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EXPERIMENT 3
BENDING TEST
1.0 OBJECTIVES
The bending test is a ductility test which is employed to evaluate the ability of
metallic materials to undergo plastic deformation in bending. The test consists of
submitting a test piece of round, square, rectangular, or polygonal cross-section to
plastic deformation by bending, without changing the direction of loading, until a
specified angle of bend is reached.
For better understanding of the bending stress-deflection curve, it is necessary to
define a few basic terms that are associated with the bending stress-deflection plot.
M σ E
= = (1)
I y R
where
M – the moment at the neutral axis
y – the perpendicular distance to the neutral axis
Ix – the area moment of inertia about the neutral axis x
σ – the normal stress in the member, which occurs at a point on the cross-sectional area
farthest away from the neutral axis.
R – the radius of curvature
E – Young’s Modulus
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Plate Specimen
b
h
Consider a beam AB, simply supported at both ends as shown in Figure 1 subjected to
mid-span concentrated load. Under this condition of loading, the upper fibers (or above
its neutral axis) of the beam, it is said to be subjected to compressive stress or strain
and on the other hand, it is subjected to tensile stress or strain for the bottom fibers of
the beam (or below its neutral axis). At a distance Px, from the left end A, bending
moment, M, of the beam may be written generally as;
M = ( P ).x (2)
2
The bending stress along the beam may be determined from the general formula
of bending theory. Therefore, with M is given by Equation (1);
M . y (P / 2 )( x ).h
σ= = (4)
I I
Equation (4), may be used to determine bending stress at any point along the beam.
Now, if we substitute x = L , and M =Mmax , then Equation (4) will produce the
2 .
Maximum Bending Stress in the beam as follows;
M .y
σ = max =
(P 2 )(L 2 )(h 2 ) = PLh
(5)
I I 8I
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bh 3
I= (6)
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By substituting Equation (6) in Equation (5), we will obtain the general equation
of Maximum Bending Stress for the beam when subjected to concentrated load P;
3PL
σ max = (7)
2bh 2
6 Dh
ε= (8)
L2
The modulus of elasticity in bending is calculated from the load increment and
the corresponding deflection increment between the two points on the straight line as far
apart as possible, using the Equation (8):
L3 ΔP
E= (9)
4bh 3 Δδ
where
σ = Bending stress
ε = Bending strain
E = Modulus of elasticity in bending
P = Load at a given point on the load deflection curve
L = Support span, (mm)
b = width of test beam
h = thickness of tested beam
D = maximum deflection of the center of the beam
ΔP
= slope of the tangent to the initial straight-line portion of the load deflection curve.
Δδ
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3.1. Equipments
1) Universal Testing Machine(100 kN)
2) Bending device with two supports and a mandrel
3.2. Materials
1) Specimens-Flat bar(Aluminum & Mild Steel)
b
h b = Width of Specimen
h = Thickness of Specimen
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Note
To stabilize the measurement system of the testing machine, take a warm-up time of
appox. 15 minutes after turning ON the power.
4.2. Procedure
4.2.1. Draw, with a pencil or maker, a line on the straight section of the specimen so that
the line are 100 mm. This will be the span length, L.
4.2.2.Measure the width and thickness of each specimen with a venier clipper at three
different location within the span length. Find the average width (b) and thickness
(h) then record in Table 1.
4.2.3.The testing machine has already been set up and calibrated by teaching engineer.
4.2.4.Place the specimen on the supports.
4.2.5.Start the test by pressing the “START” button and apply a continuously increasing
bending force through the mandrel in the middle of the test piece until a specified
displacement is achieved and press the stop button.
4.2.6.Then remove the specimen.
4.2.7.Obtain the data from data acquisition software of machine. Make sure you got the
correct data, that are load and displacement data. Save the data in ASCII file so
that you can edit it later by using spreadsheet software.
4.2.8.Make a sketch of the failed specimen. You may take the specimen with you and
keep it.
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5. ANALYSIS
5.1. Make a table giving the specimen, the original dimensions and the final
dimensions. This will be Table 1.
5.2. Construct a bending stress-strain curve from the load-deflection curve
i. First, print your load-deflection curve data and insert it on Table 2.
ii. Next, construct the load-deflection curves by utilizing spreadsheet
software and name it as Fig. 1. The load is on the y-axis and
deflection is on the x-axis. The unit of load and deflection are kN
and mm,respectively.
iii. For each point, compute the bending stress. Use Mpa as the unit
for bending stress. It is expected you have a proper knowledge to
compute it by using spreadsheet software. Insert the result on
Table 3
iv. Plot the data points of bending stress vs. strain and draw a
smooth curve through them and name it as Fig. 2. The bending
stress is on the y-axis.
5.3 Make another table containing the specimen, proportional limit, ultimate
strength, modulus’s young, max bending stress, max bending moment, max
slope and max deflection. This will be Table 4.
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Table 2
No Force Deflection
(kN) (mm)
1
2
3
.
End
Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Force vs. Deflection curve
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Table 3
No Force Deflection Stress Strain
(kN) (mm) (MPa) (mm/mm)
1
2
3
.
End
Fig. 2
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Table 5
Parameter Results-Graph
Results- Formula
Proportional Limit
Ultimate Strength
Modulus of elasticity
Max Bending Stress
Max Bending Moment
Max Slope
Max Deflection
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6. QUESTIONS
Answer the question
6.1 Using your own word, what do you understand about Bending Test?
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7.0 DISCUSSION
(Include a discussion on the result noting trends in measured data, and comparing measurements with theoretical predictions when
possible. Include the physical interpretation of the results and graphs, the reasons on deviations of your findings from expected
results, your recommendations on further experimentation for verifying your results, and your findings.)
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8.0 CONCLUSION
Based on data and discussion, make your overall conclusion by referring to experiment objective.
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