commercial space.
(28) Loan schemes for marketing related activities.
Equity lease finance: Industrial concerns engaged in production for the preceding two years, earning
profits and regular in repayment to financial institutions/banks, can avail the services of plant and
machinery/equipment on lease without making investment or incurring debt obligation and become
more competitive and efficient. The minimum assistance is Rs 5 lakh.
Hire purchase: This scheme provides for a fast, easy alternative to ready cash.
Industrial concerns in commercial production for two years and earning profits and regular in
repayment to financial institutions/banks can avail assistance of Rs. 1 lakh.
Professionals and commercial operators can also avail hire purchase assistance.
Single Window Loan Scheme: This loan scheme is for providing assistance to new tiny and small units
whose project cost (excluding working capital margin) does not exceed Rs. 30.00 lakhs and the total
working capital requirement at the normal level of operation is up to Rs. 20.00 lakhs. Term loan for
fixed assets and term loan for working capital is fixed based on the debt equity ratio of 2:1 for loans
above Rs. 10.00 lakhs and 3:1 for loans up to Rs. 10.00 lakhs. Project cost between Rs. 50 and Rs. 100
lakhs will be considered on a selective basis.

EXPECTED QUESTIONS (all questions below are taken from previous years’ papers):

1. Classify and list the institutions that assist SSIs.

2. Explain any two institutions that assist SSIs.
3. Briefly list out the objectives of KSFC.
4. Explain the objectives and functions and services of TECSOK and KIADB.
5. What is SIDBI? Discuss the various types of assistances the SIDBI provides to small
enterprises.
6. Explain in detail : DIC, SISI.
7. Explain the role of KSFC in setting up of industries.
8. Write a note on single window loan scheme of KSFC.
9. Explain the activities, objectives and fucntions of NSIC.
10. Narrate the function of SIDO for growth of SSIs.
11. What are the objectives of SFCs?
12. Briefly discuss the institutions that are providing technical and marketing support for SSIs?
13. What are the institutions at state level that are providing support to SSIs?
Introduction to IPR - Intellectual Property Rights

Introduction
Intellectual property (IP) is a legal field that refers to creations of the mind such as musical, literary,
and artistic works; inventions; and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce,
including copyrights, trademarks, patents, and related rights. Under intellectual property law, the
holder of one of these abstract ―properties‖ has certain exclusive rights to the creative work,
commercial symbol, or invention by which it is covered.

Intellectual property rights are a bundle of exclusive rights over creations of the mind, both artistic
and commercial. The former is covered by copyright laws, which protect creative works such as
books, movies, music, paintings, photographs, and software and gives the copyright holder exclusive
right to control reproduction or adaptation of such works for a certain period of time.

The second category is collectively known as ―industrial properties‖, as they are typically created
and used for industrial or commercial purposes. A patent may be granted for a new, useful, and non-
obvious invention, and gives the patent holder a right to prevent others from practising the invention
without a license from the inventor for a certain period of time. A trademark is a distinctive sign
which is used to prevent confusion among products in the marketplace.

An industrial design right protects the form of appearance, style or design of an industrial object
from infringement. A trade secret is an item of non-public information concerning the commercial
practices or proprietary knowledge of a business. Public disclosure of trade secrets may sometimes
be illegal.

The term ―intellectual property‖ denotes the specific legal rights described above, and not the
intellectual work itself.

The importance of intellectual property in India is well established at all levels- statutory,
administrative and judicial. India ratified the agreement establishing the World Trade Organization
(WTO). This Agreement, inter-alia, contains an Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights (TRIPS) which came into force from 1st January 1995. It lays down minimum
standards for protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights in member countries which
are required to promote effective and adequate protection of intellectual property rights with a view
to reducing distortions and impediments to international trade. The obligations under the TRIPS
Agreement relate to provision of minimum standard of protection within the member countries legal
systems and practices.

The Agreement provides for norms and standards in respect of following areas of intellectual
property:

Copyrights and related rights

 Trade Marks
 Geographical Indications
 Industrial Designs
 Lay out Designs of Integrated Circuits
 Protection of Undisclosed Information (Trade Secrets)
 Patents
 Plant varieties
  Essential Elements of Intellectual Property Rights

IPR is a broad term for covering –

1) Patents for inventions
2) Copyrights for material
3) Trademarks for broad identity and
4) Trade secrets
In general these properties are termed as ―Intellectual Property‖. Intellectual Property is an asset that
can be bought or sold, licensed and exchanged. But of course unlike other properties, intellectual
property is intangible; rather it cannot be identified by its specific parameters. These properties are
protected on a national basis.

1) PATENTS
A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or assignee for a
limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention. An invention is a
solution to a specific technological problem and is a product or a process.

A government authority or license conferring a right or title for a set period, especially the sole right
to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention.

