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PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
THIS BLOG IS A REQUIREMENT IN OUR SUBJECT LIT1, THE LITERATURE OF THE
PHILIPPINES.
SATURDAY, AUGUST BLOG
15, 2009 ARCHIVE
II. The Middle Period 19301960 ▼ 2009 (12)
▼ August (1)
In Baguio, in 1958, an important national
II. The Middle Period 1930
writers conference was held to discuss the role
1960
of the Filipino writer in society. Also in 1958, a
chapter of International Pen was inaugurated in ► July (10)
the Philippines with Alfredo T. Morales as its
► June (1)
first president.
During the years 1930 to 1960 Philippine
literature in English rapidly improved,
especially in the areas of the essay, the short
story, and poetry. ABOUT ME
Essays: During the middle period of the
Philippine literature in English, the essayists
GRO U P 4
tried to capture Filipino life and culture. In the
1930s Salvador P. Lopez led the school of V IE W M Y
writers who stressed social consciousness. C O M PL E T E
Others, following the view of Jose Garcia Villa PRO FIL E
wrote on art and literature. In 1940, Salvador P.
Lopez expressed his views Literature and
Society.
Under the pseudonym "Mang Kiko," Francisco
B. Icasiano wrote, in 1941, Horizons from My
Nipa Hut. This book included humorous essays
which revealed a deep sympathy for the
common tao. During the war years the essays
improved in literary style but their content was
severely limited by the Japanese censors. After
1945 the essayists again turned to themes of
nationalism, politics, and literary criticism. For
the next ten years or so these themes were
treated with an ever growing proficiency.
Among the important essayists of the Middle
Period might be included: F. M. Africa,
Francisco Arcellana, Solomon V. Arnaldo, Jorge
Bocobo, Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion, Pura
SantillanCastrence, E. Aguilar Cruz, A. T.
Daguio, Amando G. Dayrit, Eugenio Ealdama,
Antonio Estrada, Ariston Estrada, Josefa
GonzalezEstrada, Antonio S. Gabila, Alfredo Q.
Gonzalez, Leon Ma. Guerrero, Jr. , J. M.
Hernandez, V. M. Hilario, F. B. Icasinao, Maria
KalawKatigbak, J. A. Lansang, Jose P. Laurel,
A. E. Litiatco, T. M. Locsin, Salvador P. Lopez,
Maria LunaLopez, A. J. Malay, I. V. Mallari,
Federico Mangahas, Ignacio Manlapaz, Camilo
Osias, Vicente Albano Pacis, Carlos Quirino,
Godofredo Rivera, Eulogio B. Rodriguez, Carlos
P. Romulo, A. B. Rotor, Leon O. Ty, Jose Garcia
Villa, Manuel A. Viray, and Leopoldo Y. Yabes.
Short Stories: The form of Philippine literature
which showed the most rapid development
seemed to be the short story. The early didactic
stories and romantic tales quickly gave way to
stories about farm life and city life, the
problems of society, and human hardships.
Local color was well used. Jose Garcia Villa was
among the first Filipino writers to receive
international recognition. In 1932 Villa's
"Untitled Story" was selected by Edward J.
O'Brien in New York for inclusion in the Best
Short Stories of 1932. In 1933, Scribner's
published Villa's Footnote to Youth and Other
Tales. "The Fence," also by Villa, was included
in O'Brien's Best Short Stories of 1933.
After Villa came several significant writers.
Manuel E. Arguilla wrote excellent stories about
the people of Nagrebcan in How My Brother
Leon Brought a Wife and Other Stories. Delfin
Fresnosa vividly depicted the hardships of the
poor. In his short stories Nick Joaquin included
allegories of cultural and moral situations in
Philippine history. He frequently recreated the
past to show its relevance and value for the
present. Joaquin's book Prose and Poems
(1952) was voted by a panel of critics led by
Leonard Casper as the most distinguished book
in fifty years of Philippine Literature in English.
In the 1950s another important writer was
Nestor Vidali Mendoza Gonzalez. In Children of
the AshCovered Loam and Other Stories (1954)
and A Season of Grace (1956), Gonzalez dealt
with such basic themes as loneliness, self
discovery, and hope amidst suffering.
