GUJARAT TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

Chankheda ahmedabad
Affiliated

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Technology,

Vasad
A Report On :-Recharging Of Ground Water Through Road
Under subject of
DESING ENGINEERING-2(B)
B.E., Semester-6
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted by:

Sr no. Name Enrollment no.

1. Mahida Jinesh 170413106005

2. Patel Ankit 170413106007

3. Prajapati Bhavesh 170413106009

4. Prajapati Milind 170413106010

5. Bhagat Ravikant 170413106012

6. Zaveri Parth 170413106015

 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following student of BE 6th
Semester Civil Engineering at Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Institute of Technology, Vasad have completed their
project work on
“Recharging Of Ground Water Through Road” in design
engineering-2(B) satisfactorily for the term ending April
2019 .

Sr no. Name Enrollment no.

1. Mahida Jinesh 170413106005

2. Patel Ankit 170413106007
3. Prajapati Bhavesh 170413106009
4. Prajapati Milind 170413106010
5. Bhagat Ravikant 170413106012
6. Zaveri Parth 170413106015

Guide by Head of Department

PROF. D. C. PATEL Dr. J. A. Amin
 Acknowledgement

It is not easy to make any task successful. Many people

are helpful in this project. We will be happy to give thanks to
all of them.

We grateful to our guide Prof.D. C. PATEL for his constant

supervision & proper guidance. As well as for providing
necessary information regarding the project & also for their
support in completing the project.

We would thanks to our honorable H.O.D. Dr. J. A.

AMIN & all respected faculties.
 ABSTRACT

THIS PROJECT IS ABOUT RECHARGING OF GROUND WATER

THROUGH PORORS PAVEMENT AND SIDE DRAIN. IN INDIA, IT IS
NOT WIDELY USED. THIS PROJECT IS IN PRACTICE IN
CHENNAI, INDIA. IT WORKS WITH PROBLEMS RELATED TO
RECHARGINNG OF GROUND WATER. IN THIS PROJECT WE ARE
GOING TO DEAL WITH PROBLEMS OF RECHARGING GROUND
WATER THROUGH ROADS. WE HAVE DONE CASE STUDY OF
CHENNAI OF RECHARGING STORM WATER AS WELL AS TREATED
WATER OF INDUSTRIES. WE HAVE SHOWN A SOLUTION FOR
THE RECHARGING OF GROUND WATER THROUGH DRAINS
BESIDES ROADS WHICH HAVE PROPER CAMBER TO DRAIN OF ALL
ROAD SURFACE WATER TO DRAINS PROVIDED.IT IS ECONOMICAL IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES LIKE INDIA.
 INDEX

NO CONTENT PAGE

1 INTRODUCTION 6 TO 8

2 GROUND WATER RECHARING 9 TO 10

3 METHOD OF RECHARGING OF GROUND WATER 11

4 PRESENT SCENARIO OF GROUND WATER IN INDIA 12

5 PRESENT SCENARIO OF GROUND WATER IN GUJARAT 13 TO 14

6 FUTURE WATER PROBLEM 15

7 PROBLEM FACED WHILE DESIGNING RECHARGING OF 16

G.W THROUGH ROAD

8 ASPHALT PERVIOUS PAVEMENT DESIGN 17 TO 18

9 CASE STUDY 19 TO 25

10 METHODOLOGY 26 TO 29

11 MATERIALS 30 TO 34

12 CANVAS 35 TO 41
 CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 WHAT IS WATER ?

Water is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a

tasteless and odour less liquid, nearly colourless with a hint of blue.

1.2 WHAT IS GROUND WATER?

Ground water is the underground water which occurs in the

saturated zone of earth surface.

Ground water utilized through wells and tube wells.

1.3 IMPORTANCE OF GROUND WATER

1) The quantity of ground water is huge, but it is gradually decreasing.

2) The distribution of ground water and its availability is not uniform.
3) The rate, at which ground water is being recharged, is less than the
extraction rate.
4) Evaporation loss from ground water is less.
5) If properly planned, the life of ground water is indefinite.