This refers to innovations – new or improved product and processes which are meant for industrial
applications. This is a territorial right which requires registration for a limited time. Patent is a
contract between an inventor as an individual and the society as a whole. The inventor has exclusive
right to prevent anybody making use of and/or selling a patented invention. Of course, this is only
for a specific duration till the inventor discloses the details of invention to the public.

The legal authority in this patent right is the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreement with
respect to Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Right (TRIPS). This offers the
international standard for the required duration of 20 years from the date of filing the patent. Once
this period is over, people are free to make use of this invention as they like. However, though the
member has a right to prevent others making use of his patented invention, the owner has no right to
make use or sell the invention itself. Patents are granted under national laws and these rights are
enforceable by civil laws rather than criminal proceedings.

Conditions to be satisfied by an invention to be Patentable:

 Novelty
 Inventiveness(Non-obviousness)
 Usefulness

1. Novelty
A novel invention is one, which has not been disclosed, in prior art where prior art means everything
that has been published, presented or otherwise disclosed to the public on the date of patent.

2. Inventiveness (Non-Obviousness)
A patent application involves an inventive step if the proposed invention is not obvious to a person
skilled in the art i.e skilled in the subject matter of the patent application.

3. Usefulness
An invention must possess utility for the grant of patent. No valid patent can be granted for an
invention devoid of utility.
Patentable Inventions under the Patents Act, 1970
a) Art, process, method or manner of manufacture.
b) Machine, apparatus or other article, Substances produced by manufacture, which include any new
and useful improvements of any of them and an alleged invention.
c) Inventions claiming substance intended for use, or capable of being used, as food or as medicine
or drug or relating to substances prepared or produced by chemical processes(including alloys,
optical glass, semiconductors and inter-metallic compounds) are not patentable.

Types of Inventions which are not Patentable in India

An invention may satisfy the conditions of novelty, inventiveness and usefulness but it may not
qualify for a patent under the following situations:

a) An invention which is frivolous or which claims anything obviously contrary to well established
natural laws e.g. different of perpetual motion machines.
b) An invention the primary or intended use of which would be contrary to law or morality or
injurious to public health e.g a process for the preparation of a beverage which involves use of a
carcinogenic substance, although the beverage may have higher nourishment value.
c) The mere discovery of a scientific principle or formation of an abstract theory e.g Raman Effect.
d) The mere discovery of any new property or ne use of known substance or the mere use of known
process, machine or apparatus unless such a known process results in a new product or employs at
least one new reactant.

e) A substance obtained by a mere admixture resulting only in the aggregation of the properties of
the components thereof or a process for producing such substance.
f) The mere arrangement of rearrangement or duplication of features of known devices each
functioning independently of one another in a known way.
g) A method or process of testing applicable during the process of manufacture for rendering the
machine, apparatus or other equipment more efficient.
h) A method of agriculture or horticulture.
i) Any process for medical, surgical, curative, prophylactic or other treatment of human beings, or
any process fo a similar treatment of animals or plants.
j) Inventions relating to atomic energy.

Types of patents
i) Utility patents
ii) Design patents
iii) Plant patents

i) Utility patents: A utility patent may be available for inventions which are novel, useful, and non-
obvious. Utility patents can be obtained for the utilitarian or functional aspects of an invention.
Utility patents have a term of twenty years from the date of filling the patent application with the
patent and trademark office, although term extensions are available in certain specific situations.
During the term of a utility patent, maintenance fees must be paid in order to sustain the patent.

ii) Design patents: It can be granted to anyone who invents a new, original ornamental design for an
article of manufacture. A design patent protects the ornamental design (i.e. appearance) of the
article. A design patent has duration of 14 years from the date of filing. Design patents are not
subject to maintenance fee payments.

iii) Plant patents: Plant patent can be granted to anyone who invents or discovers and reproduces a
new variety of plant. A plant patent may be issued for the invention or discovery of a distinct and
new variety of plants, which may be asexually reproduced. To qualify for this type of patent, the
discovery or invention must be novel, distinct, and non-obvious. A plant patent has a term of 20
years from the date of filing.
Term of a Patent in the Indian System
a) Five years from the date of selling of the patent or seven years from the date of the patent (i.e the
date of filing the complete specification) whichever period is shorter, for an invention claiming the
method or process of manufacture of a substance, where the substance is intended or capable of
being used as a drug, medicine or food.

b) Twenty years from the date of patent in respect of any other patentable invention.

Essential Patent documents to be submitted

There are two types of patent documents usually known as patent specification, namely
 Provisional Specification
 Complete Specification

1. Provisional Specification
A provisional specification is usually filled to establish priority of the invention in case the disclosed
invention is at a conceptual stage and a delay is expected in submitting full and specific description
of the invention.Although,a patent application accompanied with provisional specification does not
confer any legal patent rights to the applicants,it is however a very important document to establish
the earliest ownership of an invention.Complete specification must be submitted within 12 months of
filing the provisional specification.This period can be extended by 3 months.

