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SOCRATES
470 BCE - 399 BCE “The true task of the
philosopher is to know
oneself”
MAN = MATTER +
FORM
MATTER (hyle) –
common stuff that
makes up everything in
the universe
FORM (morphe) –
essence of a substance
or thing (what makes
it, what it is)
“There is so much that
we should doubt”
ST. THOMAS
AQUINAS “The soul is what
(1225–1274)
makes us humans”
BODY
TEMPORAL
MAN or
INDIVIDUAL
PERFECT
SOUL
PERMANENT
BIOLOGICAL SOUL
HEAD RATIONAL
HEART SPIRITUAL
LIVER APPETITIVE
PSYCHOLOGICAL VIRTUE
REASON WISDOM
EMOTIONS COURAGE
DESIRES TEMPERANCE
Lives eternally in
SOUL spiritual bliss with God
The soul is immortal
Reason (divine
essence), spirit or
passion (basic
motions), and physical
appetite (basic
biological needs)