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System sizing, Installation, Commissioning and Maintenance of Solar Photovoltaic Systems
VII Batch
Acknowledgement & Project Overview
The aim of this project report is to estimate and calculate the approximate design of a 1MW solar
PV power plant. The total no. of solar panel required and the different parameters of the solar
panel estimated. A site in Ghaziabad is taken virtually to estimate the solar intensity of the site
which is most important for calculation.
Also the brief details of the materials/equipments (solar panels, inverters, protective gears,
SCADA etc.) used to set up a 1MW power plant have been highlighted.
Introduction
India has very suitable conditions to harness solar energy for the development of photovoltaic
solar power systems. The reason being high mean daily radiation and the high number of sunny
days in most parts of our country. For this reason, the government and companies working in the
sector, are developing policies and investing in photovoltaic solar power systems. One of the best
features of rooftop solar PV systems is that they can be permitted and installed faster than power
plants based on other renewable sources. They are clean, quiet, and visually unobtrusive. People
won’t even know that the rooftop plants are working there. Keeping in view the imminent
shortfalls in conventional power generating sources and growing demand of energy, it is crucial
to go for non- conventional sources.
Solar Energy:
It is a radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving
technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten
salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis. It is an important source of renewable energy and
its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on
how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power.
(i) Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power
and solar water heating to harness the energy.
(ii) Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with
favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties and designing spaces that naturally
circulate air.
Solar PV Module:
A PV module consists of many PV cells wired in parallel to increase current and in series to
produce a higher voltage. The module is encapsulated with tempered glass (or some other
transparent material) on the front surface, and with a protective and waterproof material on the
back surface. The edges are sealed for weatherproofing, and there is often an aluminum frame
holding everything together in a mountable unit. In the back of the module there is a junction
box, or wire leads, providing electrical connections.
Monocrystalline solar modules have the highest efficiency rates since they are made out of the
highest-grade silicon. The efficiency rates of monocrystalline solar panels are typically 15-20%.
Monocrystalline silicon solar panels are space-efficient. Since these solar panels yield the highest
power outputs, they also require the least amount of space compared to any other types. While
the process used to make multi-crystalline silicon is simpler and costs less. The amount of waste
silicon is less compared to monocrystalline. But they tend to have slightly lower heat tolerance
than monocrystalline solar panels. This technically means that they perform slightly worse than
monocrystalline solar panels in high temperatures.
Solar PV System:
A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system is a power system designed to
supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several
components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar
inverter to change the electric current from DC to AC, as well as mounting, cabling and other
electrical accessories to set up a working system.
PV systems range from small, rooftop-mounted or building-integrated systems with capacities
from a few to several tens of kilowatts, to large utility-scale power stations of hundreds of mega-
watts. Nowadays, most PV systems are grid-connected while off-grid or stand-alone systems
only account for a small portion of the market.
(i) Grid-Connected System:
A grid connected system is connected to a larger independent grid (typically the public
electricity grid) and feeds energy directly into the grid. This energy may be shared by a
residential or commercial building before or after the revenue measurement point. Grid
connected systems vary in size from residential (2–10 kWp) to solar power stations (up to 10s of
MWp). This is a form of decentralized electricity generation. The feeding of electricity into the
grid requires the transformation of DC into AC by a special, synchronizing grid-tie inverter.
A photovoltaic system for residential, commercial, or industrial energy supply consists of the
solar array and a number of components often summarized as the balance of system (BOS). The
term originates from the fact that some BOS-components are balancing the power-generating
subsystem of the solar array with the power-using side, the load. BOS-components include
power-conditioning equipment and structures for mounting, typically one or more DC
to AC power converters, also known as inverters, an energy storage device, a racking system that
supports the solar array, electrical wiring and interconnections, and mounting for other
components.
Every solar electric system with batteries should have a solar charge controller. A charge
controller regulates the amount of current the PV modules feed into a battery bank. Their main
function is to prevent overcharging of the batteries, but charge controllers also block battery
bank current from leaking back into the photovoltaic array at night or on cloudy days, draining
the battery bank.
The two main types are PWM (Pulse Width Modulated) and MPPT (Tracking). PWM
technology is older and more commonly used on smaller solar arrays. The controller must also
have enough capacity (in rated Amps) to handle the total current of the solar array safely. MPPT
charge controllers can track the maximum power point of a solar array and deliver 10-25% more
power than a PWM controller could do for the same array. They do this by converting excess
voltage into usable current.
(iii) Batteries:
Batteries chemically store electrical energy in renewable energy systems. They come in
several voltages, but the most common varieties are 6 Volt and 12 Volt. The three types of
batteries that are most commonly used are as follows:
• Lead Acid Batteries: Lead acid batteries are the most common type of energy storage in
PV systems due to their versatility and low cost. They are based on the lead/sulphuric
acid chemical reaction. Lead acid batteries are the most common type of energy storage
in PV systems due to their versatility and low cost. They have evolved into two groups:
6V or 12V batteries in tough plastic cases with capacities up to say 200Ah and the larger
capacity 2V battery bank Cells, ranging from about 100 Ah to several thousand Ah
capacities.
• Nickel Cadmium Batteries: These are manufactured in many sizes. Sealed batteries are
of smaller capacities. The larger ‘wet’ NiCad is ideal for renewable energy storage. The
main disadvantages of nickel-cadmium batteries are their high cost and limited
availability compared to lead-acid designs. A typical nickel-cadmium cell consists of
positive electrodes made from nickel-hydroxide [NiO(OH)] and negative electrodes made
from cadmium (Cd) and immersed in an alkaline potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte
solution. When a nickel-cadmium cell is discharged, the nickel hydroxide changes form
[Ni(OH)2] and the cadmium converts to cadmium hydroxide [Cd(OH)2].