2. Complete Specification
Submission of complete specification is necessary to obtain a patent.The contents of a complete
specification would include the following:

Title of the invention

 Field to which invention belongs.
 Background of the invention including prior art giving drawbacks of the known inventions
practices.
 Complete description of the invention along with experimental results.
 Drawings etc. essential for understanding the invention.
 Claims,which are statements,related to the invention on which legal proprietorship is being
sought.Therefore the claims have to be drafted very carefully.

Criteria for Naming inventors in an Application for Patent

The name of inventors is normally decided on the basis of the following criteria:
 All persons who contribute towards development of patentable features of an invention
should be named as inventors.
 All persons,who have made intellectual contribution in achieving the final results of the
research work leading to a patent,should be named as inventor(s)
 A person who has not contributed intellectually in the development of an invention is not
entitled to be included as an inventor.

A person who provided ideas needed to produce the ‗germs of the invention‘ need not
himself/herself carry out the experiments, construct the apparatus with his/her own hands or make
the drawings himself/herself. The person may take the help of others. Such persons who have helped
in conducting the experiments, constructing apparatus or making the drawing or models without
providing any intellectual inputs are not entitled to be named as inventors.
Where to apply?
Application for the patent has to be filled in the respective patent office as mentioned below.The
territorial jurisdiction is decided based on whether any of the following occurrences falls within the
territory.
 Place of residence, domicile or business of the applicant(first mentioned applicant in the case
of joint applicants)
 Place from where the invention actually originated.
 Address for services in India given by the applicant when he has no place of business or
domicile in India.

A foreign applicant should give an address for service in India and the jurisdiction will be decided
upon that. An applicant (Indian or foreigner) also can his Patent Agent‘s address as address for
serving documents, if he/she so wishes.

How to apply?
Steps involved in obtaining a Patent
 To file an application for patent accompanied with either a provisional specification or a
complete specification
 To file complete specification, if provisional application was submitted earlier.
 Examination of the application by patent office.

 Acceptance of applications and publication in the gazette of accepted applications.

 Responding and satisfactory overcoming the opposition/objections, if any to the grant of
patent.
 Sealing of patent

Application for patent (Form 1) in duplicate should be accompanied by the documents as indicated
below. The fee (Rs. 45,000/- to Rs. 65,000/-) can be paid within one month.

2) COPY RIGHTS
A copyright is a very particular and exclusive right even for reproduction of an original work. This is
for material, aesthetic material, literacy, music, film, sound recording, broad casting, software and
multimedia. This offers automatic right for safeguarding any original creation, which is not in need
of registration but with limited time. It does not require the lawyer‘s help for settlement.

Protection to copy right does not give any procedure, principle, concept or method or operation,
irrespective of the format in which it is explained. In other words protection of copyright is limited
to an inventor‘s particular expression of an idea, concepts or process in a tangible medium.
Copyright is sanctioned to prevent others from:

a) Copying the work

b) Publishing and selling copies commercially
c) Renting or lending the work in a free market
d) Doing or demonstrating the work in public

Works protected by Copyright

The types of copyright works are broadly categorized into:
a) Original literary, dramatic, artistic or musical works.
b) Sound recordings, films or broadcasts and
c) The typographical arrangement of published editions.
Literary work also includes:
 A table or compilation other than a database
 A computer program
 Preparatory design material for a computer program
 A database

Rights granted by Copyright

Copyright grants certain rights that are exclusive to its owner. Based on these rights, the copyright
owner:
 Can copy the work
 Issue copies of the work to the public
 Rent or lend the work to the public
 Perform, show or play the work in public
 Communicate the work to the public-this includes broadcasting of a work and also electronic
transmission and make an adaptation of the work or do an y of the above in relation to an
adaptation.

The TRIPS agreement offers a minimum duration of copyright protection to the tune of the life of
the inventor or author plus fifty years. Anyhow rights granted exclusively to the copy right owner
may allow others in making fair use of the owner‘s work, like for the purpose of review, comment,
reporting, teaching, researches, etc. Of course, the impact of copying an inventor‘s work‘s
commercial value is considered to find out whether the copying is for ―fair use‖. In order to secure
protection for copy right, the particular work must be an original work made or written in a tangible
medium of expression. The test for such originality consists of two conditions –
(1) work must originate from the inventor and not a copy from others‘ works.
(2) the invention or work must have adequate amount of creativity.

c) TRADE MARKS
Trademark is for broad identity of specific goods and services allowing differences to be made
among different trades. This is a territorial right, which requires registration, but without any time
limit. Lawyers are needed for guidelines.

