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Surface
Layers of the Earth
Constructive vs. Destructive
Forces
Constructive Forces build Destructive Forces break
up features on the surface of down features on the Earth’s
the Earth. surface.
When water in
rivers, streams,
and waterfalls
move over rock it
weathers—breakin
g into smaller and
smaller pieces.
Destructive Force: Erosion
from Flowing Water
Rivers, streams, and runoff carry weathered rock or soil to
another place. Fast moving streams and rivers will carry big
and small rocks downstream. Slower moving water carries
smaller rocks and soil downstream. This moving water causes
soil erosion—carrying the soil away to a different location.
Destructive Force: Erosion
from Flowing Water forms Canyons
As rocks
slide down a
hill or
mountain,
they break
other rocks
into smaller
pieces.
Destructive Force:
Mechanical Weathering and Erosion
from Water and Gravity
Strong winds can move small rocks and soil from one
location to another. Blowing wind and sand are the reasons
these rocks and dunes have formed.
Destructive Force:
Mechanical Weathering and Erosion
From Water and Ice
Land is being
constantly worn
down by wind,
water, and ice.
The original
level of the
plateau.
Destructive Force:
Mechanical Weathering and Erosion
by Glaciers (Ice)
Striations or scratches
made in the rock under
a glacier by the stones
stuck in it as the glacier
moved downhill. Click
on the link…
https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=NqcjF5C03
DI
Destructive Force:
Mechanical Weathering and Erosion
by Glaciers (Ice)
Amazon River Delta into the Mississippi River Delta into the
Atlantic Ocean Gulf of Mexico
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Za5wpCo0Sqg
Constructive Force:
Tectonic Plates
Mountains and ridges can be formed because
of moving tectonic plates. Watch this…
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpqUu0PLkm
M
Constructive Force:
Tectonic Plates
The Rockies, Andes, and
Himalayas Mountain Ranges
formed from plates colliding. This
is called a convergent boundary.
Constructive Force:
Tectonic Plates
Mid-Atlantic Ridge or the
Great Rift Valley form from
plates separating. This is
called a divergent boundary.
Constructive Force:
Faults and Folding
Faults are cracks in the Earth’s crust. The
surface of the Earth is made up of tectonic
plates that are floating on magma (molten
rock). It is along these fault lines that
earthquakes and volcanoes occur.
Constructive Force:
Volcanoes
• A volcano is an opening in
the Earth's surface or crust,
which allows hot, molten
rock, ash and gases to
escape from deep below the
crust of Earth’s surface.
• Volcanic activity form
mountains and land over
time.
• Magma hot molten rock
within volcano. Lava flows
from the volcano on Earth's
surface. It cools to form
igneous rock.
Constructive Force:
Volcanoes
• There are two main types of
volcanoes: shield and
composite.