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PHYSICS
Logic Gates combination for a
given Truth Table
A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it has only one
output. The relationship between the possible values of input
and output voltage is expressed in the form of a table called
truth table or table of combination.
Truth table of a Logic Gates is a table that shows all the input
and output possibilities for the logic gate.
2019 – 2020
Principal’s Sign
CERTIFICATE
I rashi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
OF
types of logic gates .These are the AND gate, the OR gate and
the NOT gate.
LOGIC STATES
PHYSICS
1
HIGH
0
LOW
+ve -ve
Logic GatesONcombinationOFF
for a
given CLOSE
Truth Table OPEN
RIGHT WRONG
TRUE FALSE
Components:
Theory and
Construction:
An OR gate can be realize by the electronic circuit, making use of two
diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure.
a) If switch A & B are open lamp do not glow (A=0, B=0), hence Y=0.
b) If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
c) If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
d) If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
Truth Table:
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 1
Aim:
Components:
Theory and
Construction:
An AND gate can be realize by the electronic circuit, making use of
two diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure. The resistance R is connected
to the positive terminal of a 5V battery permanently.
a)If both switches A&B are open (A=0, B=0) then lamp will not glow,
hence Y=0.
b)If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then Lamp will not glow,
hence Y=0.
c)If switch A open & B closed (A=0, B=1) then Lamp will not glow,
hence Y=0.
d) If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then Lamp will glow, hence
Y=1.
Truth Table:
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1
Aim:
Components:
Theory and
Construction:
A NOT gate cannot be realized by using diodes. However an
electronic circuit of NOT gate can be realized by making use of a n-p-n
transistor as shown in the figure.
The base B of the transistor is connected to the input A through a
resistance Rb and the emitter E is earthed. The collector is connected to 5V
battery. The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.
The following conclusion can be easily drawn from the working of the
electrical circuit:
a) If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the lump will glow, hence Y=1.
b) If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the lump will not glow, hence Y=0.
Truth Table:
Input A Output Y
0 1
1 0
Aim:
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), an ideal n-p-n transistor.
Theory and
Construction:
If we connect the output Y’ of OR gate to the input of a NOT gate the
gate obtained is called NOR.The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.
In Boolean expression, the NOR gate is expressed as Y=A+B, and is being
read as ‘A OR B negated’. The following interference can be easily drawn
from the working of electrical circuit is:
a) If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will glow, hence Y=1.
b)If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then Lamp will not glow,
hence Y=0.
c)If Switch A open & B close (A=0, B=1) then Lamp will not glow,
hence Y=0.
d)If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp will not glow,
hence Y=0.
Truth Table:
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 0
Aim:
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), a resistance R, an ideal n-p-
n transistor.
Theory and
Construction:
If we connect the output Y’ of AND gate to the input of a NOT gate
the gate obtained is called NAND.
The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.
a) If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will glow, hence Y=1.
b) If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
c) If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
d)If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp will not glow,
hence Y=0.
Truth Table:
1 0 1
Aim: 0 1 1
1 1 0
TO DESIGN
AND SIMULATE THE EX OR GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
Theory and
Construction:
The operation EXOR checks for the exclusivity in the value of the two
signals A and B. It means if A and B are not identical (i.e. if A=0 and B=1 or
vice versa), the output Y=1, and if both are identical, then the output Y=0.
This operation is also called exclusive OR gate, designated EXOR.
In Boolean expression, the EX OR gate is expressed as
Y=A.B + A.B =
a)If both switches A&B are open (A=0, B=0) then lamp will not glow,
hence Y=0.
b) If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
c) If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
d)If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp will not glow,
hence Y=0.
Truth Table:
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0
Aim:
Theory and
Construction:
The operation EXNOR checks for the exclusivity in the value of the
two signals A and B. It means if A and B are not identical (i.e. if A=0 and B=1
or vice versa), the output Y=0, and if both are identical, then the output
Y=1. This operation is also called exclusive NOR gate, designated EXNOR.
In Boolean expression, the EX NOR gate is expressed as
Y=A.B + A.B =
a) If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will glow, hence Y=1.
b)If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then Lamp will not glow,
hence Y=0.
c)If Switch A open & B close (A=0, B=1) then Lamp will not glow,
hence Y=0.
d) If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then Lamp will glow, hence
Y=1.
Truth Table:
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1
Some Common Applications of Logic Gates
During the course of discussion about various digital logic gates, we have
mainly discussed about the design, property and operation of them. In this
article we will look at various applications of logic gates. Their
applications are determined mainly based upon their truth table i.e. their
mode of operations. In the following discussion we will look at the
applications of basic logic gates as well as many other normal logic gates
as well.
Application of OR gate
Wherever the occurrence of any one or more than one event is needed to
be detected or some actions are to be taken after their occurrence, in all
those cases OR gates can be used. It can be explained with an example.
Suppose in an industrial plant if one or more than one parameter exceeds
the safe value, some protective measure is needed to be done. In that case
OR gate is used. We are going to show this with the help of a diagram.
The above figure is a typical schematic diagram where an OR gate is used
to detect exceed of temperature or pressure and produce command signal
for the system to take required actions.
Application of AND gate
There are mainly two applications of AND gate as Enable gate and
Inhibit gate. Enable gate means allowance of data through a channel and
Inhibit gate is just the reverse of that process i.e. disallowance of data
through a channel. We are going to show an enabling operation to
understand it in an easier way. Suppose in the measurement of frequency
of a pulsed waveform. For measurement of frequency a gating pulse of
known frequency is sent to enable the passage of the waveform whose
frequency is to be measured. The diagram below shows the arrangement of
the above explained operation.
With the help of these gates parity check operation can be also performed.
The diagrams below show even and odd parity check.
Figure (a) shows the parity check using Ex-OR gates and the figure (b)
shows the parity check using Ex-NOR gates.