A trademark is an identification symbol which is used in the course of trade to enable the purchasing
people (buyers) to distinguish one trader‘s goods from the similar goods of other traders. These
marks also symbolize distinctly the quality of the products. These marks are in the form of certain
‗wordings‘ or can be in the format of logos, designs, sounds, etc. Examples: NIIT, Kodak.

The TRIPS agreement offers the same type of protection for trademarks. Registration of trademark
is issued for definite period of time. However, in order to avoid confusion, encourage competitions
and protect the inventor‘s good will, the registration may be renewed. With reference to intellectual
property area, trademarks are national in origin and should comply with provision of TRIPS
agreement.

TYPES OF TRADEMARKS

1. Generic Trademarks
Words, symbols or devices that are not so distinctly distinguishing the goods from others are at the
weakest ends, as they are common terms used to identify the goods themselves. These are termed as
generic terms and are not protectable as trademarks.
 2. Descriptive Trademarks
Descriptive trademarks clearly denote or inform the specific purpose, functions, physical
characteristic and end use of the product.

3. Suggestive Trademarks
Suggestive trademarks do not at a glance describe the goods for which the mark is used; yet they
rather require some imagination or perception to arrive at a conclusion about the nature of the goods.

The other types of trademarks include arbitrary marks and fanciful marks which are inherently
distinctive.

d) TRADE SECRETS
A trade secret means information, which is kept confidential as a secret. This is generally not known
in the relevant industry, offering an advantage to its owner over other competitors. Unlike other
types of Intellectual property, this trade secret is fundamentally a ―do-it-yourself‘ type of protection.
For engineers, inventors, and designers, the trade secrets are to be maintained secretly. Such trade
secrets include some formulae, programmes, methods, progresses or data collections etc. If there is
any improper disclosure or use of the trade secret by another person, the inventor may claim and
recover damages resulting from illegal use.

TRIPS agreements offer the protection for trade secrets under the heading ‗protection of undisclosed
information‘. The engineer in competitive field should feel their responsibility and status when they

make use of such trade secrets till its disclosure. If the information of a trade secret is available
through any legitimate means and if any inventor is responsible illegally for such leaking, then the
trade secret may become ineligible for protection.

Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights is definitely private rights. If anybody uses the material
without the inventors‘ permission, the Intellectual Property right owners can use any remedies
available under the civil law.

NEED FOR PROTECTION TO IPR

The protection of intellectual property rights is an essential element of economic policy for any
country. Only such protection can stimulate research, creativity and technological innovations by
giving freedom to individual inventors and companies to gain the benefits of their creative efforts.

It is a very important issue to plan to protect the intellectual property rights. The major needs are to:
 Prevent plagiarism.
 Prevent others using it.
 Prevent using it for financial gains.
 Fulfill obligation to funding agency.
 Support income generation strategy.

IMPORTANCE OF IPR
a) Give the inventors exclusive rights of dealing.
b) Permit avoiding of competitors and increase entry barriers.
c) Allow entry to a technical market
d) Generate steady income by issuing license.
e) A registered intellectual property right is property, just like your capital assets. However, it is an
asset that can be leveraged through licensing and can therefore be highly valuable. It can also greatly
enhance the value of a business when it is sold.
f) Benefits the economy: Sectors that rely on IPR represent a significant part of developed and
 developing economies, in terms of GDP, employment, tax revenues and strategic importance. IPR
also promotes foreign direct investment (FDI) and technology transfers in developed and developing
countries.
g) Promotes innovation: Effective IPR increases funding for research and development and other
innovation, including by helping firms realize more value from innovations that are protected by IPR
than those that are not. IPR underpins development of cultural expression and diversity, and
promotes broader dissemination of innovations through publication and licensing.
h) ―Open source‖ relies on IPR: Open source mechanisms are becoming popular in certain sectors
such as software (cf. GPL licenses, etc.). While the common perception is that such mechanisms are
characterized by the absence of any IP protection, it is worth noting that a typical GPL (General
Public) license actually relies on IP rights as it is typically a copyright license which remains valid as
long as certain conditions are complied with (e.g. freedoms received by the licensee must be passed
on to subsequent users, even where the software is modified).
i) Providing guarantees regarding the quality and safety of products: Many counterfeit products
place our children‘s and citizens‘ safety or health at risk, for instance where vehicle spare parts or
drugs are concerned. Enforcing IP rights in respect of such products guarantees at least that the
products‘ origin is known and that the products are genuine, whereas counterfeit products often do
not comply with the applicable safety standards. This is especially true for trademarks, but patent
licensing contracts, for instance, may also include quality insurance clauses.

What is Intellectual Property?

Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind: inventions; literary and artistic works; and
symbols, names and images used in commerce.
 Intellectual property is divided into two categories:
a) Industrial Property: includes patents for inventions, trademarks, industrial designs and
geographical indications.
b) Copy Right: covers literary works (such as novels, poems and plays), films, music, artistic
works (e.g., drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures) and architectural design. Rights
related to copyright include those of performing artists in their performances, producers of
phonograms in their recordings, and broadcasters in their radio and television programs.

What are intellectual property rights?

 Intellectual property rights are like any other property right. They allow creators, or owners,
of patents, trademarks or copyrighted works to benefit from their own work or investment in
a creation.
 These rights are outlined in Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which
provides for the right to benefit from the protection of moral and material interests resulting
from authorship of scientific, literary or artistic productions.

Why promote and protect intellectual property?

 An efficient and equitable intellectual property system can help all countries to realize
intellectual property‘s potential as a catalyst for economic development and social and
cultural well-being.
 The intellectual property system helps strike a balance between the interests of innovators
and the public interest, providing an environment in which creativity and invention can
flourish, for the benefit of all.
 First, the progress and well-being of humanity rest on its capacity to create and invent new
 works in the areas of technology and culture.
 Second, the legal protection of new creations encourages the commitment of additional
resources for further innovation.
 Third, the promotion and protection of intellectual property spurs economic growth, creates
new jobs and industries, and enhances the quality and enjoyment of life.

What is a Patent?
 A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention – a product or process that provides a
new way of doing something, or that offers a new technical solution to a problem.
 A patent provides patent owners with protection for their inventions.
 Protection is granted for a limited period, generally 20 years.

What is a trademark?
 A trademark is a distinctive sign that identifies certain goods or services produced or
provided by an individual or a company. Its origin dates back to ancient times when
craftsmen reproduced their signatures, or ―marks‖, on their artistic works or products of a
functional or practical nature.
 The system helps consumers to identify and purchase a product or service based on whether
its specific characteristics and quality – as indicated by its unique trademark – meet their
needs.

What is an Industrial Design?

 An industrial design refers to the ornamental or aesthetic aspects of an article. A design may
consist of three-dimensional features, such as the shape or surface of an article, or two-
dimensional features, such as patterns, lines or color.
 Industrial designs are applied to a wide variety of industrial products and handicrafts: from
technical and medical instruments to watches, jewelry and their luxury items; from house
wares and electrical appliances to vehicles and architectural structures; from textile designs to
leisure goods.

What is a Geographical Indication?

 A geographical indication is a sign used on goods that have a specific geographical origin
and possess qualities or a reputation due to that place of origin.
 Most commonly, a geographical indication consists of the name of the place of origin of the
goods.
 Agricultural products typically have qualities that derive from their place of production and
are influenced by specific local geographical factors, such as climate and soil.

What are Copyright and Related Rights?

 Copyright laws grant authors, artists and other creators, protection for their literary and
artistic creations, generally referred to as ―works‖. A closely associated field is ―related
rights‖ or rights related to copyright that encompass rights similar or identical to those of
copyright, although sometimes more limited and of shorter duration.
Case Studies:
 Case study (Microsoft)
 Case study(Captain G R Gopinath)
 Case study (N R Narayana Murthy & Infosys
 UNIT 4.2 – ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING

4.1 Enterprise Resource Planning

Definition: Enterprise resource planning system is a fully integrated business management system
covering functional areas of an enterprise like Logistics, Production, Finance, Accounting and Human
Resources. It organizes and integrates operation processes and information flows to make optimum use of
resources such as men, material, money and machine.

Importance of ERP

ERP delivers a single database that contains all data for the software modules, which would include:

• Manufacturing: Engineering, bills of material, scheduling, capacity, workflow management,

quality control, cost management, manufacturing process, manufacturing projects,
manufacturing flow.
• Supply chain management: Order to cash, inventory, order entry, purchasing, product
configuration, supply chain planning, supplier scheduling, and inspection of goods, claim
processing, and commission calculation.

• Financials: General ledger, cash management, accounts payable, accounts receivable, fixed
assets
• Project management: Costing, billing, time and expense, performance units, activity
management.
• Human resources: Human resources, payroll, training, time and attendance, roistering,
benefits.
• Customer relationship management: Sales and marketing, commissions, service, customer
contact and call center support, Data warehouse and various self-service interfaces for
customers, suppliers, and employees.
• Access control: user privilege as per authority levels for process execution, Customization -
to meet the extension, addition, change in process flow.

