NAME:RASAL NIKHIL GAUTAM

REG.NO:17BPI0046
Course Code:MEE2036
Project Reviews
Basic Components and its working:
1)Superstructure or decking component
2)Bearings
3)Substructure Component

Superstructure Components of Bridges:

The superstructure of the bridge structure consists
of deck slab, girder, truss etc. Superstructure of the
bridge bears the load passing over it. This helps in
transmitting the forces formed by the loads to the
below substructures.
Bearings in Bridges:
The loads received by the decks are properly and
safely transmitted to the substructure with the
help of bearings. These are components of bridge
that enables even distribution of load on the
substructure material. This transmission is very
essential in situations where the substructure is
not designed to take the load action directly.

The bearings in bridges allows the longitudinal

movement of the girders. This movement is
created due to the forces acting on the
longitudinal direction. The forces due to the
moving loads and the variation in temperature
are the main causes for longitudinal forces.
Substructure Components of Bridges
1)Piers
2)Abutments
3)Wing Walls and the Returns
4)Foundation

Piers:
The piers are vertical structures used to support the bearings
provided for load transmission to underground soil through
foundation. These structures serve as supports for the bridge
spans at intermediate points.

The pier structure has mainly two functions:

1)Load transmission to the Foundation
2)Resistance to the horizontal forces
The pier is a vertical member that resist the forces by means of
shear mechanism. These forces are mainly lateral forces. The pier
that consist of multiple columns are called as bent.
Abutments:
Abutments are vertical structures used to retain the earth
behind the structure. The dead and the live loads from the
bridge superstructure is supported by the bridge abutments
The abutments are also subjected to lateral pressures mainly
from the approach embankment.

The design loads on the abutment is mainly dependent on

the:
a)Type of abutment selected
b)The sequence of construction

Wing Walls and Returns:

Structures constructed as an extension of the abutments to
retain the earth present in the approach bank are called
wing walls. This portion will otherwise have a natural angle
of repose. These are retaining walls constructed adjacent to
the abutments. This wall can be constructed either integrally
or independent with the abutment wall.
Foundation of Bridges:
Foundation are structures constructed to
transmit the load from the piers, abutments,
wing walls and the returns evenly on the strata.

The foundation provided for bridge structures

are deep in sufficient manner to avoid scouring
due to the water movement or to reduce the
chances of undermining.
1) Societal and economic challenges:
Corrosion not only concerns the safety and quality
(traffic jams, infrastructure availability, etc.) of human
life, the required repair work also negatively affects the
environment due to the increased consumption of
energy and materials.
Bridge is a key factor in the competitiveness of
economies; neglecting bridge maintenance or its
expansion were recently highlighted to be among the
main reasons limiting economic growth and global
competitiveness.
It was concluded that in 70–90% of the evaluated cases
corrosion was the dominant degradation mechanism
Additionally, the continuous aging of our bridges will
aggravate this situation in the years to
2) Technological challenges:
Main challenge lies in the design of durable new
structures.
The high societal costs of corrosion directly reflect
the severe lack of fundamental understanding of
corrosion-related degradation of materials exposed
to the environment.
There is a strong need for a knowledge-based
approach to the issue of predicting the durability
of concrete bridges.
The overarching challenge is that in predicting the
actual performance of structures built with modern
and innovative construction materials and
construction processes, one cannot any longer rely
on empirical long-term experience from practice.
3)Educational Challenges:
That the current generation of professionals in civil
engineering are generally not sufficiently well
trained to adequately tackle the technological
challenges described above.
Also the broad workforce in civil engineering has
an improved awareness of corrosion and
durability problems, as this is generally needed for
consulting, tendering, design, etc.
Increased awareness would also allow this group
of professionals to take more educated decisions
about whether or not to involve more specialized
corrosion experts in certain situations.
Positions are not only needed to provide the
scientific basis in order to address the
technological challenges but also to provide more
opportunities for training of concrete bridge
corrosion experts
Auther Title Abstact

Ueli M. Angst Challenges and This paper summarizes the grand related to
opportunities in corrosion corrosion of steel in concrete, andpresents
of steel the state-of-the-art of the most relevant
in concrete issues in the field.

Paul Virmani MITIGATION OF The major cause of concrete deterioration

John M. Hooks, CORROSION IN (cracking,delamination, and spalling), is the
CONCRETE BRIDGES corrosion of embedded black steel
reinforcing bars as a result of chloride ions
(permeating through the concrete cover) in
combination with moisture andoxygen.
F. Sandron, Galvanic Protection for Galvanic systems can be used for targeted or
D.W.Whitmore, Reinforced Concrete global corrosion protection
P.Eng Bridge Structures
Auther Title Abstact

Matthew D. Pritzl, Laboratory Evaluation of Reinforced concrete

Habib Tabatabai Select Methods of laboratory specimens were
and Al Ghorbanpoor Corrosion Prevention in used to evaluate a number
Reinforced Concrete of corrosion prevention
Bridges methods
Zamin Jumaat, The repair of reinforced This paper reviews works
Md Humayun Kabir concrete beams on repairing of deteriorated
M.Obaydullah reinforced concrete beams.

