ESE-2018 Mains Test Series: Mechanical Engineering Test No: 2

Detailed Solutions
ESE-2018 Mechanical Engineering

Mains Test Series Test No : 2
Section A : Thermodynamics + RAC
Q.1. (a) Solution:

The Joule-Kelvin coefficient, μJ is given by
⎛ ∂v ⎞
T⎜ ⎟ −v
⎝ ∂T ⎠ P
μJ =
Cp
⎛ ∂s ⎞
CP = T ⎜ ∂T ⎟ [Heat capacity at constant pressure]
⎝ ⎠P
⎛ ∂v ⎞ ⎛ ∂s ⎞
As per Maxwell’s relation, ⎜ ∂T ⎟ = − ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠P ⎝ ∂P ⎠T
⎛ ∂s ⎞
−T ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂p ⎠T v
μJ = −
⎛ ∂s ⎞ cp
T⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂T ⎠P
⎛ ∂s ⎞ ⎛ ∂T ⎞ v
Since, −⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ − = 1
∂p
⎝ ⎠T ⎝ ∂s ⎠ P c p
⎛ ∂s ⎞ ⎛ ∂T ⎞ ⎛ ∂p ⎞
Since, ⎜ ∂p ⎟ ⎜⎝ ∂s ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ∂T ⎟⎠ = μJ
⎝ ⎠T p s
10 | ESE 2018 : MAINS TEST SERIES
⎛ ∂s ⎞ ⎛ ∂T ⎞ ⎛ ∂T ⎞
⎜ ∂p ⎟ ⎜⎝ ∂s ⎟⎠ = − ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠T p ⎝ ∂p ⎠s
⎛ ∂T ⎞ v
μJ = + ⎜ ⎟ −
⎝ ∂p ⎠s c p
v
μ J – μs = −
cp
v
μ s – μJ = Hence proved.
cp
Q.1. (b) Solution:

Water is a substance which expands upon freeezing.
Critical point T Critical point

P
Saturated vapour line Liquid P = Const.
Vapor L-V Vapor

Liquid
T = const. Saturated
Saturated Saturated vapor line
liquid line liquid line
v s
Phase equilibrium diagram for water on p-v plane Phase equilibrium diagram for water on T-s plane
Fusion line
P Critical point
line
Liquid ion
ri zat
po Vapor
Va
Triple point
lid
So
T
Phase equilibrium diagram for water on P-T plane
Q.1. (c) Solution:

Refrigerant controls are devices used to control the flow of refrigerant at various points throughout
the refrigeration cycle. Below are the seven points where refrigerant controls are used in a system.
(i) Expansion valves used to regulate the flow of refrigerant liquid to the evaporator.
(ii) Suction-line regulators used to control the flow of refrigerant gas from the evaporator coil.
(iii) Hold back valves used to limit the flow of gas to the compressor to prevent surge or excessive
loads from overloading the compressor motor.
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Test No : 2 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | 11
(iv) Solenoid valves used in liquids, suction or discharge lines to interrupt the flow on demand
from any one of several types of temperature or pressure sensing devices.
(v) Check valves used to prevent the flow of gas from the condenser back to the compressor
during off cycles.
(vi) Reversing valves used in heat-pump applications to defrost cycles to change the flow of
refrigerant.
(vii) Hot gas defrost for modern multiplex systems.
Q.1. (d) Solution:

First part :
heat absorbed
ceramic substrate
+ + + – – –
electrons
copper
conducor p-type n-type
holes
+ + + – – –
ceramic
substrate
heat rejected
heat sink
(–) (+)
direct current
Schematic of Thermoelectric cooler

The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and
vice verse via a thermocouple. A thermoelectric device creates voltage when there is a different
temperature on each side. Conversely, when a voltage is applied to it, it creates a temperature
difference. At the atomic scale, an applied temperature gradient causes charge carriers in the material
to diffuse from the hot side to the cold side. This effect can be used to generate electricity, measure
temperature change of objects. Because the direction of heating and cooling is determined by the
polarity of the applied voltage, thermoelectric devices can be used as temperature controllers.
Thermoelectric refrigeration modules are solid-state heat pumps that operate on the Peltier effect.
A thermoelectric modules consists of an array of p-type semiconductor elements that are heavily
doped with electrical carriers. The elements are arranged into array that is electrically connected in
series but thermally connected in parallel. This array is then affixed to two ceramic substrates, one
on each side of the elements.
The p-type semiconductor is doped with certain atoms that have fewer electrons than necessary to
complete the atomic bonds within the crystal lattice. When a voltage is applied, there is a tendency
for conduction electrons to complete the atomic bonds. When conduction electrons do this, they
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leave “holes” which essentially dropping in and being bumped out of the holes and moving on to
the next available hole. In effect, it is the holes that are acting as the electrical carries. Now, electrons
move much more easily in the copper conductors but not so easily in the semiconductors. When
electrons leave the p-type and enter into the copper on the cold-side, holes are created in the p-type
as the electrons jump out to a higher energy level to match the energy level of the electrons already
moving in the copper. The extra energy to create these holes comes by absorbing heat. Meanwhile,
the newly created holes travel downwards to the copper on the hot side. Electrons from the hot-
side copper move into the p-type and drop into the holes, releasing the excess energy in the form of
heat. The n-type semiconductor is doped with atoms that provide more electrons than necessary to
complete the atomic bonds within the crystal lattice. When a voltage is applied, these extra electrons
are easily moved into the conduction band. However, additional energy is required to get the n-
type electrons to match the energy level of the incoming electrons from the cold-side copper. The
extra energy comes by absorbing heat. Finally, when the electrons leave the hot-side of the n-type,
they once again can move freely in the copper. They drop down to a lower energy level, and
release heat in the process. The above explanation points out that heat is always absorbed at the
cold side of the n and p type elements, and heat is always released at the hot side of thermoelectric
element. The heat pumping capacity of a thermoelectric refrigeration module is proportional to the
current and is dependent on the element geometry, number of couples, and material properties.
Second Part :
Application areas of thermo electric cooling system are:
(i) Electronic enclosures.
(ii) Laser diodes
(iii) Laboratory instruments
(iv) Temperature baths
(v) Telecommunications equipment
(vi) Temperature control in missiles and space systems.
Q.1. (e) Solution:

Higher temperature, T1 = 18°C = 18 + 273 = 291 K
Lower temperature, T2 = – 8°C = – 8 + 273 = 265 K
T2 265
COP = T − T = 26 = 10.19
1 2
Heat absorbed per kg of water (to form ice at – 8°C i.e. 265 K)
QA = 1 × 4.18(291 – 273) + 335 + 1 × 2.108(273 – 265)
QA = 75.24 + 335 + 16.84
QA = 427.08 kJ/kg
Net refrigerating effect QA
COP = =
Work done W
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427.08 × 450
10.19 =
W
427.08 × 450
W = = 18860.25 kJ/hour
10.19
18860.25
W = = 5.239 kW
3600
Least power = 5.24 kW Answer
Q.2. (a) Solution:
L
T (x ) x
TH TC
Conduction bar
It has been stated that the bar is removed from the reservoirs, thermally insulated and kept at
constant pressure. This means that the bar is adiabatically removed. This can be mathematically
expressed as
L
∫ ρAcp ⎡⎣T ( x) − Tf ⎦⎤ dx = 0 ...(i)

0
TH − TC
Temperature gradient in the bar =
L
Temperature at the cross-section at a distance x from the end at Tc can be expressed as
(TH − TC )
Tx = TC +
x ...(ii)
L
from the thermodynamic relationship and definition of specific heat,
⎛ ∂s ⎞
cp = T ⎜ ⎟ ...(iii)
⎝ ∂T ⎠ p
L Tf
dT
ΔS = c p ρA∫ dx ∫ ...(iv)
0 T (x )
T
Solving equation (i) and (ii),
L
⎡ ⎛ TH − Tc ⎞ ⎤
∫ ρAcp ⎢⎣Tc + ⎜⎝ L
⎟ x − Tf
⎠ ⎥ dx = 0
⎦
0
L
⎡ ⎛ TH − Tc ⎞ ⎤
∫ ρAcp ⎢⎣(Tc − Tf ) + ⎜⎝ L
⎟ x ⎥ dx = 0
⎠ ⎦
0
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2
⎛ TH − TC ⎞ L
(TC − T f ) × L + ⎜⎝ L
⎟
⎠ 2
= 0
TH − TC
Tc − T f + = 0
2
TH − TC
Tf = ...(v)
2
Now from equation (iv):
L Tf
dT
ΔS = ρc p A ∫ dx ∫
0 T (x )
T
= ρc p A∫ ⎡⎣ln T f − ln T ( x )⎤⎦ dx
0
ΔS = ρc p AL ln T f − ρc p A ∫ [ln T ( x )] dx
0
= ρc p AL ln T f − ρc p A I1 ...(vi)
L L
⎡ TH − Tc ⎤
where I1 = ∫ ln T ( x ) dx = ∫ ln ⎢⎣Tc + L
x ⎥ dx
⎦
0 0
TH − Tc
Let x + Tc = Z
L
At x → 0, z → Tc and x → L, z → TH
TH − Tc
dx = dz
L
TH
L
I1 =
TH − Tc ∫ ln zdz
TC
L
I1 = T − T [−TH + TH ln TH + Tc − Tc ln Tc ]
H c
L
I1 = T − T ⎡⎣TH ln TH − Tc ln Tc − (TH − Tc )⎤⎦
H c
LTH LTc
= T − T ln TH − T − T ln Tc − L
H c H c
Now, equation (vi) can be re-written as
⎡ LTH LTc ⎤
ΔS = ρcpAL lnTf – ρc p A ⎢ ln TH − ln Tc − L ⎥
⎣ TH − Tc TH − Tc ⎦
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⎡ TH Tc ⎤
= ρc p AL ⎢ln T f − ln TH + ln Tc + 1⎥
⎣ TH − TC TH − Tc ⎦
⎡ Tc TH ⎤
Hence, ΔS = C p ⎢1 + ln T f + ln Tc − ln TH ⎥
⎣ TH − Tc TH − TC ⎦
TH + TC
where, Cp = ρcpAl and Tf = Hence derived
2
Q.2. (b) Solution:

Assumptions are:
(i) Here, CO2 gas is enclosed in a closed system as no mass crosses the boundary of the system.
(ii) CO2 is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature relative to its critical temperature of 304.2 K.
(iii) KE and PE changes are negligible.
Pressure changes linearly with volume and the work done is equal to the area under the process
line 1-2:
P(kPa)
2
1000
100 1
v(m3 )
As per 1st law of thermodynamics,

Qin = Wout + ΔU
Q = W + mcv(T2 – T1) ...(i)
mRT1 1 × 0.1889 × 298

Initial volume, V1 = = = 0.5629 m3
P1 100
mRT2 1 × 0.1889 × 573

Final volume, V2 = = = 0.1082 m3
P2 1000
⎛ P1 + P2 ⎞
W = Area = ⎜ ⎟ (V2 − V1 )
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 100 + 1000 ⎞ (
= ⎜ ⎟ × 0.1082 − 0.5629 )
⎝ 2 ⎠
W = – 250.1 kJ
Work input = 250.1 kJ Answer
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From equation (i): Q = – 250.1 + 0.657(300 – 25) = – 69.4 kJ

Qout = 69.4 kJ Answer
Q.2. (c) Solution:

The specific heats of the mixtures are
c p = 0.65 × 35.72 + 0.35 × 74.56 = 49.314 kJ/kgmol-K
cv = cp − R = 49.314 – 8.314 = 41 kJ/kgmol-K

Molecular weight of mixture is given by
μm = 0.65 MCH + 0.35 MC
4 3H8
= 0.65 × 16 + 0.35 × 44 = 25.8 kg/kg. mol
cp 49.314
Specific heat ratio of mixture, γ m = = = 1.2028
cv 41
γ− 1 0.2028
T2 ⎛ P2 ⎞ γ ⎛ 1.2 × 106 ⎞ 1.2028
=⎜ ⎟
T1 = ⎜⎝ P1 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 0.4 × 106 ⎠
T2
0.1686 = 1.2035
T1 = (3)
T1 = 273 + 40 = 313 K
T2 = 313 × 1.2035 = 376.69 K Answer
Work done = cp (T2 − T1 )
= 49.314(376.69 – 313)
= 3140.8 kJ/kgmol
3140.8
W = kJ/kg [Since μm = 25.8 kg/kgmol]
25.8
W = 121.74 kJ/kg Answer

for Methane
⎛T ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞
(ΔS)CH = S2 – S1 = c P ln ⎜ 2 ⎟ − R ln ⎜ P ⎟
4
⎝ T1 ⎠ ⎝ 1⎠
⎛ 376.69 ⎞ ⎛ 1.2 ⎞
= 35.72 ln ⎜ ⎟ − 8.314 ln ⎜ ⎟ = 6.616 – 9.134
⎝ 313 ⎠ ⎝ 0.4 ⎠
= 2.518 kJ/kgmol-K Answer
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for propane
⎛ 376.69 ⎞
(ΔS)C
3 H8
= S2 – S1 = 74.56 ln ⎜ ⎟ − 8.314 ln 3 = 13.81 – 9.134
⎝ 313 ⎠
= 4.676 kJ/kgmol-K Answer
for the mixture, (S2 – S1)mixture = 0.65 × (– 2.518) + 0.35 × 4.676
= – 1.6366 + 1.6366 = 0 kJ/kgmol-K Answer
Q.3. (a) (i)Solution:

Efficiency of the cycle is given by
QH = 1000 kJ
T H = 500 kJ
W net = 415 kJ
TL = 300 kJ
Wnet 415
η th = QH = = 0.415 or 41.5%
1000
The maximum efficiency that any cycle can have while operating between TH = 500 K
and TL = 300 K is given by the Carnot efficiency.
TL 300
ηmax = 1 − T = 1 − 500 = 0.40 or 40%
H
Since ηth > η max , the claim is not feasible.
Q.3. (a) (ii) Solution:

Here the system is well-insulated and hence there is no heat transfer.
• As the system is stationary, so KE and PE are neglected.
Iron Aluminum
40 kg 30 kg
60°C 140°C
Energy balance for this system can be expressed as:

Ne energy transfer by heat, work and mass = change in internal, kE, PE etc.
Ein – Eout = ΔU
ΔU = 0, Eout = 0 [ΔU = mc(T2 – T1)Fe ]
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30 × 0.949(T2 – 140) + 40 × 0.45(T2 – 60) = 0

46.47 T2 = 28.47 × 140 + 18 × 60
T2 = 109°C or 382 K Answer
Total entropy change for this process can be determined as below:
⎛ T2 ⎞ ⎛ 382 ⎞
ΔSiron = mc avg ln ⎜ ⎟ = 40 × 0.45ln ⎜ ⎟ = 2.472 kJ/K
T
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 333 ⎠
⎛ 382 ⎞
ΔSaluminium = 30 × 0.949 ln ⎜ ⎟ = – 2.221 kJ/K
⎝ 413 ⎠
ΔStotal = ΔS iron + ΔSaluminium

= 2.472 – 2.221 = 0.251 kJ/K Answer
Q.3. (b) Solution:

T3 = 15 + 273 = 288K
T1 = 25 + 273 = 298K
P1 = P4 = 6 bar
P2 = P3 = 1.2 bar
For isentropic compression process 3 → 4 :
P
1 4
6 bar γ
1.25 Pv = C
Pv =C
1.2 bar
2 3
γ− 1 1.4 −1
T4 ⎛ P4 ⎞ 6 ⎞
= ⎛⎜
γ 1.4
T3 = ⎜ P ⎟ ⎟ = (5)0.2857 = 1.5838
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 1.2 ⎠
T4 = T3 × 1.5838
T4 = 288 × 1.5838 = 456.1344 K
For isentropic expansion (1 → 2) process:
1.25 − 1
T2 0.2
⎛ P2 ⎞ 1.25 ⎛ 1.2 ⎞
T1 = ⎜⎝ P1 ⎟⎠ = ⎜
⎝ 6 ⎠
⎟ = 0.72478
T2 = T1 × 0.72478
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T2 = 298 × 0.72478
T2 = 215.984 K
(i) Work done per kg of air flow:
Wnet = Wcomp. – Wexp.
γ n
= R (T4 − T3 ) − R (T1 − T2 )
γ−1 n−1
1.4 1.25
= × 0.287 ( 456.1344 − 288) − × 0.287 ( 298 − 215.984)
0.4 0.25
= 168.891 – 117.693 = 51.198 kJ/kg Answer (i)
(ii) Refrigerating effect = cp(T3 – T2)
= 1.003(288 – 215.984) = 72.232 kJ/kg Answer (ii)
Refrigerating effect
(iii) COP =
Work done
72.232
= = 1.41 Answer (iii)
51.198

m×Refrigerating effect
(iv) Refrigerating capacity = Tonnes
3.5
72.232 × 90
= = 0.515 tonnes Answer (iv)
3600 × 3.5
Q.3. (c) Solution:

COP of an Ideal Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System
The objective of the refrigerator is to remove heat (QL) from the cold space. To accomplish this, it needs
energy input. Therefore, the COP of a refrigerator is
Desired effect,QL
COPR =
Energy input
QL is absorbed by the refrigerant in the evaporator.
The energy input in an absorption refrigeration system includes :
1. The heat Qg given to the refrigerant in the generator, and
2. The heat QP added to the refrigerant due to pump work as shown in figure.
Generator at Tg Tg greater than Tc
Condenser at Tc
Qg
QC
Absorption W = QC
system Pump
QL
Evaporator at TL
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Let QC be the heat dissipated to the atmosphere or cooling water from the condenser and absorber.
According to the first law of thermodynamics,
QC = Qg + QL + QP
Since the heat due to pump work QP is very negligible,
QC = Qg + QL . . . (1)
Let,
Tg be the temperature at which heat Qg is supplied to the generator
TC be the temperature at which heat QC is discharged to atmosphere or cooling water from the condenser
and absorber
TL be the temperature at which heat QL is absorbed in the evaporator.
Since the vapour absorption system can be considered as a perfectly reversible system, the initial
entropy of the system must be equal to the entropy of the system after the change in its condition.
Qg QL
+ QC
∴ Tg TL = T
C
From equation (1), we can write
QC Q g + QL
TC =
TC
Qg Qg QL QL
or − −
Tg TC = TC TL
⎛ TC − Tg ⎞ ⎛ T − TC ⎞
or Qg ⎜ ⎟ = QL ⎜ L ⎟
⎜ Tg × TC ⎟ ⎝ TC × TL ⎠
⎝ ⎠
⎛ T − TC ⎞ ⎛ Tg × TC ⎞ ⎛ T − TL ⎞ ⎛ Tg × TC ⎞
or Qg = QL ⎜ L ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟ = QL ⎜ C ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ TC × TL ⎠ ⎝ TC − Tg ⎟ ⎝ TC × TL ⎠ ⎝ Tg − TC ⎟
⎠ ⎠
⎛ T − TL ⎞ ⎛ Tg ⎞
= QL ⎜ C ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟ . . . (2)
⎝ TL ⎠ ⎝ Tg − TC ⎟
⎠
The maximum coefficient of performance (COP) of the system is given by
QL ⎛ TL ⎞ ⎛ Tg − TC ⎞
(COP)max = Q = ⎜T −T ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟ . . . (3)
g ⎝ C L ⎠ ⎝ Tg ⎠
In equation (3)
⎛ TL ⎞
1. The expression ⎜ ⎟ represents the COP of a Carnot refrigerator working between
⎝ TC − TL ⎠
the temperature limits of TL and TC.
⎛ Tg − TC ⎞
2. The expression ⎜⎜ T ⎟ represents the efficiency of a Carnot engine working between
⎟
⎝ g ⎠
the temperature limits of Tg and TC.
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Thus, a theoretical or an ideal vapour absorption refrigeration system may be regarded as a
combination of a Carnot engine and a Carnot refrigerator. The maximum COP may be
written as :
(COP)max = (COP)Carnot × ηCarnot
Evaporator temperature, TE = – 4 + 273 = 269 K
Condenser temperature, TC = 25 + 273 = 298 K
Generator temperature, TG = 120.2 + 273 = 393.2 K
⎡ TE ⎤ ⎡ TG − TC ⎤
(COP)max = ⎢ T − T ⎥ ⎢ T ⎥
⎣ C E ⎦⎣ G ⎦
⎛ 269 ⎞ ⎛ 393.2 − 298 ⎞

= ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 2.246 Answer
⎝ 298 − 269 ⎠⎝ 393.2 ⎠
(COP)actual = 0.7 × (COP)max

= 0.7 × 2.246 = 1.5722
Refrigeration load
Actual heat supplied = (COP )actual
3600 × 3.5 × 20
= = 160284.951 kJ/hour
1.5722
hfg (at 2 bar) = 2201.6 kJ/kg
160284.951
Mass of steam required per hour = (since x = 0.85)
2201.6 × 0.85
= 85.65 kg/h Answer
Q.4. (a) Solution:

T1 = T4 = – 10°C = – 10 + 273 = 263K
T2 = T3 = 30°C = 30 + 273 = 303K
Dryness fraction at compressor exit, x 2 = 0.95
hf 3 = hf 2 = 323.08 kJ/kg
hf 1 = hf 4 = 135.37 kJ/kg
hfg 2 = 1145.8 kJ/kg
hfg1 = 1297.68 kJ/kg
Liquid entropy at compressor exit, sf 2 = 1.2037 kJ/kgK
Liquid entropy at compressor inlet, sf1 = 0.5443 kJ/kgK
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3 2
303 2′
Temperature
263 1′
4 1
Entropy
Entropy at compressor inlet i.e. point 1,

x1 h fg1 1297.68 x1
s1 = s f 1 + = 0.5443 +
T1 263
s1 = 0.5443 + 4.934 x1 ...(i)
Entropy at compressor exit, i.e. point-2,
x2 h fg 2
s2 = s f 2 +
T2
0.95 × 1145.8
s2 = 1.2037 + = 4.796 ...(ii)
303
for isentropic compression 1-2:
s1 = s2
0.5443 + 4.934x1 = 4.796 [from equation (i) and (ii)]
4.796 − 0.5443
x1 = = 0.86
4.934
Enthalpy at point-1, h1 = hf 1 + x1hfg1
= 135.37 + 0.86 × 1297.68 = 1251.4 kJ/kg
Enthalpy at point 2: h2 = hf 2 + x2hfg2 = 323.08 + 0.95 × 1145.8
h2 = 1411.6 kJ/kg
h1 − h f 3 1251.4 − 323.08
Theoretical COP = = = 5.8 [since h4 = hf 3]
h2 − h1 1411.6 − 1251.4
Actual COP = 0.6 × 5.8 = 3.48
Work to be spent corresponding to 1 kW hour,
W = 3600 kJ
Actual heat extraction = W × actual COP = 3600 × 3.48 = 12528 kJ
Heat extracted from 1 kg of water at 10°C for the formation of 1 kg of ice at 0°C can be
calculated as = 1 × 4.187 × 10 + 335 = 376.87 kJ/kg
12528
Amount of ice produced = = 33.2 kg/kWh Answer
376.87
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Q.4. (b) Solution:
Control valve
Steam nozzle
Thermocompressor
Steam
ejector
boiler
Water returned
A.C.-plant
vapor
spray Condenser
Flash chamber
Pump
Cold water to
A.C.-plant
Pump Make-up-water
FIG: steam Jet Refrigeration System
This system uses the principle of boiling the water below 100°C. If the pressure on the surface of
the water is reduced below atmospheric pressure, water can be made boil at low temperatures.
Water boils at 6°C, when the pressure on the surface is 5 cm of Hg and at 10°C, when the pressure
is 6.5 cms of Hg. The very low pressure or high vacuum on the surface of the water can be maintained
by throttling the steam through jets or nozzles. The general arrangement of the system is shown
above in diagram. Consider a flash chamber containing 100 kg of water. If suddenly 1 kg of water
is removed by boiling, as pressure is reduced due to throttling of steam through nozzles.
Approximately 2385 kJ of heat will be removed from the water, which is equivalent to heat of
evaporation of water. The fall in temperature of the remaining water will be,
Q = mCpdT
2385
dT = = 5.7°C
99 × 4.187
Evaporating one more kg of water reduces the remaining water temperature by 5.7°C further.
Thus by continuing this process, the remaining water can be made to freeze. Water is the refrigerant
used in the steam jet refrigeration system. As water freezes at 0°C, then either refrigeration has to
be stopped or some device is required to pump the ice.
Operation: High pressure steam is supplied to the nozzle from the boiler and it is expanded. Here,
the water vapour originated from the flash chamber is entrained with the high velocity steam jet
and it is further compressed in the thermo compressor. The kinetic energy of the mixture is converted
into static pressure and mass is discharged to the condenser. The condensate is usually returned to
the boiler. Generally, 1% evaporation of water in the flash chamber is sufficient to decrease the
temperature of chilled water to 6°C. The chilled water in the flash chamber is circulated by a pump
to the point of application. The warm water from the load is returned to the flash chamber. The
water is sprayed through the nozzles to provide maximum surface area for cooling. The water,
which is splashed in the chamber and any loss of cold water at the application, must be replaced by
makeup water added to the cold water circulating system.
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Q.4. (c) Solution:

Saturation pressure corresponding to a temperature of 38°C is
P s = 0.06624 bar
Pv
Relative humidity, φ = P
s
Pv = φPs = 0.7 × 0.06624 = 0.046368 bar
0.622 Pv
Specific humidity = Humidity ratio, ω = P − P
v
0.622 × 0.046368 0.028841

= =
1 − 0.046368 0.953632
ω = 0.0302 kg/kg of dry air

= 30.2 g/kg of dry air Answer
Dew point temperature (Tdp) is the saturation temperature corresponding to the partial pressure
of water vapour (Pv). Therefore, DPT corresponding to 0.046368 bar is
Tdp = 31.56°C (by interpolation) Answer
Let ma = mass of dry air
Pa = Pressure of dry air = Pb – Pv
= 1 – 0.046368 = 0.953632 bar
PaV = maRTd
PaV 0.953632 × 102 × (7 × 4 × 4 )
ma = RT = [Vroom = 7 × 4 × 4 m3]
d 0.287 × 311
ma = 119.7 kg Answer
Let mv = mass of water vapour
mv
Humidity ratio, ω = m
a
mv = ωma = 0.0302 × 119.7 = 3.61 kg Answer

