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EXCECUTIVE SUMMARY
In the book that I analyze titled Leadership in Management the work of Miftah Thoha leadership
always gives an interesting impression.This topic gives a strong appeal to everyone, the literature on
leadership always provides an explanation of how to be a good leader, attitudes and styles that are
appropriate to the leadership situation and the conditions for being a good leader.This book also aims to
provide a description of the good things about leadership.An organization will succeed or even fail
largely determined by a leader.Some say that the leader is responsible for the failure of carrying out a
job, is an expression of money put the position of the leader in an organization at the most important
position.
The leader is described as a shepherd and each shepherd will be asked about the shepherd's
behavior.This expression proves that a leader whatever his form, wherever it is located will always have
a burden to account for his leadership.Leadership is sometimes interpreted as the exercise of authority
and decision makers.There are also interpreted as an initiative to act to produce a consistent pattern in
order to find a way out of a problem.Leadership is often questioned by people what is the difference
with management as well as leaders and managers.The concept of leadership and power as a translation
of power has reduced an interesting interest to continue to discuss throughout the evolution of
management growth
FOREWORD
Praise be to the Almighty God who has always blessed in completing the Critical Book Report
(CBR), while this assignment was done to fulfill the Leadership course.I have compiled this CBR as well as
possible but there may still be shortcomings to achieving perfection.
As the writer, I accept various constructive criticisms so that the CBR can be even
better.Furthermore, I hope that this CBR can provide benefits and add insight to the readers.Hopefully
this CBR can be understood by anyone who reads it.Previously I apologize if there are errors and words
that are less pleasing.
Author
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXCECUTIVE SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………………………………
FOREWORD..........................................................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS...........................................................................................................
CHAPTER.I. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................
A. Conclusion........................................................................................................................
B. Recommendations ...........................................................................................................
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................
CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
The skill to make CBR on the writer can test the ability to summarize and analyze a book and
compare books analyzed with other books, recognize and give value and criticize a paper that is
analysed.Often we are confused choosing a reference book for us to read and understand, sometimes
we only choose one book to read but the results are still unsatisfactory for example in terms of language
analysis and discussion, therefore the author makes this CBR Leadership to facilitate readers in selecting
reference books specifically on the subject of leadership.
Critical Book review that discusses leadership, where leadership is sometimes interpreted as the
exercise of authority and decision making.There are also those who interpret an initiative to act that
produces a consistent pattern in order to find a way to solve a common problem.Leadership is often
questioned by people what is the difference with management as well as leaders and managers.An
organization will succeed or even fail largely determined by leadership.A noble expression that says that
it is the leader responsible for the failure of the implementation of a job, is a phrase that puts the
position of leader in an organization in that position most important.In such a complex society people
must live together and work together in an atmosphere that is organized and guided by leaders and
cannot live alone.So for the sake of work efficiency in an effort to achieve common goals, and to
maintain life together, a form of work is needed.And all work and work activities need to be regulated,
need to be led.
Criticize or compare a book on leadership and compare with two different books on the same
topic.What is compared in the book is the completeness of the discussion, the interrelationship
between the chapters, and the weaknesses and strengths of the books analyzed.
Helps to be able to develop a reading culture.
Helps to be able to think systematically and critically.
Add the ability to express opinions in viewing a book that will be reviewed.
Helps to be able to think logically.
Improve the ability to write scientific papers.
Improving the ability to convey, use and apply review knowledge to become an integrated
system in scientific development.
To fulfill the tasks of the Developmental Psychology course.
C. Benefits of CBR
Add insight into knowledge about the notion of leadership, leadership characteristics, leadership
theories and others.
Facilitate the reader to get the core of a book that has been equipped with a book summary,
discussion of the contents of the book, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the book.
Train students to formulate and draw conclusions on the analyzed books.
D. Identify Of Book
1. Main Book
Judul : Kepemimpinan (Leadership)
Edisi :-
Pengarang : Tim Penyusun Unimed
Penerbit : UNIMED Press
Kota terbit : Medan
Tahun terbit : 2019
ISBN :-
2. Comparison Book I
Judul : Leadership Made Easy
Edisi : II
Pengarang : Ponder,Randall D
Penerbit : Ep Entrepreneur Press
Kota terbit : Canada
Tahun terbit : 2005
ISBN : 1-932531-59-9
3. Comparison Book II
Judul : Organisasi dan Kepemimpinan Modern
Edisi :I
Pengarang : Dra.Setyowati,M.Si.
