1984

STORY:

Characters:

*Techniques: both explicit characterization by the narrator and implicit characterization as we discover
some character traits by the character’s decisions and attitudes.

*Functions:
➔ Protagonist:Winston.
➔ Antagonists:The Party/ O’Brien/ Mr. Charrington
➔ Foil characters: Parsons/ Syme.
➔ Confident: Julia

*Complexity:
-Winston: monodimensional/ static. (He showed his distrust in the Party form the very
beginning of the novel.)
-Julia: multidimensional/ dynamic (first she seems to be a great follower of the Party, then we
discover that she's a rebel.)
-Parsons:monodimensional / static.
-Mr. Charrington: multidimensional/ dynamic. (He seems to be first an ally to Winston but
ends up being a member of the thought police).
-O’Brien: multidimensional/ dynamic. (He seems to be a member of the brotherhood but he is
a member of the inner party.)

Space/ Setting:
-The place where the novel is set is in a superstate called Oceania and according to the
references to chapels and memorial, it appears to be London in the future.
-Time: is in the future but there are characteristics and references of various historical periods
such as the Industrial Revolution (p. 75) and Middle Ages (mention of “primae noctis”. Every
historical period previous to the Party is seen as all the same: “Pre-party era”

DISCOURSE:

-It’s tightly plotted as everything happens for a reason or a purpose and one event is the
consequence of another. Everything follows a logical cause- effect relationship. It focuses on
events, so it’s a Plot of resolution (story of incidents).

*Ending: the novel has a close ending.

Narrative modes: The narrative mode used to convey the narrative is mostly showing
(mimesis) than telling (diegesis).

Narrative voices: (the one who tells the story, different from who sees - focalisation)
Heterodiegetic because the narrator is not a character in the story and it’s also a covert
narrator because it’s hardly noticeable. (hidden). Point of view: the tale is written in third person
perspective (observes the story from the outside) with an omniscient narrator (is aware of the
thoughts and feelings of the characters in the story).
Focalisation: Is the person through whom the story is seen. The story has an internal focaliser
since we see through Winston’s eyes.

Time:
*Order: anachronological since there are flashbacks to Winston’s childhood.

*Point of attack: In medias res. (It does begins in the middle of winston’s life)

*Duration: The use of ellipsis of time technique,real time (typical of novels) and speed up
(when Winston is arrested/ Winston’s torture).

Beowulf
It is an epic poem
.Characters
Grendel antagonist
Grendel's mother antagonist
King Hrothgar ?
Dragon antagonist
Queen Wealtheow helper
Wiglaf helper
King Hygelac ?
Beowulf protagonist, hero
All the characters are static an monodimensional

Narrator is
.Covert
.third person omniscient
.heterodiegetic

SETTING
.Scandinavia
.Heorot
.the misty lake
.the land of the Geats

The poem is tightly plotted and it has a closed ending.

The focaliser is external and reliable.
It has chronological order adn the point of attack is in media res.
The narrative mode is showing
The characterisation is explicit and done by the narrator.