INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

The Intellectual revolution pertains to the period of paradigm shifts or changes in the
scientific beliefs that have been widely embraced and accepted by the people (Hintay, 2018).

THE THREE REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED THE SOCIETY

1.) Ideas of known intellectuals
2.) Information Revolution
3.) Cradles of Early Science

IDEAS OF KNOWN INTELLECTUALS

COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

In the 6th century, Ptolemy introduced the geocentric model where it showed that the
Earth is the center of the universe which was thought to be true by most of the people at that
time.
NICHOLAS COPERNICUS (1473-1543)
Copernicus is an Astronomer who contradicts the geocentric model and proposed the
Heliocentric Theory where planets revolve around the sun.
The change from the belief of geocentric to heliocentric happened through the
contributions of other important persons such as:
 Brahe’s observation of the star Cassiopeia
 Kepler stated that the planets move in elliptical orbits and the sun at the center
 Galileo Galilei developed telescope and observed Venus
 Isaac Newton’s law of gravitation
The Copernican revolution influences conceptual changes in cosmology, religion,
physics, and philosophy.

DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
UNITED KINGDOM
CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882)
Formulated his book “On the Origin of Species” in 1859 that presented evidence on
how species evolved over time and “The Descent of Man (1871)” that introduced the idea of
all organic life under the realm of revolutionary thinking.
Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection where organisms change
overtime as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. The changes that
allow an organism to better adapt to its environment can help it survive and have more
offspring
There are 2 main points in his theory:
1. All life on Earth is connected and related to each other
2. This diversity of life came about because of the modifications in populations that were
driven by natural selection
Natural Selection- survival of the fittest

FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)
Freud founded psychoanalysis. He described that the brain can be segmented into
compartments. He developed an observational method to study human's inner life mainly
focuses on human sexuality and evil nature of man.
The Freudian revolution greatly affected or gave rise to the Literature, Visual Arts and
Music.

INFORMATION REVOLUTION
The Information Revolution started from the Sumerian pictographs, which is the
earliest writing system. Then comes the invention of Gutenberg’s printing press 1455. There
emerged the use of typewriter and telegraph. Today, technologies are used widely which
became easier with the help of internet to communicate and disseminate and store
information.

THE FOUR CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE

MESOAMERICAN
Mesoamerican Civilizations
 Mayan
 Inca
 Aztec
Contributions of the Mesoamericans
 The Aztecs had established a great military force.
 The chinampa of the Aztecs used small rectangular area of fertile land to grow crops
on the shallow lake beds.
 The use of rubber is documented in the Maya ball game called tlatchtli.
 They used cocoa beans as a currency.
  The Maya developed an accurate calendar, also known as the Mayan Calendar.
 The Quipos are used by the Incan for book-keeping
 The Mita system was invented by the Inca. It is a labor service that takes for in road
and bridge construction, in cultivation of corn and textile production

MIDDLE EAST
Contributions in the Middle East:
 The Arab applied the romans principles and improve the watermill known as noria.
 The middle East is known for their machine designed for the improvement of
irrigation, industrial work and for war. The windmill and watermill are used for
crushing sugarcanes, grinding grain, and pumping water.
 The book of Badic al-Zaman ibn al-Razaz al-Jazari described candle and water
clocks, water vessels, fountains, automata, and water raising devices.
 The book written by Taqi al-Din ibn Maruf al-Rashid al-Dimashqi explained steam
power and a blueprint of a six-piston pump.
ASIA
Major contributions in Asia
 Traditional Chinese medicine acupuncture and herbal medicine were practiced
 Four great inventions in china: Compass, gunpowder, papermaking, printing
 Other: alchemy, which is a Taoist chemistry

AFRICAN
Contributions from Africa:
 Africa is known for the production of Kola nuts and coffee in Ethiopia (Kola nuts are
mostly found in West Africa and is the basis of cola drink).
 Coffee was developed as a consumable drink that spread to Arabia and then
throughout the world
 Africa used plants with salicylic acid for pain (aspirin) and for diarrhea (Kaopectate).
 They are also highly advanced in medicine such operating autopsies and caesarian.
 The technology involved experimentation in drainage, construction of polders,
desalination, and irrigation. Evidence in 1978 suggests that they already mastered
making steels.
 REFERENCES

Hintay, K. J. (2018, February 6). INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS. Retrieved November 13,

2019, from https://prezi.com/2ak2vqch_apz/intellectual-revolutions/.

Kahulugan, J. (2018). Week 2: Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society. Retrieved

November 13, 2019, from https://quizlet.com/322543864/week-2-intellectual-revolutions-

that-defined-society-flash-cards/.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT
DEFINED SOCIETY

STAS 111
RICO, ALYSSA KRYLLE B.
MD 1Y2-1