An inverter takes (DC) from batteries and turns it into (AC) which is used to run most
common electrical loads. There are two main classes of inverters, or grid-capable and standalone
units. Off-grid inverters require batteries for storage. Straight grid-tied inverters don’t use
batteries and grid-capable inverters can work either with or without batteries depending on
system design. There is a wide range of available inverter features suited to differing system
needs and situations. Some inverters have integrated AC chargers so that they can use AC power
from the grid to charge the batteries during periods of low sun.
The DC and AC disconnects of a PV system are manual switches that are capable of cutting
off power to and from the inverter. Some inverters have disconnects with switches integrated
into their structure. Other systems use an integrated power panel to support the inverter(s) and
their associated disconnects in an organized arrangement. Disconnection prevents the current
being produced from going beyond the disconnect point to a downed utility grid or damaged
component.
This category includes everything that is required to connect all the parts together safely and
securely. As with most specialized technologies, there are many parts and tools involved in the
proper installation of a safe and effective PV system, e.g. PV junction boxes that are used to
safely terminate multiple strings of PV panels on the DC side i.e. before connection to the
inverter(s), PV combiner boxes provide the useful functions of being able to safely isolate and
fuse individual PV strings and to aggregate many smaller PV strings into fewer cables before
connecting into the inverter(s) and Solar PV cables & connectors that are used to connect the
various components and are sized and selected to perform at their best based on; the current they
will carry, the operating temperatures where they will be used and the environments where they
will be installed (outside, in hot areas, underground etc.).
In this project work, designing of solar PV system is done. Power generation using solar PV
system is very reliable and clean that can suit a wide range of applications such as residence,
industry, agriculture, livestock, etc.
PV systems are designed and sized to meet a given load requirement. PV system sizing exercise
involves the determination of the size and capacity of various components, like PV panels,
batteries, etc. PV system design also involves a decision on which configuration is to be adopted
to meet the load requirement. Once the system configuration is decide then the size or capacity
of the various components are calculated. A low quality component (inverter, for instance) may
be cheaper initially but probably will be less efficient and may not last longer. On the other hand,
a relatively expensive but higher quality component is more likely to perform better (saving
energy and thus cost) and may be able to recover its cost in the long run.
AIM
Aim of this paper is to give an overview and designing of 1MW solar PV power plant.
Project outline:
• Using solar PV modules, solar power generates in DC which is converted into AC power
and then using a power transformer, the generated and modified AC power will be fed to
the grid.
• No battery storage introduced here because the plant will only function in the daylight
and here the generated power will be given to the grid.
Site Selection Criteria
Geotechnical issues like consideration of groundwater resistivity, load bearing properties, soil
pH levels and seismic risk are important criteria. Geotechnical political issues such as Site near
to Sensitive military zones and historical places should be avoided. By considering Topography
of site, flat or slightly south facing slopes are preferable for projects in the northern hemisphere.
Efficiency of plant could be reduced significantly if modules are soiled.
It is, therefore, important to consider local weather, environmental, human and wildlife factors.
The criteria should include dust particles from traffic, building activity, agricultural activity or
dust storms and module soiling from bird excreta. The criteria are as given in table 1.
S.No. Criteria
1 Availability of solar radiation
2 Availability of vacant land
3 Accessibility from national highways
4 Distance from existing transmission line
5 Variation in local climate
6 Use of nearby land
7 Topography of site
8 Geotechnical issues
9 Geotechnical political issues
10 Module soiling
Site Details
The site i.e. Central Electronics limited at Ghaziabad, has an elevation of 28o, is a shadow free
area and meeting all site selection criteria. The structures for the power plant comprises of Solar
Arrays, central inverters, control room, substation and other ancillary structures. The general
information regarding the climatic conditions of Ghaziabad district and description of the plant
are given in Tables 2 and 3.
In the designing of solar power plant, before going for calculation of number of solar panels
required, type of inverter and inverter working voltage is to be considered first. Based on their
application two types of inverters are used: String inverter and Central inverter. Both have their
pros and cons.
Based on these pros/cons and our system requirements, it is beneficial to use central inverter as it
is optimal to use for large system in comparison with string inverter.
This 1 MW plant is divided into two independent segments of 500 KW each. Both segments are
equipped with two inverters of 500 KW and grouped together to form one LT panel. Using
300Wp modules, two 80 PV strings are connected in parallel to both of the inverters and each
string consists of 21 modules in series.
Input (DC)
Output (DC)
Transformer:
The power generated from 1MW PV plant at 300V each from two inverters, is stepped-up to
11KV with the help of one step-up transformer and connected to existing 11KV lines. The full
load rating of the transformer is 1.25MVA.
Cable Selection:
The two common conductor materials used in residential and commercial solar installations are
copper and aluminum. Copper has a greater conductivity than aluminum, thus it carries more
current than aluminum at the same size. Aluminum may be weakened during installation
especially during bending; however it is less expensive than copper wires.
So, it is beneficial to consider copper cable for its greater conductivity and more current carrying
capacity.
Protections
As the installations and demand for PV systems increases so does the need for effective electrical
protection. The main protections and protective gears are named here:
DC side protection
1. Fuses
(i) For string protection
(ii) Fuses for array/inverter input protection
2. Fuse holders
(i) For string protection
(ii) Panel mount fuse holder
(iii) In-line fuse holders
(iv) Array/inverter input protection
(v) Dead front fuse covers
5. Ground-fault protection
AC side protection