1.4 CONSUMPTION OF GROUND WATER RESOURCES IN INDIA

1. >85 per cent of India’s rural domestic water requirements

2. 50 per cent of its urban water requirements
3. >50 per cent of its irrigation requirements
4. As per UNESCO, India is the largest user of ground water in the world.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF GROUND WATER RESOURCES

1) Play vital role in sustaining the livelihoods

2) Act as primary buffer against drought
3) Plat pivotal role in ensuring the food security at all levels
4) Play important role in meeting the water requirements of agriculture,
industrial and domestic sectors in India
5) To get water from bore wells through villages.
6) To get good quality of water.
1.5 ZONES OF GROUND WATER

A. Zone of vadose
B. Zone of saturation

1.6 SOURCES OF GROUND WATER

A. Wells
B. Springs
C. Infiltration galleries
D. Karez
 CHAPTER-2 - GROUND WATER
RECHARING

2.1Water crisis in India

 Regardless of improvements to drinking water, many other water
sources are contaminated with both bio and chemical pollutants, and
over 21% of the country diseases are water-related.
 Many farmers depend on groundwater levels and rains to grow crops.
About 65% of cultivable land in the country doesn’t have irrigation
facilities.
 Out of the 632 districts of India examined to determine the quality of
ground water, only 59 districts had water safe enough to drink.
 2.2 Neccesity of recharging ground water
 The quantity of ground water is huge but it is gradually decreasing

 The rate at which ground water is recharged is less then extraction rate

 Ground water is an important phase of hydraulic cycle

 Evaporation loss is less

 To increase fertility of soil

 To reduce sea-water intrusion

 To store water in ground for use during summer

 In areas where canal or dam facilities are not available,alternate source

of water can be produced by artificial recharge.

 Arificial recharge raises water table thus reducing the cost of pumping

 It helps to solve the problem of disposal of water

2.2 Factors affecting selection of recharging

(1) Topography of catchment area

(2) Soil characteristics like porosoity

(3) Slope of area

(4) Rate of evaporation and temperature in the area

(5) Type and soil-black, sandy or rocky

(6) Quality and quantity of water

(7) Cost of recharging

(8)Future use of land to be recharged

 CHAPTER-3 Method of recharging
ground water

 All this method cannot apply in urban area because this method
required huge open area to implement.
 All this method only can be applied in rural area where large open area
available to implement this process.

 In urban area we required different method to recharge ground water

because urban area is all known as concrete forest so storm water does
not get space to percolate through soil.

 So we try to design recharge ground water through Asphalt porous

pavement.
 CHAPTER-4 PRESENT SCENARIO OF
GROUND WATER IN INDIA

4.1 Ground Water Level Scenario – Pre Monsoon- 2013

The ground water level data for the pre Monsoon 2013 indicate
that out of the total 12492 wells analysed, 526 (4 %) wells are showing water
level less than 2 m bgl, 3082 (25 %) wells are showing water level in the depth
range of 2-5 m bgl, 5125 (41%) wells are showing water level in the depth
range of 5-10 m bgl, 2900 (23%) wells are showing water level in the depth
range of 10-20 m bgl, 654 (5 %) wells are showing water level in the depth
range of 20-40 m and remaining 205 (2 %) wells are showing water level more
than 40 m bgl (Fig-1 and Annexure-I). The maximum depth to water level of
123.55 mbgl is observed in Rajasthan where the minimum is less than 1 mbgl.
The pre Monsoon 2013 data indicates that in Sub-Himalayan area, north of
river Ganges and in the north eastern part of the country in the Brahmaputra
valley, eastern coast of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu states
generally the depth to water level varies from 2-5 meter below ground level.
Isolated pockets of shallow water level less than 2 m bgl have been observed in
west Maharashtra and in parts of Orissa and Andhra Pradesh state. In major
parts of north-western states depth to water level generally ranges from 10-40
m bgl. In the western parts of the country deeper water level is recorded in the
depth range of 20-40 m bgl. In North Gujarat, parts of Haryana and western
Rajasthan water level more than 40 m bgl is recorded. Along the eastern &
western coast water level is generally less than 10 m. Central part of West
Bengal state recorded water level in the range of 5-20 m bgl. In north central
India water level generally varies between 10-20 m bgl, except in isolated
pockets where water level less than 10 m bgl has been observed. The
peninsular part of country generally recorded a water level in the range of 5 to
20 m bgl depth range
 CHAPTER-5 - PRESENT SCENARIO OF
GROUND WATER IN GUJARAT
5.1 Depth of Water Level– Pre Monsoon- 2013
The depth to water table for 3% of the wells analyzed have shown
water level in the range of 0-2 m bgl, 15% of the wells have shown water level
in the range of 2-5 m bgl. About 35% of the wells analysed have shown water
level in the range of 5-10 m bgl and 34% of the wells have shown water level in
the range of 10-20 m bgl. Deeper water level in the range of 20-40 m bgl and
more than 40 m bgl are shown by 11% and 2% of the wells analyzed. The depth
to water level recorded in the state of Gujarat during Pre Monsoon 2013
ranged from 0.05 m BGL in Surendranagar districts to 61.45 m BGL in Kutch
district.

