Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr. Energy Methods
John T.
T DeWolf
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
Energy Methods
Strain Energy Sample Problem 11.4
Strain Energy Density Work and Energy Under Several Loads
Elastic Strain Energy for Normal Stresses Castigliano’s Theorem
Strain Energy For Shearing Stresses Deflections by Castigliano’s Theorem
Sample Problem 11.2 Sample Problem 11.5
Strain Energy for a General State of Stress
Impact Loading
E
Examplel 11.06
11 06
Example 11.07
Design for Impact Loads
Work and Energy Under a Single Load
Deflection Under a Single Load
Strain Energy
• A uniform rod is subjected to a slowly increasing load
Strain-Energy Density
• The strain energy density resulting from
setting ε1 = εR is the modulus of toughness.
• Setting dV = dA dx,
M 2 ⎜⎛ 2 ⎞⎟
L L
M 2 y2
My U=∫ ∫ dA dx = ∫ 2⎜∫
y dA dx
σx = 2 EI 2
2 EI ⎝ A ⎟
I 0 A 0 ⎠
L
M2
=∫ dx
2 EI
0
1 Gγ 2
τ xy
2
u= 2 xy = 12 τ xy γ xy =
2G
τ xy
2
=∫ dV
2G
• Setting dV = dA dx,
dx
T 2 ⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟
L L
T 2ρ 2
U =∫∫ dA dx = ∫ 2⎜∫
ρ dA dx
2GJ 2
2GJ ⎝ A ⎟
0A 0 ⎠
Tρ
τ xy = L
T2
J =∫ dx
2GJ
0
a) Taking into account only the normal • Integrate over the volume of the
stresses due to bending, determine the beam to find the strain energy.
strain energy of the beam for the
loading shown. • Apply the particular given
conditions to evaluate the strain
b) Evaluate the strain energy knowing energy.
that the beam is a W10x45, P = 40
kips, L = 12 ft, a = 3 ft, b = 9 ft, and E
29 106 psi.
= 29x10 i
• D
Develop
l a di
diagram off the
h bending
b di
moment distribution.
Pb
b Pa
a
M1 = x M2 = v
L L
ud =
1
12G
[ ]
(σ a − σ b )2 + (σ b − σ c )2 + (σ c − σ a )2 = due to distortion
Impact Loading
• To determine the maximum stress σm
- Assume that the kinetic energy
gy is
transferred entirely to the
structure,
U m = 12 mv02
Example 11.06
SOLUTION:
• Due to the change in diameter,
diameter the
normal stress distribution is nonuniform.
Example 11.06
• Find the static load Pm which produces
the same strain energy as the impact.
Pm2 (L 2 ) Pm2 ( L 2 ) 5 Pm2 L
Um = + =
AE 4 AE 16 AE
16 U m AE
Pm =
5 L
• E
Evaluate
l t the
th maximum
i stress
t resulting
lti
SOLUTION:
from the static load Pm
• Due to the change in diameter, Pm
the normal stress distribution is σm =
A
nonuniform.
16 U m E
=
U m = 12 mv02 5 AL
σ m2 σ m2 V 8 mv02 E
=∫ dV ≠ =
2E 2E
5 AL
Example 11.07
SOLUTION:
• The normal stress varies linearly along
the length of the beam and across a
transverse section.
Example 11.07
• Find the static load Pm which produces
the same strain energy as the impact.
y1 θ1 φ1
U= ∫ P dy = 1Py
2 1 1
U = ∫ M dθ = 12 M1θ1 U = ∫ T dφ = 12 T1φ1
0 0 0
⎛ P1L3 ⎞ P12 L3 ⎛ M L ⎞ M 2
L ⎛ T L ⎞ T 2
L
= 2 P1⎜
1 ⎟= = 12 M1⎜ 1 ⎟ = 1 = 12 T1⎜ 1 ⎟ = 1
⎜ 3EI ⎟ 6 EI ⎝ EI ⎠ 2 EI ⎝ JG ⎠ 2 JG
⎝ ⎠
=
[ ]
P 2l (0.6)3 + (0.8)3
= 0.364
P 2l
From the given geometry, 2 AE AE
LBC = 0.6 l LBD = 0.8 l
• Equating work and strain energy,
From statics,
statics P2L 1
U = 0.364 = 2 P yB
FBC = +0.6 P FBD = −0.8 P AE
Pl
yB = 0.728
AE
• E
Evaluate
l the
h strain
i energy off the
h • E
Equate the
h strain
i energy to the
h workk by
b P
truss due to the load P. and solve for the displacement.
Fi2 Li Fi2 Li 1 Py =U
U =∑ ∑ Ai
1 E
= 2
2 Ai E 2 E
2U 2 ⎛⎜ 29700 P 2 ⎞⎟
=
1
2E
(
29700 P 2 ) yE = =
P P ⎜⎝ 2 E ⎠
yE =
(29.7 × 103 )(40 × 103 )
yE = 16.27 mm ↓
9
73 10
73×
Castigliano’s Theorem
• Strain energy for any elastic structure
subjected to two concentrated loads,
(
U = 12 α11P12 + 2α12 P1P2 + α 22 P22 )
• Differentiating with respect to the loads,
∂U
= α11P1 + α12 P2 = x1
∂P1
∂U
= α12 P1 + α 22 P2 = x2
∂P2
• For a truss,
n n
Fi2 Li ∂U F L ∂F
U =∑ xj = =∑ i i i
2A E
i =1 i
∂Pj i =1 Ai E ∂Pj
FCE = FDE = 0
FAC = 0; FCD = −Q
FAB = 0; FBD = − 34 Q
• Combine with the results of Samplep Problem 11.4 to evaluate the derivative
with respect to Q of the strain energy of the truss due to the loads P and Q.
⎛ F L ⎞ ∂Fi 1
yC = ∑ ⎜⎜ i i = (4306 P + 4263Q )
⎝ Ai E ⎠ ∂Q E
yC =
(
4306 40 × 103 N ) yC = 2.36 mm ↓
9
73 × 10 Pa