Bruno Huet, Corrosion Mechanisms of Corrosion of reinforced bars

H.Idrissi Reinforced Concrete in reinforced concrete
Degradation structures is the main cause
of bridge corrosion
1)Galvanizing : It includes several processes that add a
zinc rich coating that provides cathodic protection This
can inhibit corrosion even when some of the coating is
damaged or missing. Due to the application process,
special detailing and fabrication techniques are
required in constructing bridges.
Characterisation : Discrete or “point” anodes have been
used to provide localized protection around concrete
repairs. For structures where global protection is
desired for specific structural elements, embedded
distributed galvanic protection systems can be an
economical and effective approach. Long term
monitoring of distributed anode systems indicates a
high level of performance with service lives in excess of
20 years.
2) Conductive Paints: Paints, using water or organic
solvents as the carrier, can be made electrically
conductive by adding finely dispersed carbon particles.
The resulting materials can be applied on an entire
concrete member as a continuous distributive or
secondary anode, so that protection current brought in
from a rectifier by primary anodes can be uniformly
distributed.
Characterisation :Based on the performance of the
water-based conductive paint in the first 7 to 9 years of
service of the two CP systems in Virginia, it was
projected that the service life of this conductive paint
can be at least 15 years, especially when any small
deterioration is touched up as early as possible.

3)Epoxy Coated Reinforcement: For bridges usually

comprises of a multi coat system, with a base primer
(either an epoxy or zinc-rich), topped with a high build
epoxy only, or with two coats of epoxy micaceous iron
oxide
Characterisation : It used as a finish coat, with good
chemical and abrasion resistance . However,
usually used topped with a polyurethane, as it is
prone to chalking

4)Metallizeed Zinc Coating :Zinc spraying, or

metallizing , is accomplished by feeding zinc wire
or powder into a heated gun, where it is melted
and sprayed onto the part using combustion gases
and/or auxiliary compressed air to provide the
necessary velocity. Prior to metallizing , the steel
must be abrasively cleaned.
Characterisation: The metallized zinc coating is
rough and slightly porous, with density about 80%
that of hot-dip galvanizing. As the metallized
coating is exposed to the atmosphere, zinc
corrosion products tend to fill the pores providing
consistent cathodic protection.
 EPOXY COATED REINFORCEMENT:
➢ Concrete is porous it can absorb water it can also
contain air pockets these are too ingredients required
for rust growth , by galvanising the rebar and then
coating it with a high build epoxy your encapsulating
the steel and taking away oxygen and protecting it
from water. It provide a mechanical moisture barrier
➢ When used in exposure conditions that do not keep the
concrete constantly wet, the epoxy coating will provide
a certain degree of protection to the steel bars and,
thereby, delay the initiation of corrosion.
➢ using epoxy-coated reinforcing steel in combination
with certain corrosion inhibitors as a multiple
corrosion protection system for use in Bridges
➢ A multiple protection strategy is the simultaneous use of two or more protection
measures, such as epoxy- coated reinforcing steel and a corrosion inhibitor.
➢ Epoxy- coated Reinforcement are coated with an extra-thick coating of epoxy to
allow for elongation, and often have a coarse grit embedded in the epoxy to aid in
bonding. The epoxy coating provides a mechanical moisture barrier. The coating
thickness is considerably more than that any other case. The performance of epoxy-
coated reinforcement in both pretensioned and post-tensioned specimens under
severe exposure conditions has been excellent.
➢ Epoxy coated reinforcement minimize concrete deterioration caused by corrosion
of the reinforcing steel and to extend the useful life of concrete beidges. The epoxy
coating is a barrier system intended to prevent moisture and chlorides from
reaching the surface of the reinforcing steel and to electrically insulate the steel to
minimize the flow of corrosion current.

➢ Epoxy coatings are 100-percent solid, dry powders. These dry epoxy powders are
electrostatically sprayed over cleaned and preheated steel reinforcing bars. The
coatings achieve their toughness and adhesion to the steel substrate as a result of a
chemical reaction initiated by heat. These epoxy powders are thermosetting
materials and their physical properties do not change readily with changes in
temperature.
The coating process consists of several steps:
1)Steel reinforcing bars move along powered rollers at speeds of 6 m/min to more than 15 m/min
(20 to 50 ft/min).

2) The bars are blast-cleaned with grit or shot in a grit-blasting booth to a near- white blast as
specified in the Society for Protective Coatings Specification

3)In some plants, the bars pass through a pretreatment application unit where a pretreatment
solution is applied, the excess is removed, and the bars are dried prior to leaving the unit.

4)The bars are then heated very rapidly (within 1 to 3 s) to 246EC (475EF) as they pass through an
induction coil.

5)As the bars enter the spray booth, epoxy powder is electrostatically sprayed onto the bars by
stationary automatic spray guns. When the powder hits the hot bars, it melts and becomes fluid to
form a smooth coating.

6)After the bars leave the powder-coating booth, the ambient air begins to cool them. The coating
continues to cure due to the heat retained within the bars. The powder coating is formulated to be
tough enough not to be marked by the rollers while it is curing. The line speed is adjusted so that
the coating has enough time to fully cure.

7)The bars are then either sprayed with cold water or completely immersed in water to cool the
bars so that they can be handled.

8) When the cooled bars reach the end of the line, they are automatically lifted off of the rollers
and stacked.
These are some advantage of using ECR:

➢ Coating disbondment occurs at a slower rate in good quality

concrete.
➢ It takes longer for ECR bars in bridge decks to disbond
compared to ECR bars in piles in marine environments.
➢ Epoxy coatings are expected to disbond in humid
environments.
➢ If sufficient chlorides reach the ECR before the coating
disbonds, the epoxy coating provides additional service life.
➢Excellent performance in resisting corrosion and avoiding any
corrosion-induced concrete deterioration.
➢ECR performs better than black bars and can extend the time
to corrosion- induced deterioration in reinforced concrete
structures
 In addition , when epoxy coated
bars are used:
➢Minimize coating damages in
bridge structures
➢Repair coating damages on site

➢Repair concrete cracks

➢When this is effective it may

provide a typical service life of 30
to 40 years

So the best coating technology to

solve the problem of corrosion in
concrete bridges is Epoxy Coated
Reinforcement.
Cross-section of ECR bar