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PHYLUM

MAGNOLIOPHYTA
A. Class Magnoliopsida
B. Class Liliopsida

Renzo D. Romero
Department of Biology
College of Arts and Sciences
Our Lady of Fatima University
Angiosperm
• The largest and most diverse of the
phyla of the Plant Kingdom
• Etymology of the word angiosperm
from the Greek words angeion,
meaning “vessel” which is the
carpel of the plant and sperma,
meaning “seed”
• Presently considered as Phylum
Magnoliophyta
Pistil and Stamen
Pollen in anther
w/ male gametes
Ovary = “enlarged area”
w/ ovules (immature seeds)
Development of Gametophytes
Tip of stamen is the anther, which contains
the microsporangia

produce microspores

grow into pollen grains,


housing male gametophyte
(only 2 cells big!)
Anther releasing pollen grains
(after meiosis)
Base of carpel = ovary, protective structure that contains ovules

the megaspore inside each ovule


grows into the female
gametophyte

1 egg nucleus

2 polar nuclei, which will


become the endosperm
Pollen grain has 2 cells
Double Fertilization
1 grows into pollen tube,
penetrates ovary

other 1 forms 2 sperm:

sperm #1 fertilizes egg

sperm #2 fuses with


both polar nuclei to
form the endosperm
(3N, triploid)
Endosperm becomes
food for the growing
embryo
Double Fertilization

Each ovule is initially


surrounded by two
integuments

After fertilization,
these
become the hardened
seed coat

The whole ovary wall


then thickens into the
pericarp, the thick
outer wall of the fruit
Ovule becomes seed, ovary becomes fruit

Campbell & Reece 2002


Dissemination (Dispersal)
• The transfer of fruits and seeds to distant places
Agents of seed and fruits dispersal are:
1. Wind
• Seeds and fruits dispersed by wind are generally light and may have
structural adaptations like wings and plumes
• Some are simply dispersed by the violent splitting of the pericarp
2. Animals
• Seeds and fruits are dispersed by animals having spines or barbs that
adhere to animal fur
• Seeds of many fruits pass through the digestive tract without being
digested and are still viable when egested
3. Water
• Fruits dispersed by water are buoyant
wind-dispersed
seeds are fluffy
or have “wings”
to increase drag
This flower has a mechanism causing
stamens to arch over and dust the back
of a honeybee with pollen

Plants pollinated by nocturnal animals


(moths, bats) have flowers that
bloom at night
Many flowers are distinctively shaped so only
a co-evolved pollinator has the right length
appendage to reach in, get the nectar reward

Hummingbird pollinated flowers are


usually red with long tubes
Some flowers have patterns in ultraviolet part of light spectrum
- invisible to us but clear to insect eyes; can form landing strips
Most plants invest lots of energy in their
fruit for one reason:

This disperses the offspring of the plant,


as the animal eventually poops out the
undigested seeds somewhere else

The seeds of many plants cannot


develop until they have passed through
an animal’s digestive system!
Trends of Specialization and
Classification in Flowering
Plants
Based on the presence or absence of floral
parts:

Incomplete Flower
Complete Flower Plumeria rubra
Hibiscus rosa sinensis (Kalachuchi)
(Gumamela)
Based on the sexuality of the flower:

Perfect Flower Imperfect Flower


Hibiscus rosa sinensis Cucurbita maxima
(Gumamela) (Squash/Pumpkin)
Based on the size and shape of floral
parts:

Regular Flower
Irregular Flower
Hibiscus rosa sinensis
Dendrobium anosmum
(Gumamela)
(Common Orchid)
Based on floral symmetry

Catharanthus roseus
(Chichirica) Dendrobium anosmum
(Common Orchid)
Based on the position of the ovary