Penerbit : Graha Ilmu
Kota terbit : Yogyakarta
Tahun terbit : 2013
ISBN : 978-602-262-076-1
BAB II
Pengambilan keputusan merupakan proses yang kompleks yang memerlukan penanganan yang serius.
Secara umum, proses pengambilan keputusan meliputi tujuh langkah berikut:
1. Menerapkan tujuan dan sasaran: Sebelum memulai proses pengambilan keputusan, tujuan dan
sasaran keputusan harus ditetapkan terlebih dahulu. apa hasil yang harus dicapai dan apa
ukuran pencapaian hasil tersebut.
2. 2. Identifikasi persoalan : Persoalan-persoalan di seputar pengambilan keputusan harus
didentifikasikan dan diberi batasan agar jelas.Mengidentifikasikan dan memberi batasan
persoalan ini harus tepat pada
3. Mengembangkan alternatif: Tahap ini berisi pengnidentifikasian berbagai alternatif yang
memungkin kan untuk pengambilan keputusan yang ada. Selama alternatif itu ada
hubungannya, walaupun sedikit, harus inti persoalannya, sehingga memerlukan upaya
penggalian.
4. Menentukan alternatif : Dalam tahap ini mulai berlangsung analisis tehadap berbagai alternatif
yang sudah dikemukakan pada tahapan ditampung dalam tahap ini. Belum ada komentar dan
analisis.Sebelumnya. Pada tahap ini juga disusun juga kriteriatentang alternatif yang sesuai
dengan tujuan dan sasaran pengambilan keputusan. Hasil tahap ini mungkin masih merupakan
beberapa alternatif yang dipandang layak untuk dilaksanakan.
5. Memilih alternatif: Beberapa alternatif yang layak tersebut di atas harus dipilih satu alternatif
yang terbaik. pemilihan alternatif harus harus mempertimbangkan ketersediaan sumberdaya,
keefektifan alternatif dalam memecahkan persoalan, kemampuan alterhatif untuk mencapai
tujuan dan sasaran, dan daya saing alternatif pada masa yang akan datang.
6. Menerapkan keputusan : Keputusan yang baik harus dilaksanakan.Keputusan itu sendiri
merupakan abstraksi, sedangkan baik tidaknya baru dapat dilihat dari pelaksanaannya.
7. Pengendalian dan evaluasi: Pelaksanaan keputusan perlu pengendalian dan evaluasi untuk
menjaga agar pelaksanaan keputusan tersebut sesuai dengan yang sudah diputuskan.
B. Hakekat Pengambilan Keputusan
Pengertian dasar pengambilan keputusan merupakan suatu tindakan pemilihan alternative
darai beberapa alternative yang ada.
W. Taylor hanya menyinggung metode ilmiah sebagai pendekatan untuk pengambilan
keputusan. Pengambilan keputusan sebagai suatu "proses untuk
mempersempit pilihan."Kebanyakan pembahasan proses pengambilan keputusan terbagi dalam
beberapa langkah. Hal ini dapat ditelusuri dari ide yang dikembangkan Hertbert A.Simon, ahli
teori keputusan dan organisasi yang memenangkan hadiah Nobel,yang mengonseptualisasikan
tiga tahap utama dalam proses, pengambilan
keputusan:
1. Aktivitas inteligensi. Berasal dari pengertian militer "intelligence,"Simon mendeskripsikan tahap
awal ini sebagai pene lusuran kondisi lingkungan yang memerlukan pengambilan keputusan.
2. Aktivitas desain. Selama tahap kedua, mungkin terjadi tindakan penemuan, pengembangan, dan
analisis masalah.