If the temperature is 10°C, the air will be saturated before some water condenser out. From steam
tables given:
Ps at@ 10°C = Pv = 0.01227 bar
0.622 Pv
Humidity ratio, ω =
Pb − Pv
0.622 × 0.01227 0.007632
ω = =
1 − 0.01227 0.98773
ω = 0.00773 kg/kg of dry air
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Pressure of dry air, Pa = Pb – Pv = 1 – 0.01227 = 0.98773 bar
= 98773 Pa
PaV 98773 × 112
Mass of dry air, ma = R T = 287 × 283 = 136.2 kg
a
Mass of water vapour, mv = ω × ma = 0.00773 × 136.2 = 1.053 kg

Amount of water vapour condensed = 3.61 – 1.053 = 2.557 kg Answer
Section B : HMT-1 + Theory of Machines-1
Q.5. (a) (i)Solution:

(i) Prandtl number is the ratio of kinematic viscosity (ν) to the thermal diffusivity (α)
μc p ρν c p ν ν
Pr = = = =
k k ⎛ k ⎞ α
⎜ ρc ⎟
⎝ p⎠
Significance of Prandtl number:
(i) kinematic viscosity indicates the impulse transfer through molecular friction whereas thermal
diffusivity indicates the heat energy transport by conduction process.
(ii) Prandtl number provides a measure of the relative effectiveness of the momentum and
energy transport by diffusion.
(iii) It defines the relative thickness of the momentum and thermal boundary layers.
(iv) Smaller value of Prandtl number Pr << 1 means the thermal diffusivity dominates whereas
Pr >> 1 indicates that the momentum diffusivity dominates the behavior.
Q.5. (a) (ii)Solution:

Combined conduction and convection: The combined conduction and convection heat transfer
usually arises in a situation where heat is transferred from a fluid at a higher temperature to a fluid
at a lower temperature via a solid partition. The two modes, under the situation, act in series. A
practical example is the roof heating of a house in winter figure (a), where the heat from the hot air
outside the roof is transferred to the colder ambient environment inside the room. Another example
is the heat transfer from hot tea to the surrounding cold air through the side wall of a cup containing
the tea. figure (b).
Flow of heat
Hot ambient air
Flow of heat
Hot
tea
Cold air inside Cold
the house atmosphere
(a) (b)
(a) Roof heating of a house. (b) Heat transfer from hot tea in a
cup to the surrounding cold atmosphere.
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Q.5. (a) (iii)Solution:

Fourier number: Fourier number is the ratio of rate at which heat is conducted through a body and
rate at which heat is stored in body.
F0 = The rate at which heat is conducted through a body of cross-sectional area A and length L/The
rate at which heat is being stored in a body of volume (AL)
ατ
F0 =
L2c
where, α = thermal difusivity

τ = time
Lc = characteristic length
Situations where transient conduction of heat transfer exists,
1. Cooling of I.C. engines.
2. Boiling of eggs.
3. Heating and cooling of metal billets.
4. Cooling and freezing of food.
5. Heat treatment of metals by quenching.
6. Starting and stopping of various heat exchange units in power installation.
7. Brick burning.
8. Vulcanization of rubber.
Q.5. (b) Solution:

m = 250 kg, k = 90 N/mm = 90 × 103 N/m,
C = 900 N/m/s
k 90 × 103
Circular frequency, ωn = = = 18.974 rad/s
m 250
2
C
Circular frequency of damped vibration, ωd = (ωn )2 − ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
⎝ 2m ⎠
2
ωd = (18.974 )2 − ⎛⎜ 900 ⎞⎟ = 360 − 3.24
⎝ 2 × 250 ⎠
ωd = 356.76 = 18.88 rad/s

Frequency of vibration of the system:
ωd 18.88
fd = = = 3 Hz Answer
2π 2π
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Q.5. (c) Solution:
2
1
Number of links = 4
Number of joints = 4
Mobility, M = 3(n – 1) – 2j
= 3(4 – 1) – 2 × 4 = 9 – 8 = 1 Answer
5
Number of links, n = 7 4 6
3
Number of joints, j = 9
M = 3(n – 1) – 2j 7
2
= 3(7 – 1) – 2 × 9 = 18 – 18 = 0 1
2
3
5
1 1
Number of links, n = 5
Number of lower pairs, j = 5
Number of pairs with 2 DOF = 1 (higher pair)
M = 3(n – 1) – 2j – h
= 3(5 – 1) – 2 × 5 – 1
= 3 × 4 – 10 – 1 = 1 Answer
Q.5. (d) Solution:
0.25
⎛ 370 − 15 ⎞
h = ⎜ ⎟ = 6.14 W/m2K
⎝ 0.25 ⎠
Convective heat loss from the bore pipe,

Q1 = hAΔt
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= 6.14 × π × 0.25 × 1 × (370 – 15)

Q1 = 1711.932 W Answer
When the pipe is lagged,
d1 = 25 cm
d2 = 25 + 2 × 5 = 35 cm
T ∞ = 15°C
5 cm
25 cm
T = 370°C
ln (r2 / r1 ) ln ( 35 / 25 )
Rcond. = =
2 πkL 2 π × 0.069 × 1
Rcond. = 0.776 K/W per meter length
1 1
Rconvection = hA = 6.14 × π × 0.35
2
Rconvection = 0.148 K/W