HYPOGYNOUS PERIGYNOUS EPIGYNOUS


CLASS MAGNOLIOPSIDA
Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)
• Latin ranunculus “little frog”
• Nearly 1,500 members of this family are herbaceous
• The flowers, whose petals often vary in number, have numerous stamen
and several to many pistils with superior ovary
• Most members are bisexual
• Contains protoanemonin, alkaloids, glycosides, and other toxic substances
• Well known representative include ornamental plants such as:
1. Buttercup (Ranunculus aquatilis)
2. Columbine (Aquilegia vulgaris)
3. Larkspur (Delphinium staphisagria)
4. Anemone (Anemone hupehensis)
5. Monkshood (Aconitum noveboracense)
6. Clematis (Clematis montana)
Laurel Family (Lauraceae)
• Lauraceae’s primitive flowers have no petals but have six sepals that
are sometimes petal-like
• 1000 species in this family are tropical evergreen shrubs and trees,
many with aromatic leaves
• Stamens occur in three or four whorls and the ovary is superior
• Contains alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids and other substances
• Was used by ancient Greeks to crown victors in athletic events and
used in conferring of academic honors
• Members of this family includes:
1. Avocado (Persea americana)
2. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum)
3. Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora)
4. Sassafras (Sassafras albidum)
5. Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis)
Poppy Family (Papaveraceae)
• members of this family are herbs distributed throughout temperate
and subtropical regions north of the equator
• Usually herbaceous, few are shrubs and trees. Most are planted as
ornamentals
• They are lactiferous, producing latex, and produces alkaloids.
• Hermaphroditic
• Have numerous stamens, but most have a single pistil
• Includes:
1. Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)
o Used as insect repellent and cure for ringworm,
2. Opium poppies (Papaver somniferum)
o Mostly used as a drug as treatment of circulatory diseases
o Contains 50% edible oils used in making margarines and shortening
Mustard Family (Brassicaceae)
• Latin name: Cruciferae, four petals of the flowers that are arranged
in the form of a cross
• The flowers have also 4 sepals, 4 nectar gland, and six stamens
• Produces silique or silicle fruits
• 2,500 species produces pungent, watery juice, and nearly all are
herbs
• Cover widely cultivated edible plants like:
1. Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)
2. Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)
3. Brussels spouts (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera)
4. Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica)
5. Radish (Raphanus sativus)
6. Turnip (Brassica rapa)
7. Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana)
Rose Family (Rosaceae)
• Includes more than 3,000 species of trees, shrubs, and herbs
distributed throughout much of the world
• Flowers are fused into a cup at the basal part with sepals and
numerous stamen attached to the rim
• Group with inferior ovary produces pomes
• With superior ovaries produces follicle, achene, and drupes
• Include:
1. Rose (Rosa sp.) 8. Blackberries (Rubus sp.)
2. Cherries (Prunus avium) 9. Raspberries (Rubus idaeus)
3. Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) 10. Strawberries (Fragaria ananassa)
4. Peaches (Prunus persica)
5. Plums (Prunus domestica)
6. Apple (Malus domestica)
7. Pear (Pyrus communis)
Legume Family (Fabaceae)
• Originally referred to as Leguminoseae, the largest of the
approximately 300 families of flowering plants
• Most are irregular flowers
• Includes:
1. Kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
2. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
3. Mimosa (Mimosa pudica)
4. String bean (Vigna unguicuata subsp. Sesquipedalis)
5. Narra (Pterocarpus indicus)
6. Hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus)
7. Mung bean (Vigna radiata)
8. Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus)
9. Fire tree (Delonix regia)
Spurge Family (Euphorbiaceae)
• Spurge family are tropical and widely distributed in temperate
regions of equator
• The stamen and pistil are produced in separate flowers that often
lack a corolla
• Flowers of this family are sometimes surrounded by brightly colored
bracts
• Produces a milky latex and some are poisonus
• Members of this family are:
1. Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima)
2. Castor (Ricinus communis)
3. Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
4. Para rubber tree (Hevea brasiiensis)
5. San Francisco (Codiaeum variegatium)
Cactus Family (Cactaceae)
• 1,500 species occurs in drier subtropical region, can
tolerate high temperatures, and some can withstand up to
several years without moisture
• Generally slow growing and some are edible
• Includes:
1. Barrel cacti (Echinocactus grusonii)
2. Hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus triglochidiatus)
3. Peyote cacti (Lophophora williamsii)
4. Paddle cactus (Opuntia monocanta)
5. Dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus)
Mint Family (Lamiaceae)
• Have a unique combination of angular stems that are square in cross
section, opposite leaves and bilaterally symmetrical flowers
• Most members of this family produces aromatic oils in the leaves and
stems
• Included in the family are such well known plants such as:
1. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) 9. Spearmint (Mentha spicata)
2. Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) 10. Lagundi (Vitex negundo)
3. Sage (Salvia officinalis)
4. Oregano (Coleus blumei)
5. Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
6. Lavander (Lavandula sp.)
7. Catnip (Nepeta sp.)
8. Peppermint (Mentha piperita)
Coleus blumei