The quality and depth of short story writing
developed rapidly during the Middle Period.
Among the writers who contributed to this
growth are: T. D. Agcaoili, Manuel F. Arguilla,
Estrella D. Alfon, Francisco Arcellana, Amante
E. Bigornia, Consorcio Borje, Carlos Bulosan,
Casiano T. Calalang, Fidel de Castro, Augusto C.
Catanjal, Mario P. Chanco, Amador T. Daguio,
Amando G. Dayrit, Morli Dharam, Delfin
Fresnosa, Ligaya VictorioFruto, Antonio S.
Gabila, Claro C. Gloria, N. V. M. Gonzalez, Sinai
C. Hamada, Jose M. Hernandez, Francisco B.
Icasiano, Nick Joaquin, F. Sonil Jose, Jose A.
Lansang, Paz Latorena, A. E. Litiatco, Alvaro L.
Martinez, A. G. Ner, Jose Villa Panganiban,
Benjamin M. Pascual, Mariano C. Pascual, C. V.
Pedroche, Isidro L. Retizos, Narciso G. Reyes,
Vicente Rivera, Jr., Alejandro R. Roces, Arturo
B. Rotor, Clemente M. Roxas, Bienvenido N.
Santos, G. D. Sicam, Loreto ParasSulit,
Silvestre L. Tagarao, Edilberto K. Tiempo, Edith
L. Tiempo, Arturo M. Tolentino, J. Capiendo
Tuvera, Kerima Polotan Tuvera, Nita H. Umali,
Jose Garcia Villa, and Manuel Viray.
Poems: The poetry of the Middle Period
developed slowly. In the 1930s most poetry was
still romantic in character. Under the influence
of Salvador P. Lopez, some poets like R. Zulueta
da Costa became more conscious of their
environment and dealt with themes of injustice
and oppression. Jose Garcia Villa continued to
lead the way for all poets with his creative
innovations. In the late 1930s Angela Manalang
Gloria emerged as a promising poet. She
published her works in Poems just before
World War II.
From 1942 to 1945, few poems were written
because of the war conditions and censorship.
However, a few poets living in the mountains
managed to write verses. These poems were
later published in 1946 by Juan L. Raso in
Guerilla Flower.
The experiences of war seemed to add wider
vision and greater depth to Filipino poetry in
English. Several new poets published their
works. In 1951 Jose Del Castillo's Antiphonal
Earth: Coins of Song was published in London.
Dominidor I. Ilio published in 1955. Ricaredo
Demetillo published Diplomat and Other
PoemsNo Certain Weather in 1956 and La Via
in 1959. Among the poets who contributed to
the Middle Period of Philippine Literature in
English are: T. D. Agcaoili, Aurelio Alvero,
Carlos A. Angeles, R. Vinzons Asis, Jorge
Bocobo, G. Burce Bunao, Reuben R. Canoy,
Guillermo Castillo, Jose del Castillo, Fidel de
Castro, Rafael Zulueta da Costa, Amador T.
Daguio, Luis Dato, Ricaredo Demetillo, Ramon
Echevarria, Gregorio Estonanto, Cornelio C.
Faigao, Rodrigo T. Feria, Virgilio Floresca,
Vicente L. del Fiero, Angela ManalangGloria,
N. V. M. Gonzalez, J. M. Hernandez,
Alejandrino G. Hufana, Dominador I. Ilio, Nick
Joaquin, A. E. Litiatco, Toribia Mano, Felizardo
Martelino, Hernando R. Ocampo, Conrado V.
Pedroche, Maximo D. Ramos, N. G. Reyes,
Conrado B. Rigor, Alfonso P. Santos,
Bienvenido N. Santos, Guillermo V. Sison,
Abelardo Subido, Trinidad L. Tarrosa, Edith L.
Tiempo, Francisco G. Tonogbanua, Amado L.
Unite, Celestino M. Vega, H. C. Veloso, Jose
Garcia Villa, Manuel L Viray, Amado Yuson,
and Oscar de Zuniga.
PO S T E D BY GRO U P 4 AT 8: 13 PM
L A BE L S : M ID D L E PE RIO D
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