5.2 Fluctuation - Pre Monsoon 2012 to Pre Monsoon 2013

Water level data of Pre Monsoon 2013 compared to Pre Monsoon
2012 shows that in general there is rise and fall in water level in entire state.
About 36% of the wells analyzed shows rise in the water level. Out of this 27%
wells have shown a rise in 0-2 m range. About 5% of the wells have shown rise
in 2-4 m range and about 4% wells has shown rise in water in more than 4 m.
About 64% of the total wells have shown a fall in water level. Out of this 39%
wells have shown a fall in 0-2 m range. About 14% of the wells have shown fall
in 2-4 m range and about 11% wells has shown fall in water level in more than
4 m.
5.3Fluctuation - Pre Monsoon 2013 to Premonsoon Decadal mean
(2003-12)
The water level data of Pre Monsoon 2013 has been compared with
decadal means (Pre Monsoon 2003 to Pre Monsoon 2013) to assess the
rise/fall in water level of this year with respect to long term average of the
corresponding period. About 56% of monitoring wells shows decline in water
level and rest 44% wells are showing rise in water level. About 29% of wells
shows rise in the 0-2 m range and 9% wells showing rise in the 2-4 m range. 6%
wells are showing rise in water level more than 4 m. 31% of the wells have
shown decline in water level in the range of 0-2 m, 15% of the wells have
shown decline in water level in the range of 2-4 m and 10% of the wells have
shown decline in water level in the range of more than 4 m.
CHAPTER-6 FUTURE WATER PROBLEM

 Water availability will be to 1 person out of 3.

 Water quality will become unsafe in majority of the places.

 No food to 1/3 of the population.

 Many water borne diseases like Fluorosis, Dementia, Diarrhea,

Cancer etc. will be order of the day.

 There will be fight for water between

-Man to man.

-City to city.

-State to state.

-Country to country

-Possible third world war

 CHAPTER-7-PROBLEM FACED WHILE
DESIGNING RECHARGING OF G.W THROUGH
ROAD

 In developing countries like India it is not possible to provide a huge

budget for this kind of project.

 In developing country like India city is not planed according to recharge

pattern for recharging through roads.

 In India recharging of water through roads may prove costly because zig-
zag alignment of roads.

 For applying this project for optimum usage and recharge of ground
water the road pavement should be wider and have even surface
required.

 In India this system implement for limit period because monsoon is

seasonal.

 The camber should not be provided rule and regulation.

CHAPTER-8 PERVIOUS PAVEMENT DESIGN

 An area of pervious pavement may be used to provide the

treatment of regular pavement that is impervious may be used with
the following criteria:
 The area of pervious pavement is equal in length of the impervious area
that drains to it, but the flow path over the impervious area should not
exceed 50 feet before reaching the pervious pavement section for
treatment.

 The minimum thickness of the filter sand layer is 12 inches.

 Subsurface storage and a drainage structure must be provided to control
the channel protection volume for a 24-48 hour discharge unless the
system is designed for infiltration. And, the system is sized to meet the
requirements for flooding control if required.