3. Aktivitas memilih. Tahap ketiga dan terakhir ini merupakan pilihan
sebenarnya-memilih tindakan tertentu dari yang tersedia.Berhubungan dengan tahap-tahap
tersebut, tetapi lebih empiris (yaitu,menelusuri keputusan sebenarnya dalam organisasi), adalah
langkah pengambilan Keputusan menurut Mintzberg:
Tahap Identifikasi : Pengenalan masalah dan mendiagnosa masalah.
Tahap Pengembangan : Pencarian solusi standar yang ada.
Tahap seleksi : Pilihan solusi.Ada tiga cara pembentukan seleksi yaitu: pembentukan secara
intuisi atau pengalaman,analisis alternatif yang logis dan tawar-menawar.
C. Model Perilaku Pengambilan Keputusan
Terdapat banyak model deskriptif dari perilaku pengambilan keputusan.Akibatnya, hal ini
menjadi model untuk banyak perilaku pengambilan keputusanmanajemen. Model berusaha
mendeskripsikan secara teoritis dan realistis bagaimana manajer praktik mengambil keputusan.
Secara khusus, model berupaya menentukan seberapa rasional pembuat keputusan
manajemen. Model berkisar dari rasionalitas lengkap, seperti dalam kasus model rasionalitas
ekonomi klasik,sampai sepenuhnya tidak rasional, seperti dalam kasus model sosial.
A. Model Rasionalitas Ekonomi
Model ini berasal dari model ekonomi klasik di mana pembuat keputusan sepenuhnya
rasional daam, segala hal. Berkaitan dengan aktivitas pengambilan keputusan, terdapat asumsi:
a. Keputusan akan sepenuhnya rasional dalam hal rencana-tujuan.
b. Terdapat sistem pilihan yang lengkap dan konsisten yang memungkinkan pemilihan alternatif
c. Kesadaran penuh terhadap semua kemungkinan alternatif.
d. Tidak ada batasan pada kompleksitas komputasi yang dapat ditampilkan
untuk menentukan alternatif terbaik.
e. Probabilitas kalkulasi tidak menakutkan ataupun misterius.
Model rasionalitas ekonomi pembuat keputusan selalu berusaha memaksimalkan hasil
dalam perusahaan Disnis, dan keputusan akan diarahkan kepada titik maksimum (biaya marjinal
sama dengan pendapatan marjinal).
B. Model Sosial
Pada sisi yang berlawanan dengan model rasionalitas ekonomí adalah model sosial yang
digambarkan psikologi. Sigmund Freud memandang manusia sebagai sekumpulan perasaan,
emosi, dan naluri, dengan perilaku yang dipandu oleh keinginan yang tidak disadari. Secara
jelas, jika ini merupakan deskripsi yang lengkap, maka orang akan tidak dapat membuat
keputusan yang efektif.Meskipun banyak psikolog kontemporer memperdebatkan deskripsi
manusia Freudian, hampir semuanya sependapat bahwa pengaruh psikologi mempunyai
dampak signifikan pada perilaku pengambilan keputusan.Selanjutnya, tekanan dan
pengaruh sosial mungkin menyebabkan manajer membuat keputusan yang tidak rasional.
Eksperimen konformitas yang dilakukan oleh Solomon Asch menunjukkan ketidakrasionalan
manusia Studinya menggunakan 7 kelompok dengan masing-masing 9 subjek. Mereka
diberitahu bahwa tugas mereka adalah membandingkan panjang garis.
Problem solving and decision making are closely related in that they are both action processes
and frequently overlap.Solving a problem initially involves determiting possible solition.
The best way to do this is to use an eight step process for problem solving that can use be used in all
sitiations:
1. Identify symptoms
2. Collect information
3. Compare desired results with actual results
4. State the problem and its effects
5. List,analyse,and eliminate possible causes
6. Choose probable causes
7. Identify and examine possible courses of action
8. Choose and implement the best courses of action then evaluated
To better explain the details of this problem solving process,we will use our example of the
retail clothing store
1.identify symptoms
2.collect information
Get any information that you believe could be related to the symptoms,including input from your
subordinates,peers,superiors,and customers.this information can include observations,organizational
performance,studies,or industry data.
The objective here is to clearly show what is expected in an ideal situation and what is actually
happening with performance or behaviour.