4.2 Functional areas of Operation/Functional areas of management of ERP

a) Marketing and Sales (M/S)
 b) Supply Chain Management (SCM)
c) Accounting and Finance (A/F)
d) Human Resources (HR)

Business functions: Activities specific to a functional area of operation

Figure 1-1 Examples of functional areas of operation and their business functions
 • Functional areas are interdependent
– Each requires data from the others
• Better integration of functional areas leads to improvements in communication,
workflow, and success of company
• Information system (IS): Computers, people, procedures, and software that store,
organize, and deliver information
• Collection of activities that takes one or more kinds of input and creates an output that
is of value to customer
– Customer can be traditional external customer or internal customer
• Thinking in terms of business processes helps managers to look at their organization
from the customer’s perspective
• Example: A fictitious coffee shop
– Examine business processes of the coffee shop
– See why coordination of functional areas helps achieve efficient and effective
business processes
– Look at how integration of the information system improves the business

1. Marketing and sales

• Functions of Marketing and Sales
– Developing products
– Determining pricing
– Promoting products to customers
– Taking customers’ orders
– Helping create a sales forecast

Figure 1-4 The Marketing and Sales functional area exchanges data with customers and with the Human
Resources, Accounting and Finance, and Supply Chain Management functional areas
 • Marketing and Sales tasks for the coffee shop

– Formal record keeping not required

– Need to keep track of customers
– Product development can be done informally
– Good repeat customers allowed to charge purchases—up to a point
• Records must show how much each customer owes and his or her available credit

2. Supply Chain Management

Figure: The Supply Chain Management functional area exchanges data with suppliers and with the Human
Resources, Marketing and Sales, and Accounting and Finance functional areas

• Supply chain management (SCM) is the active management of supply chain activities to
maximize customer value and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage.
• It represents a conscious effort by the supply chain firms to develop and run supply
chains in the most effective & efficient ways possible.
• Supply chain activities cover everything from product development, sourcing,
production, and logistics, as well as the information systems needed to coordinate these
activities.
• Needs information from various functional areas
• Production plans based on information about product sales (actual and projected) that
comes from Marketing and Sales
• With accurate data about required production levels:
– Raw material and packaging can be ordered as needed
– Inventory levels can be kept low, saving money
 • Functions within Supply Chain Management
– Making the coffee (manufacturing/production)
– Buying raw materials (purchasing)

• Production planning requires sales forecasts from M/S functional area

– Sales forecasts: Analyses that attempt to predict the future sales of a product
• Production plans used to develop requirements for raw materials and packaging
– Raw materials: Bottled spring water, fresh lemons, artificial sweetener, raw sugar
– Packaging: Cups, straws, napkins
• SCM and M/S must choose a recipe for each coffee product sold

3. Accounting and Finance

• Functions within Accounting and Finance

– Recording raw data about transactions (including sales), raw material purchases,
payroll, and receipt of cash from customers
• Raw data: Numbers collected from sales, manufacturing and other operations, without
any manipulation, calculation, or arrangement for presentation
• Data from Accounting and Finance used by Marketing and Sales and Supply Chain
Management
– Sales records are important component of sales forecast
– Sales forecast is used in making staffing decisions and in production planning
– Records from accounts receivable used to monitor the overall credit-granting
policy of the coffee shop

Figure: The Accounting and Finance functional area exchanges data with customers and with the Human
Resources, Marketing and Sales, and Supply Chain Management functional areas
 4. Human Resources
The basic function of HR is to ensure the availability of competent employees to work positively
towards the realization of organizational objectives. The functions of HR can be classified into
managerial functions and operative functions.

1. Managerial functions: The five important functions of HR in an organization are planning,

organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. Planning is a course of action required to achieve
organizational objectives. For an HR manager planning involves forecasting the quantity and
quality of the workplace required. Organizing refers to developing an organizational structure ,
defining, and allocating roles and responsibilities, delegating authority and making the
workforce accountable as when required. Staffing involves filling up the existing vacancies with
the right quantity and the right quality of people at the right time. Directing function refers to
leading, guiding and motivating the employees of organization for achieving organization
objectives. The controlling function refers to reviewing organizational plans to identify
deviations and to take corrective and preventive measures to overcome deviations.

2. Operative Functions: The operative functions of HR are: Human resource planning (HRP),
recruitment and selection, placement and induction, training and development, compensation,
performance appraisal, health and safety, industrial relations and managing exit.

Figure: The Human Resources functional area exchanges data with the Accounting and Finance, Marketing and
Sales, and Supply Chain Management functional areas

4.3 Types of Project Report

1. Business reports
Each TimeLog business report is based on one specific issue. For example, the internal/external
analysis report provides management with relevant data in the form of each employee‘s time consumption
for internal and external projects.
2. Status reports

Status reports offer production insight by showing on which projects or customers your company has
worked in a given period. These reports provide a status based on the dimensions supported by the system,
e.g. current employee cost rates as well as potential and realized work values.
3. Process reports
Process reports focus on work processes, e.g. approving weekly timesheets, outlays, travel
expenses, etc. These reports contain information on a given employee’s status in relation to a
specific work process.

Project portfolio reports

For management, TimeLog provides a range of reports to retrieve data from multiple projects,
enabling managers to view several project statuses in one report. One example is the project
portfolio report, which collects the entire company’s project activities in a single screen.