 Long-term inspection and maintenance by a DEP approved stormwater

maintenance inspector will be regularly provided under a five-year
binding inspection and maintenance contract that is renewed before
contract expiration.
 The pervious pavement will be replaced when more than 40% of the
pervious system shows signs of clogging.
8.1 DESIGN OF STORAGE AND FILLTRATION
 A minimum storage capacity for one inch of precipitation within the
filter layer or subbase and base is needed.

 The road design needs to provide a minimum storage capacity for the
direct entry of the rain precipitation from a 24-hour, 25-year storm (5 +
inches).

 The filter bed may be part of the road base and subbase horizon. The
filter must be a mineral soil with between 4 to 7% fines (passing # 200
sieve) and must be a minimum of 4 inches thick.

 The underdrained layer, 12-inch thick of underdrain gravel

 Provide sufficient coverage for the underdrain piping.

 An underdrain pipe network is needed to drain adequately the

underdrain layer. Pipes should be placed perpendicular to the slope and
should be spaced no further than 20 feet apart. An orifice may be
needed to control the outflow.

 Stored volume will fully drain within 24-48 hours

 CHAPTER-9-CASE STUDY
One of the most conspicuous activities in the preparation for the
monsoons in several cities today in dug up road . Crores and crores are spend
on the construction of storm water drains alongside roads of cities and towns
to prevent flooding and reaching of ground during rains. These chennels /
tunnels, that stretch for several kilometers, winding it way across the city, are
expected to the channel all the collected water into the nearest water body
,say a lake or a river.

Can storm water drains help in recharging groundwater? - The case of Chennai,
Tamil Nadu

In this article, Seetha Gopalakrishnan introduces us to the Rain Centre and it activities
in Chennai with respect to storm water construction in the city.
 One of the most conspicuous activities in the preparation for the monsoons
in several cities today is dug up roads ! Crores and crores are spent on the construction
of storm water drains alongside roads in cities and towns to prevent flooding during
the rains. These channels / tunnels, that stretch for several kilometers, winding its way
across the city, are expected to channel all the collected water into the nearest water
body, say a lake or a river.

 The Rain Centre

The Rain Centre, Chennai, managed by the Akash Ganga Trust is the first of its
kind in the country. It serves as a one-stop information and assistance centre on
rainwater harvesting and ecological sanitation.

Resource persons associated with the Centre take time out to create
awareness on urban water management and to spread the word amongst the public.
The Centre also provides assistance to residents who wish to install rainwater
harvesting and sustainable sanitation systems in their homes. Upon request, they also
conduct studies to assess the feasibility of installing such urban water management
systems in a particular area. The Centre does not charge any fees for the services it
offers.

Storm water drains: Final destination ?

Corporations and local bodies in towns and cities across the country have
invested a great deal on time and money in the construction of storm water drains in a
bid to ‘catch’ the rainwater as long as the downpour lasts. But what ultimately
happens to all the collected water?
The Centre has, in the past, forwarded several recommendations to the
Chennai City Corporation on how best the water collected from storm water drains in
the city, can be used.
 In particular, they have been exploring if the rainwater collected through
these drains (which is currently being wasted) can be used to recharge groundwater
instead, and are keen to gather the opinion of citizens on this matter .

 Proposal to the Corporation of Chennai, for harvesting urban runoff

rainwater by Dr Sekhar Ragahavan, Rain Centre, Chennai

What is presently happening to all the rainwater that is falling in such places, is
that it is collected in storm water drains constructed either on one side or on both
sides of most of the roads in Chennai and discharged into the Bay of Bengal through
the city’s waterways.

Thus, a large quantity of rainwater is wasted every year without being

ingested into the soil to replenish the “already dry” groundwater source. As mentioned
above, the urban runoff water is definitely fit for ingesting into the soil. Any
bacteriological and chemical contaminants that it may contain would get completely
filtered when such ingested water percolates down and moves laterally in the soil.

Harvesting urban runoff essentially boils down to ensuring that the rainwater
that flows in the storm water drains during rainy days is efficiently ingested into the
soil. In places, where there are no storm water drains, problems of stagnation and
subsequent flooding should be prevented by leaving sufficient open space on both
sides of the road or cured by suitably discharging the stagnant water into recharge
structures constructed within private or public premises.

No doubt, this water will carry along with it large quantity of solid waste,
besides fine silt and will pose as a major hurdle in harvesting and hence will have to be
handled with care. Rainwater structures that should be constructed should take into
account this hurdle.