Clearly and concisely state the problem and examine its effect upon you,the work
environment,goals achievement or customers. Notice that you do not actually identify the problem until
this step. This allow you sufficient opportunity in step one through three the correctly identify the
problem by asking the right questions and probing for fact.
By examining possible reason for your problem you will begin to isolate the actual causes. You
will soon develop a list of possible causes for you problem. To determine whether a possibility is actually
a cause,ask whether its absence would eliminate the problem.
Examine the effect,cost,and practicslity of each possible solution and choose the best
solution.List any obtacles that may prevent you from implementing that solution and generate ideas to
overcome these obtacles.Communicate the solution to other and then direct the implementation of
your plan.
Those kind of routine decision typically are easily learned and eventually become instinctive
through experience.In the problem solving process to step ,you make increasingly complicated
decisions,such as evaluation option and choosing the best alternative.The following section address
these decisions that have important implication to you in terms of long term
consequences,risks,unpredictability,and achieving your goals.Techniques to make the decisions is:
1. Prioritization
By establishing a system for ranking possible courses of action you can more easily choose.
2. Checklist
In simple decisions making involving few alternative,such as to accept and to buy or not buy,it
can be helpful to list significant factors that effect the decisions,such as the
cost,dependability,and servicing.
3. Brainstorming
Encourages member of a group to let their mind wander in an environment free from
criticism and judgment to find creative ways to solve problem and develop alternative courses
of action.
4. Intuition
This knowledge hones your intuitive skill sometimes to point of allowing you to trust your
feeling completely,intuition can provide you with some basis to start the decisions making
process.
5. Payoff charts
A payoff chart consist of a simple diagram that show each of your various courses of action
and their consequences.
A. Tipe-tipe keputusan
Simon membedakan keputusan menjadi dua tipe yaitu:
1. Keputusan terprogram.Jika suatu situasi tertentu sering muncul biasanya prosedur
rutin akan dapat disusun untuk menyelesaikannya.
2. Keputusan tidak terprogram.Keputusan adalah tidak terprogram jika hal yang baru
dan tidak terstruktur.tidak ada suatu prosedur pun yang ada untuk menangani
masalah.
BAB III
DISCUSSION
CLOSING
A. Conclusion
Decision making is an alternative selection action. This is related to the management
function.According to Herbert A. Simon, decision theorists and organizations conceptualize
three main stages in the process, decision making: (l) Intelligence activities, (2) Design activities,
(3) Selecting activities.The third and final stage is the actual choice - choosing specific actions
from those available.Whereas Mintzberg and his colleagues put forward the steps of decision
making, namely: (1) identification stage (2) development stage, and (3) selection phase.
A leader is someone who does some things right or often called "people who do the right
thing".While the manager is someone who has to do something right or is called "people who do
things right".One's leadership in an organization has a very large role in every decision making,
so making decisions and taking responsibility for the results is one of the leader's duties.So if a
leader is not able to make decisions, he should not be able to become a leader.One of the
leadership roles that must be carried out by a leader is the role of raising morale.This role can be
carried out by giving praise and support.Praise can be given in the form of rewards and
incentives.As a source of inspiration, a leader not only shows in words and words, but also daily
actions and behavior.People expect a leader who shows optimism, is fresh, enthusiastic,
energetic, and thinks positively in the future.Inspiring leadership gives many people the ability
to explore meaning and find purpose in life.
B. Recommendation
My advice for this book is that the words of the book should not be too long-winded and
more understandable if to the point against the existing points in the book, and in my opinion in
this book there should be at least per chapter there are illustrations / pictures because humans
remember images more than an article.In writing the words should be typed in easy language
and immediately understood by the reader.And not too much deep make a choice of words in a
material.In conducting a Critical Book The author's review should concentrate on listening to the
two books that will be on critics.In Critical Book Review the writer must have expertise
in,listening, reading, speaking and writing, so as not to cause wrong understand and contain the
wrong understanding.
REFERENCES
Tim Penyusun Universitas Negeri Medan.2019.Kepemimpinan (Leadership).Medan:
Unimed Press.
Setyowati.2013.Organisasi Dan Kepemimpinan Modern.Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Ponder,D Randall.2005.Leadership Made Easy.Canada: Ep Entrepreneur Press