Analysis reports
Analysis reports are based on the widest possible approach to filtering and grouping data,
rather than specific business requirements. A good example is the pivot report. It allows you to
filter project registrations from all dimensions, group them and finally view them in graphic or
table form. Another good example is the contribution analysis, which includes data on
OR
a) Status Report
This is the most common type of project report and the one that you probably find yourself working on
most regularly. You can produce status reports weekly or monthly – and on one project recently you ended
up producing daily status reports during the implementation phase. The frequency depends on where you
are in the project and how much there is to say. There‘s not much point reporting daily if your tasks all
take over a week, as you won‘t have any progress to report from day to day. As you will spend a fair
amount of time producing status reports, it is worth considering ways to make it faster to write them. Better
yet, automate as much reporting as possible. Create a standard status report template or use the one that
comes with your project management software (you can check out the reporting features of our tool here as
an example), and use the data in your scheduling tool to populate the project progress. Even if you have to
amend it afterwards, having some of the fields completed for you will still save you a lot of time.
 a) Risk Report\
The report is normally the output that comes after a risk review meeting. Of course, you can update your
risk log at any time, and you should be encouraging all your project team members to contribute risks to
the log whenever they feel something needs recording. The risk report should include a summary of the
risk profile of the project, but how you present this is up to you. A good approach would be to only include
the detail for the risks that have the potential to create the most problems for your project. Then include a
statement on the lower-level risks, perhaps summarizing how you are managing all of these. You will also
want the possibility of producing a report about all your risks, regardless of how significant they are. It‘s
probably easiest to do this as an automated download from your project management software, or if you
keep your risk log in another format like a spreadsheet, by issuing a complete copy of that document.

b) Board/ Executive Report:

Reports need to be tailored to the people who are going to read them. So the report you produce for the
project board will have a different level of detail in it to the weekly status update that goes to your project
team and key business stakeholders. For the project board reports, think high level. They will want to read
about things that are important to them, like issues they can help resolve, a summary of the budget
position, and whether or not you are on track to hit key milestones. Make sure that your board report is in a
format that they can easily read. For example, if your executives are always on the road and use their
Smartphone to check emails, don‘t produce your report in the form of a complicated spreadsheet that won‘t
display correctly, or include loads of large graphics that will take ages to download. A pdf will render
across devices if you‘re emailing a static report. Or you can grant licenses for board members or senior
leadership so they can see real-time dashboard reports on the go.

c) Resource Report
The resource report will show you the breakdown of which project team member is allocated to
which task on which day. They can also be used to pinpoint over allocation problems – where a
team member is allocated to more than one task. Obviously they can‘t work on two things at
once, so if you don‘t pick up these problems you‘ll find that your project plan slips behind
schedule. Use the resource report to ensure that you haven‘t got clashes for individuals and
reschedule those tasks as necessary. Resource reports can also be useful for scheduling more
than one person. You‘ll be able to see when someone becomes available, and that is a good sign that they
can be given more project tasks at that point. If you compare the resource availability to the project‘s
timeline you can also plan more efficiently. As one task done by one person ends, you can make sure that
someone else is available to pick up the next thing that needs to be done,
so that tasks don‘t stop halfway through waiting for the next person to become available. Overall, resource
reports are one of the most useful types of project reports to be had as a project manager, although they can
be a bit difficult to interpret at first. It really is worth spending the time getting to know how to read the
reports so that you can make changes to your project schedule as appropriate. The right software is going
to help you as a project manager. We developed the project reporting and dashboard features of
ProjectManager.com to help project managers simplify this fundamental task. The template reports of our
software will provide a needed head start on monitoring your projects.

Methods of Report Generation:

There are many ways to present the data so that it can be easily understood by the stakeholders. No matter
which reporting method is chosen, simplicity will ensure that the results of your evaluation are both
accessible and understandable.

There are two broad categories of reporting methods:

 those that are written (annual reports, fact sheets, etc.) and
 those that are oral/visual (PowerPoint presentations, exhibits, news release,
etc.). No matter the reporting method you choose, the report should take into account your
audience and be both accessible and understandable.

a) Written Reports b) Oral/Visual Reports

– Abstract and Briefing – Presentations
– Annual Reports – Exhibit
– Fact Sheet – News Release
– Empirical Publication – Posters
– Newsletters