Rtotal = Rcond. + Rconvection = 0.776 + 0.148
Rtotal = 0.924 K/W per meter length
Now heat transfer rate after applied insulation.
ΔT ( 370 − 15 )
Q2 = =
Rtotal 0.924
Q2 = 384.2 W per meter length
Q1 − Q2
% reduction in heat flow rate = × 100
Q1
1711.9 − 384.2
= × 100
1711.9
% reduction = 77.56% Answer
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Q.5. (e) Solution:
Thermal
boundary layer
Thermal profile
Ti Tw
Thermal Thermally
entry region developed region
(a)
Surface condition as′′
Tw> T(r, 0)
y =r0
δt r0
r
δt
T(r, 0)
T(r, 0) Tw T(r, 0) Tw T(r, 0) T (r )
Thermal entrance region fully developed region
x xfd, r
(b)
Development of thermal boundary layer in a tube (a)
when T > T w and (b) when Tw > T
T
Entrance
Entrance
developed
region Tw(x)
T retion
ΔTe
(x)
Tw (T s –Tb)
u re, Tb(x)
rat
pe (Tw –Tb)
tem ΔT i
ce
rfa
Su
(x)
re, T b
peratu
Bul k tem
0 x 0 x
Distance from entrance Distance from entrance
(a) (b)
Let us consider that a fluid at a uniform temperature enters a circular tube with its wall at a
different temperature. The fluid particles in the layer in contact with the surface of the tube will
assume the tube surface or wall temperature Tw. This will initiate convection heat transfer in the
tube followed by development of the thermal boundary layer along the tube. The thickness of this
thermal boundary layer reaches the tube center and thus fills the entire tube. The region of flow
over which the thermal boundary layer develops and reaches the tube centre is called the thermal
entry region. The region beyond the thermal entry region in which the temperature profile remains
unchanged is called the thermally developed region/zone.
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⎛ T − Tw ⎞
The dimensionless temperature profile ⎜ T − T ⎟ does not also change upstream of thermal entry
⎝ c w⎠
length. The zone in which the flow is both hydrodynamically and thermally developed is called the
fully developed differs according to whether a uniform wall temperature (Tw) or a uniform heat
flux is maintained. For both surface conditions, however, the amount by which fluid temperatures
exceed the entrance temperature increase with increasing x.
Nusselt number for fully developed laminar flow in a tube is given as
hD 48
Nud = = = 4.364 (for constant heat flux)
k 11
hD
Nud = = 3.66 (for Tw = constant)
k
Q.6. (a) Solution:

The heat transfer areas for the different layer of the composite wall are:
Aa = 1 × 4 = 4 m2
Ab = 1.5 × 4 = 6 m2
Ac = Ad = 2.5 × 4 = 10 m2
The area at the inside and outside surfaces are:
Ai = A0 = 2.5 × 4 = 10 m2
The various thermal resistances to flow of heat are:
The analogous electrical circuit for the various thermal resistances is as shown below:
Rtb
t1 t2
Rti Rtc R td Rt0

Rta
(i) Inside air film:

1 1
Rti = = = 0.016 K/W
hi Ai 6.25 × 10
(ii) Material ‘a’:
δa 0.01
Rta = = = 0.015625 K/W
ka Ai 0.16 × 4
(iii) Material ‘b’:
δb 0.01
Rtb = = = 7.9365 × 10–3 K/W
kb Ab 0.21 × 6
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(iv) Material ‘c’:
δc 0.04
R tc = = = 0.1 K/W
kc Ac 0.04 × 10
(v) Material ‘d’:
δd 0.02
Rtd = = = 0.01176 K/W
kd Ad 0.17 × 10
(vi) Outside air film:
1 1
R to = = = 5.8 × 10–3 K/W
h0 A0 17.25 × 10
The resistances Rta and Rtb are in parallel and their equivalent resistance is
Rta × Rtb 0.015625 × 7.9365 × 10 −3
Ra = = = 5.263 × 10–3 K/W
Rta + Rtb 0.015625 + 7.9365 × 10 −3
This equivalent resistance is now in series with the first and last three resistances. The total
thermal resistance for the entire circuit becomes
ΣRt = 0.016 + 5.263 × 10–3 + 0.1 + 0.01176 + 5.8 × 10–3
ΣRt = 0.138823 K/W
Heat transfer rate through the wall of the guest house is
ΔT 20 − ( −12 )
ΣRt = = 230.51 W Answer
0.138823
Q.6. (b) Solution:
Governing heat flow equation is
Insulated
circumferential surface
T1 T2
150°C 500 mm 75°C
d 2T qg
2
+ = 0 (One dimension steady state conduction)
dx k
Upon integration of this equation, we obtain the general solution as
dT qg x
= − + C1
dx k
qg
and T = − x 2 + C1 x + C 2
2k
Heat generated q q
Given: qg = = =
Volume v AL
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30
qg = = 1.2 × 105 W/m3
5 × 10 −4 × 0.5
Invoking the boundary conditions:
T = T1 = 150°C at x = 0
⇒ C2 = T1 = 150
and T = T2 = 75°C at x = l
T2 − T1 q g l
C = +
l 2k
75 − 150 1.2 × 105 × 0.5

= + = – 150 + 750 = 600
0.5 2 × 40
According, the temperature distribution in the rod is prescribed by the relation
qg
T = − x 2 + 600x + 150
2k
1.2 × 10 5 2
T = − x + 600 x + 150
2 × 40
T = – 1500x 2 + 600x + 150

(i) for the maximum temperature,
dT
= 0
dx
– 3000x + 600 = 0
600
x = = 0.2 m or 200 mm
3000
Tmax = Tx = 0.2 = – 1500 × 0.22 + 600 × 0.2 + 150 = 200°C Answer

(ii) Heat flow at the left end:
dT
Q1 = −kA dx
x =0
Q1 = – kAC1
Q1 = – 40 × 5 × 10–4 × 600 = – 12 W Answer
Heat flow at right end:
dT ⎡ qg ⎤
Q2 = − kA = − kA ⎢ − l + C1 ⎥
dx x =l ⎣ k ⎦
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5
−4 ⎡ 1.2 × 10 ⎤
= −40 × 5 × 10 ⎢ − × 0.5 + 600 ⎥
⎣ 40 ⎦
= – 40 × 5 × 10–4 × (–900) = 18 W Answer
Q.6. (c) Solution:

ρlv
Re = μ
1.076 × 1.2 × 2.0

Re = = 119060.5
19.8 × 10 −6
Re < 5 × 105 therefore flow is laminar
μc p 19.8 × 10 −6 × 1008
Pr = = = 0.698
k 0.0286
hl
Nu = = 0.664(Re)0.5(Pr)0.33
k
= 0.664(119060.5)0.5(0.698)0.33 = 203.48
203.48 k 203.48 × 0.0286

h = = = 5.3125 W/m2K
l 1.2
Heat flow from both sides of the plate is given by

Q = h(2A)Δt
Q = 5.3125 × 2 × 1.2 (90 – 20)
Q = 892.5 W Answer
The instantaneous heat loss from the plate is also given by
= 2500 × 1.2 × 0.003 × 650 × Δτ = 5850Δτ
dT
−mc p = hAs (T − T∞ )
dτ
τ = 0, Τ = Τi
⎛ dT ⎞ 892.5
⎜− ⎟ = Rate of cooling = = 0.15256 °C/s Answer
⎝ dτ ⎠τ= 0 5850
0.5
( Δt )2 h2 ⎛ Re 2 ⎞
=
( Δt )1 = h1 ⎜⎝ Re 1 ⎟⎠
0.5 0.5
⎛ v2 ⎞ ⎛ 2.5 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = 1.118
⎝ v1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
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∴ Percentage increase in cooling rate = 11.8% Answer
7. (a) Solution :
(i)
T0 T1 T2
water
T∞ = 30°C
Insulation h = 1000 W/m2-K
A B
kA kB
T0
T1
T2
T∞
Temperature distribution
The temperature curve has following features:

(a) Parabolic in material A.
(b) Zero slope at insulated boundary.
(c) Linear in material B.
(d) Slope change = kB/kA = 2 at interface
(e) Large gradient near the surface.
(ii) q′′ = h(T2 – T∞) ...(1)
q LA = q′′ ...(2)
Combining (1) and (2)
q LA 1.5 × 10 6 × 0.05
= 30 +
T2 = T∞ + = 105°C Answer
h 1000
The temperature T0 of the insulated surface is given by
q L2
T0 = + Ts
2 k1
q L A 2
= + T1 ...(3)
2kA
where T1 may be obtained from following thermal circuit.
T1 T2 T∞
q′′
′′ ′′
Rconv
Rcond
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That is,
T1 = T∞ + ( R″cond, B + R″conv )q ″
where the resistances for the unit surface area are:
LB
R″cond, B =
KB
1
R ″conv =
h
⎛ 0.02 1 ⎞
∴ T1 = 30°C + ⎜ + × 1.5 × 10 6 × 0.05 = 115°C
⎝ 150 1000 ⎟⎠
Substituting in equation (3)
1.5 × 106 × (0.05)2
T0 = + 115°C = 140°C Answer
2 × 75
Q.7. (b) Solution:

Diameter of cantilever shaft, d = 60 mm = 0.06 m
Length of cantilever shaft, L = 300 mm = 0.3 m
Mass of disc, m = 120 kg
Young’s modulus, E = 200 GPa
π 2 π
cross-section area of shaft, A = d = × 0.062 = 2.83 × 10–3 m2
4 4
πd 4 π 4
Moment of inertia, I = = × ( 0.06 ) = 6.362 × 10–7 m4
64 64
WL 120 × 9.81 × 0.3

Static deflection of shaft, δ = = = 6.24 × 10–7 m
AE 2.83 × 10 −3 × 200 × 109
Frequency of longitudinal vibration,
(2)
m Transverse
(1) Longitudinal
0.4985 0.4985
fn1 = =
δ 6.24 × 10−7
fn1 = 631 Hz Answer
We know that static deflection of the shaft in transverse direction is given by
3
WL3 120 × 9.81 × (0.3 )
δ = = = 8.3266 × 10–5 m
3EI 3 × 200 × 109 × 6.362 × 10 −7
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Frequency of transverse vibration,

0.4985
fn2 = = 54.63 Hz Answer
8.3266 × 10 −5
Q.7. (c) Solution:

Thermal conductivity, k = 50 W/mK
Thermal diffusivity, α = 1.3 × 10–5 m2/s
Initial temperature, T0 = 650°C
Quench media temperature, T∞ = 55°C
Diameter of ball bearing, d = 4 cm = 0.04 m
heat transfer coefficient, h = 300 W/m2K
T(t) = 200°C
Volume of the ball V
Characteristic length, L = Surface area of the ball = A
s
4 3 1 r
= πr × 2
=
3 4 πr 3
hL 300 × 0.04
Biot number, Bi = = = 0.04
k 6 × 50
Since, Bi << 0.1, the lumped capacity system or the negligible internal resistance theory is valid.
θ T (t ) − T∞
= = exp [− Bi × F0 ]
θ0 T0 − T∞
k α 13 × 10−5
F0 = ×τ = ×τ = τ = 0.2925 τ
ρc p L2 L2 ⎛ 0.02 ⎞
2
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠
θ 200 − 55
θ0 = 650 − 55 = exp[– 0.04 × 0.2925 τ]
0.2437 = logee–0.0117τ = – 0.0117τ
log e 0.2437
τ = − 0.0117 = 120.7 seconds Answer (i)
τ
Q(t) = hAs θ0 ⎡⎣1 − exp ( −Bi × F0 )⎤⎦ Bi × F
0
2 ⎡⎣1 − exp ( −0.04 × 0.2925 × 120.7 ) × 120.7 ⎦⎤

Q(t) = 300 × 4 π × 0.02 (650 − 55 )
0.04 × 0.2925 × 120.7
= 58005.4 J 58 kJ Ans. (ii)
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Instantaneous heat transfer rate when they are at start,
− hA
τ
ρvc
q′(τ) = hAθ0 e
at, τ = 0, q′(τ) = hAθ0
q′(τ0) = 300 × 4π × 0.022 × (650 – 55)
q′(τ0) = 897.24 W
and q′(τ120.7) = hAsθ0 exp[–Bi × F0]
= 897.24 exp[–0.04 × 0.2925 × 120.7]
= 218.6 W Ans. (iii)
Q.8. (a) Solution:

P P
α1 α2
0 0
25 h1 25 h2
F F
B B
G G
r1 r2
β1 β2
25
25
0
mg mg
D H D H
30 30
Mg Mg
2 2
(a) Minimum position (b) Maximum position
BP = BD = 250 mm, DH = 30 mm, m = 6 kg, M = 60 kg, r1 = 150 mm, r2 = 200 mm

N1 = minimum speed when r1 = BG = 150 mm and N2 = maximum speed when r2 = BG = 200 mm
Height of the governor, h1 = PG = ( BP )2 − ( BG )2 (for minimum speed)
h1 = ( 250 )2 − ( 150 )2 = 200 mm = 0.2 m
BF = BG – FG = 150 – 30 = 120 mm (Since FG = DH)
DF = (DB )2 − ( BF )2 = 250 2 − 120 2 = 219 mm
BG 150
tan α 1 = = = 0.75
PG 200
BF 120
and tanβ1 = = = 0.548
DF 219
tan β1 0.548
k1 = tan α = 0.75 = 0.731
1
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M
m+ (1 + k1 ) 895
2
N 12 =
m h1
60 (
6+ 1 + 0.731 )
2 895
N 12 = ×
6 0.2 = 43206.125
N1 = 207.86 rpm
Height of governor for maximum speed, h2 = PG = ( BP )2 − ( BG )2
h2 = ( 250 )2 − ( 200 )2 = 150 mm = 0.15 m
BF = BG – FG = 200 – 30 = 170 mm
DF = ( DB)2 − ( BF )2 = ( 250 )2 − ( 170 )2 = 183 mm
BG 200
tan α 2 = = = 1.333
PG 150
BF 170
and tanβ2 = = = 0.93
DF 183
tan β2 0.93
k2 = = = 0.7
tan α 2 1.333
M
m+ (1 + k2 ) 895
2
N2 = 2 ×
m h2
60 (
6+ 1 + 0.7 )
N 22 = 2 895 = 56683.33
×
6 0.15
N2 = 238 rpm
Range of speed = N2 – N1 = 238 – 207.86
Δ N = 30.14 rpm Answer
Q.8. (b) Solution:

Transmissibility is given as
1
TR = 2
⎛ ω ⎞
⎜ω ⎟ −1
⎝ n⎠
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2
1 1 ⎛ ω ⎞
= 2 or ⎜ ω ⎟ = 11 + 1 = 12
11 ⎛ ω ⎞ ⎝ n⎠
⎜ω ⎟ −1
⎝ n⎠
ω
ωn = 12 = 3.46
ω ⎡ 2 πN 2 π × 1500 ⎤
ωn =
3.46 ⎢⎣ω = 60 = 60
= 157.08 ⎥ rad/s
⎦
157.08
ωn = = 45.4 rad/s
3.46
k
= ωn or k = mωn2 [m(total mass) = 125 + 35 = 160 kg]
m
k = 160 × (45.4)2 = 329785.6 N/m

k 329.7856
Stiffness of each spring = = = 54.96 kN/m Ans. (i)
6 6
ωn 45.4
Natural frequency, fn = = = 7.22 Hz Ans. (iii)
2 π 2 × 3.14
Transmitted force
TR = Impressed force
FTR
TR =
F
2 1
FTR = F × TR = m1 ω e ×
11
2 −2 1
= 35 × ( 157.08 ) × 0.05 × 10 × = 39.25 N Ans. (ii)
11
Q.8. (c) Solution:
Length of stroke = 44 cm = 0.44 m
S 44
Length of crank = = = 22 cm = 0.22 m
2 2
44
The distance travelled during quarter stroke = = 11 cm
4
x = r (1 – cosθ) [approximated]
Stroke 2 r r
for quarter stroke, x = = =
4 4 2
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r 1
= r (1 – cosθ) or cosθ = or θ = 60°
2 2
from the geometry,
β 90 cm
θ
22 cm
gas pressure (pA)
β
mg
1 2
cosβ = n − sin 2 θ
n
l 90
n = = = 4.091
r 22
1
cosβ = ( 4.091 )2 − ( sin 60° )2
4.091
cosβ = 0.9773
β = 12.23°
Gas pressure force, Fg = pA
π 2
Fg = 80 × × ( 32 ) = 64340 N
4
Fg = 64.34 kN
2 ⎛ cos 2θ ⎞
Inertia force, FI = mω r ⎜ cos θ + ⎟
⎝ n ⎠
2
⎛ 2 π × 300 ⎞ ⎛ cos 120° ⎞
FI = 120 × ⎜ ⎟ × 0.22 ⎜ cos 60° + ⎟
⎝ 60 ⎠ ⎝ 4.091 ⎠
FI = 9843.356 N = 9.843 kN
Weight of piston = mg = 120 × 9.81 = 1.172 kN
Piston effort, Fp = Fg – FI + mg
= 64.34 – 9.843 + 1.172 = 55.67 kN
Turing moment, M = F T r
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where FT = Fc sin(θ + β) [Thrust force]
Fp
and Fc = [Force on connecting rod]
cos β
Fp sin ( θ + β )
Turning moment, M = r
cos β
55.67 × sin ( 60° + 12.23° )

M = × 0.22
cos 12.23°
M = 11.934 kN-m Answer

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ESE-2018 Mains Test Series: Mechanical Engineering Test No: 2

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ESE-2018 Mains Test Series: Mechanical Engineering Test No: 2

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Detailed Solutions

ESE-2018 Mechanical Engineering

Section A : Thermodynamics + RAC

Q.1. (a) Solution:

Q.1. (b) Solution:

Critical point T Critical point

Saturated vapour line Liquid P = Const.

Vapor L-V Vapor

Q.1. (c) Solution:

Q.1. (d) Solution:

Schematic of Thermoelectric cooler

Q.1. (e) Solution:

Q.2. (a) Solution:

∫ ρAcp ⎡⎣T ( x) − Tf ⎦⎤ dx = 0 ...(i)

Q.2. (b) Solution:

As per 1st law of thermodynamics,

mRT1 1 × 0.1889 × 298

mRT2 1 × 0.1889 × 573

From equation (i): Q = – 250.1 + 0.657(300 – 25) = – 69.4 kJ

Q.2. (c) Solution:

c p = 0.65 × 35.72 + 0.35 × 74.56 = 49.314 kJ/kgmol-K

cv = cp − R = 49.314 – 8.314 = 41 kJ/kgmol-K

Work done = cp (T2 − T1 )

W = 121.74 kJ/kg Answer

Q.3. (a) (i)Solution:

Since ηth > η max , the claim is not feasible.

Q.3. (a) (ii) Solution:

Energy balance for this system can be expressed as:

30 × 0.949(T2 – 140) + 40 × 0.45(T2 – 60) = 0

ΔStotal = ΔS iron + ΔSaluminium

Q.3. (b) Solution:

Q.3. (c) Solution:

⎛ 269 ⎞ ⎛ 393.2 − 298 ⎞

(COP)actual = 0.7 × (COP)max

hfg (at 2 bar) = 2201.6 kJ/kg

= 85.65 kg/h Answer

Q.4. (a) Solution:

Entropy at compressor inlet i.e. point 1,

FIG: steam Jet Refrigeration System

Q.4. (c) Solution:

Pv = φPs = 0.7 × 0.06624 = 0.046368 bar

0.622 × 0.046368 0.028841

ω = 0.0302 kg/kg of dry air

mv = ωma = 0.0302 × 119.7 = 3.61 kg Answer

Mass of water vapour, mv = ω × ma = 0.00773 × 136.2 = 1.053 kg

Section B : HMT-1 + Theory of Machines-1

Q.5. (a) (i)Solution:

Q.5. (a) (ii)Solution:

Q.5. (a) (iii)Solution:

where, α = thermal difusivity

Q.5. (b) Solution:

ωd = 356.76 = 18.88 rad/s

Q.5. (d) Solution:

Convective heat loss from the bore pipe,

= 6.14 × π × 0.25 × 1 × (370 – 15)

Rcond. = 0.776 K/W per meter length

Rconvection = 0.148 K/W

Q2 = 384.2 W per meter length

% reduction = 77.56% Answer

Q.6. (a) Solution:

Rti Rtc R td Rt0

(i) Inside air film:

150°C 500 mm 75°C