Vitex negundo
Nightshade Family (Solanaceae)
• Flowers have fused petals , with the stamen filaments fused to the
corolla that appears to be arising from it
• Superior ovary develops into a berry or a capsule
• Many nightshades produce poisonous drugs and some have
medicinal uses
• Well known representatives are:
1. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
2. White potato (Solanum tuberosum)
3. Eggplant (Solanum melongena)
4. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)
5. Petunia (Petunia hybrida)
6. Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum)
Carrot Family (Apiaceae)
• Have savory-aromatic herbage
• Flowers tend to be small and numerous and are arranged
in umbels
• The ovary is inferior, and the stigma is two-lobed
• 2,000 members of this family are:
1. Dill (Anethum graveolens)
2. Celery (Apium graveolens)
3. Carrot (Daucus carota)
4. Parsley (Petroselinum crispum)
5. Anise (Pimpinella anisum)
6. Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)
Pumpkin Family (Cucurbitaceae)
• Plants are prostrate or climbing herbaceous vines with tendrils
• The flowers have fused petals, and female flowers have an inferior
ovary with three carples
• All are unisexual, but some species have both organs on the same
plant, while others have only male or female on one plant
• The family has about 700 members and several of which have many
horticultural varieties
• Well known members are:
1. Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) 6. Vegetable sponge (Luffa
2. Gourd (Momordica charantia) aegyptiaca)
3. Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus)
4. Cantaloupe (Cucumis melo var. cantalupensis)
5. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)
Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)
• The second largest of the flowering plant families
in terms of number of species
• Individual flowers are called florets
• Well known members of this family includes:
1. Sunflower (Helianthus anuus)
2. Daisy (Bellis perennis)
3. Dandelions (Taxacarum sp.)
4. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
CLASS LILIOPSIDA
Grass Family (Poaceae)
• More numerous and more widely distributed than plants of any
other flowering plant family
• Flowers of this family are typically wind-pollinated
• The calyx and corolla are represented by tiny, inconspicuous scales,
and the flowers are protected by boat-shaped bracts.
• Includes 9 of the 10 most important crop plants in the world
• Members of this family are:
1. Common wheat (Triticum aestivum)
2. Barley (Hordeum vulgare)
3. Rye (Secale cereale)
4. Oats (Avena sativa)
5. Rice (Oryza sativa)
6. Corn (Zea mays)
7. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus)
Lily Family (Liliaceae)
• Particularly abundant in the tropics and sub-tropics, but they occur
in almost any area that supports vegetation
• Flowers are often large, and their parts are all in multiples of three,
with the sepals and petals frequently resembling each other in color
and form
• Family members are:
1. Lilies (Lilium orientalis)
2. Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis)
3. Squill (Urginea maritima)
4. Meadow saffron (Colchicum autumnale)
5. Tulip (Tulipa aucheriana)
Orchid Family (Orchidaceae)
• The flowers are exceptionally varied in size and form, and the
habitants of the plants are equally diverse
• Many are epiphytic on the bark of trees
• Includes:
1. Common orchid (Dendrobium anosmum)
2. Euanthe (Euanthe sanderiana)
3. Cattleya orchid (Cattleya labiata)
4. Flat-Leaved Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia)
Amaryllis Family (Amaryllidaceae)
• Family of herbaceous, perennial and bulbous flowering plants
• Flowers are usually bisexual and symmetrical, arranged in umbels
on the stem
• Allyl sulfide compounds produce the characteristic odour of the
onion subfamily
• Members of the family are:
1. Onion (Allium cepa)
2. Garlic (Allium sativa)
3. Hippeastrum (Hippeastrum reginae)
4. Daffodil (Narcissus poeticus)
5. Amaryllis (Amaryllis belladona)
Palmae Family (Arecaceae)
• Most palms are distinguished by their large, compound, evergreen
leaves, known as fronds, arranged at the top of an unbranched
stem
• Best known and most extensively cultivated plant families
• Have great economic importance including oils, dates, palm syrup,
ivory nuts, rattan cane, and palm wood
• Includes:
1. Betel nut (Areca catechu)
2. Coconut tree (Cocos nucifera)
3. Rattan palm (Calamus rotang)
4. Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans)
5. Fan palm (Livistona chinensis)
Bromeliad Family (Bromeliaceae)
• The only family within the order that has septal nectaries and
inferior ovaries
• Able to store water in a structure formed by their tightly-
overlapping leaf bases
• Includes:
1. Guzmania (Guzmania brumeliad)
2. Pineapple (Ananas comosus)
Arum Family (Araceae)
• Flowers are borne on a type of called inflorescence called “spadix”
• Usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a
spathe or leaf-like bract
• Some species contain calcium oxalate crystals in the form of
raphides. When consumed, these may cause edema, vesicle
formation, and dysphagia
• Includes the following species:
1. Flamingo Flower (Anthurium andraeanum)
2. Alocasia (Alocasia acuminata)
3. Caladium (Caladium bicolor)
4. Taro (Colocasia esculenta)
5. Dumb cane (Dieffenbachia seguine)
6. Calla lily (Zanthedeschia aethiopica)
7. Titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum)

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