Written Reports
Type Use Definition Main Components Tips Resources

An abstract is a short, The reasons for

If your audience is short
written overview. A conducting the
Abstract For audiences on time they should be
briefing is a short, oral evaluation. Example
and who are short on able to quickly and
overview. Both are The major abstract
Briefing time or focus. easily glean major
usually part of a larger conclusions and
evaluation conclusions.
report. recommendations.
Annual For audiences A detailed, year-long Summary, Annual reports can be Annual report
Reports interested in a overview of a program background interesting and engaging outline and
 Written Reports
Type Use Definition Main Components Tips Resources
highly formal and evaluation information, a if you follow a proven tips
report on all findings. description of the format.
aspects of a project, evaluation
program and the results, etc.
evaluation.
For audiences
A brief program
who want to Simple, one-page
background, purpose,
easily pick out documents listing facts Should easily convey Example fact
Fact Sheet basic data,
relevant facts about the data in a data at a glance. sheet
conclusions, and
about the data at simple-to-read format.
recommendations.
a glance.
When writing your
An empirical
empirical publication,
For specific publication includes
use the results of any
practitioners or A publication that an abstract,
qualitative or
academics who includes the data introductions, Example
Empirical quantitative data you
are interested in collected from actual literature review, empirical
Publication collected, especially if
research or research, experiments, methodology, results, publication
you were able to
evaluation or observations. implications,
demonstrate specific
findings. conclusions, and
causal results from your
references.
experimental design.
For an audience
who is interested Additional
An informative
in a program or suggestions
publication that is Can vary in length
organization, Keep the distribution when
written and distributed and contain graphics
often serving as schedule regular so developing
on a regular basis showing data results,
Newsletters a primary link— those receiving it begin your
(monthly, quarterly) pictures, and other
sometimes the to expect and look newsletter
and contains updated items of visual
only link— forward to receiving it.
information about the interest.
between an Example
program or cause.
audience and the newsletter
program.
– A written report may be a project requirement or the best way to communicate information to
a specific audience. However, many people learn best by sharing or seeing information.
Giving a presentation can provide a valuable opportunity for the evaluator to interact with the
intended audience and for the audience to ask questions.
Oral or Visual Reports
Type Use Definition Main Components Tips Resources
To display key PowerPoint is Text should be
presentation presentation software A presentation minimized on each
points in order to that allows you to includes a title, visual by using six to
Additional tips
Presentati enhance create slides, purpose, objectives, eight words per line
for creating a
ons understanding, handouts, notes and background, and six to eight lines
presentation
illustrate ideas, outlines that enhance findings, and per visual. Be sure
and break down your oral recommendations. your equipment
complex presentation. It is the works, the lighting is
 Oral or Visual Reports
Type Use Definition Main Components Tips Resources
concepts into most common type appropriate, and the
simpler ones. of public colors and text are
presentation. readable.
For large events
Exhibits that have a
like fairs or
Display boards or an Should include a gimmick are most
conferences. A
arrangement of title, several bulleted successful at
good way to
materials and statements that attracting an More tips on
network, put
Exhibit publications about convey your audience. ―Make and developing your
information into
your program message, take‖ activities, free exhibit
people‘s hands,
usually set out on a photographs, and/or gifts, and candy are
and create
table or in a booth. illustrations. attractions that draw
awareness among
people to the exhibit.
large audiences.
Begin with the most
important
information, using an
eye-catching
Interesting, news
message. Use quotes
worthy summary that
by program
is sent to The news release
principals or
To raise public newspapers, radio, should end with
participants that
News interest in a study and television ―###.‖ This symbol Example news
draw attention to
Release or evaluation you stations, highlighting will alert the reporter release
important
have conducted. only the most that the news release
information. Include
important details of is finished.
the name, phone
your evaluation or
number, and address
study.
of a contact person
so reporters can
follow up and verify
information.
Should include the Use questions (not
name of the just statements or
For advertising program, project, pictures) to initiate an
programs, A visually research, interaction with
creating interesting board or organization, the people. They entice
awareness, and placard that is used goal of the project, people to find out
Posters piquing the to promote a single the findings from the more. Example poster
interest of people idea, event, a point, research, etc. Should Different colors affect
interested in the or to generate also contain bright the eye differently.
results of your interest. pictures, photos, and Bright colors can help
study. graphics along with attract attention
sound bites and resulting in higher
interactive features. response rates.
Questions:
1. Give the meaning of a project.
2. Write the need and significance of project report.
3. What are the steps involved in formulation of project report.
4. Explain project identification and project selection.
5. Explain the guidelines by planning commission for project report.
6. Define project. Explain its nature
7. Explain the phases of project identification with its resources.

What is a project? Explain the required criteria in selecting a project.

Explain project report contents.
What is ERP? Explain its characteristics and importance.
Explain following functional areas of management with respect to ERP:
a. Marketing / Sales b. Supply Chain Management
c. Finance and Accounting d. Human Resources
List the factors to be considered at project identification and selection stage.
List the contents of a project report.
Explain guidelines provided by the planning commission for preparation of project report.
Briefly explain meaning of project and classify projects.
What are the steps involved in formulation of project report? Explain.
Write the need and significance of project report.
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