The best structures for such purposes are recharge wells and not recharge
pits. While the former can be desilted easily and kept efficient for percolation, the
latter cannot be desilted and once if they get clogged will have to be abandoned. This
is precisely what has happened in G.N.Chetty Road, T.Nagar, where several such pits
were constructed a couple of years back.

Let us first look at the case, where a storm water drain exists. To harvest the runoff
water collected in such drains efficiently, the following activities will have to be carried
out:

1. Identify drains, which are free of any domestic sewage.

2. Amongst them, take up those drains, which are located close to large open
spaces. For example, Sardar Patel Road between I.I.T. Gate and Raj Bhavan,
Beach Road from All India Radio to Napier Bridge, the road adjoining Loyola
College, Women’s Christian College, Stella Maris College, Pachaiappa’s College,
New College etc. and schools like Holy Angels Convent and Vidyodhaya in T.
Nagar, Good Shepherd in Nungambakkam, St. Bedes in Santhome etc.

3. A small dwarf wall of 2 ft. height should be constructed within these drains at a
few points and the flow intercepted and taken at right angles to recharge wells
of 5 ft. dia and 15 to 20 ft. deep (depending on the nature of the soil), located
within the above mentioned public/private premises abutting them. See drawing
below.

4. Drains close to temple tanks can be straightaway discharged into the tank
through a desilting/drop chamber of suitable dimensions, as has been done in
Mylapore, Purasavakkam, Thiruvanmiyur and Triplicane.

5. In all other drains, recharge wells of minimum 3 ft. dia. and 10 ft. deep can be
dug in these drains itself at intervals of 30 ft. These wells should be located right
below the manhole covers provided on top of the drain to enable periodic
cleaning and desilting of these wells

.
 6. Storm water drains running close to playgrounds and parks can also be utilized
in the same way as mentioned above. It is to be noted that many parks already
have large-sized dug wells, which if desilted and connected to the storm water
drains, can receive huge quantities of rainwater.

In places, where a storm water drain does not exist and where stagnation
leading to flooding occurs, sincere efforts should be made to prevent such
stagnation. Avoiding indiscriminate paving of roads and pedestrian platforms best does
this.
If it cannot be avoided, the one-foot strip in between the roads and the
platforms should be left unpaved atleast in areas, where the soil is permeable. For
example, in Besant Nagar and Valmiki Nagar, the soil is sandy and there is absolutely
no stagnation in these areas.
 Recently, the Chennai Corporation as part of its beautification drive was
involved in indiscriminate paving, which has resulted in water stagnation on roads. This
ought to have been prevented.

More such stagnation will result in not only flooding but also in the construction
of storm water drains and end up in precious rainwater being discharged into the sea
and getting wasted.

A storm water drain is an expensive and inefficient flood mitigation measure. It

should be given up and replaced with rainwater harvesting measures. The experiences
of the Rain Centre in carrying out such steps will prove to be useful and worthy of
replication. These are discussed below:

1. In Defence Colony, Nandambakkam, the residents had constructed storm water

drains in almost all the roads and connected them to a larger drain and
discharged large quantities of rainwater into the Adyar river for several years. In
2001, when we were asked to explore the possibility of implementing rainwater
harvesting measures in the colony, we gave a proposal to harvest the runoff
water in the drains and also implemented it. The design that was adopted here,
consisted of putting up recharge wells of 3 ft. dia. and 15 ft. deep within the
drain in five places besides diverting the runoff water in two places to large
recharge wells, of 6 ft. dia. and 15 ft. deep, located in open spaces within the
colony.

2. In three places – one in L.I.C. Colony, off Radhakrishnan Nagar in Thiruvanmiyur,

second in 6th Cross street, Sastri Nagar, Adyar and the third in Greams road (in
front of the Thousand Lights Police Station), stagnant water on the road was
collected in a chamber located on the road and covered with a perforated lid
and led to a recharge well (3 ft. dia. in the first two places and 4 ft. dia. in the
third place. All the three were 15 ft. deep) located within an independent house,
a flat complex and the police station respectively. These were done around two
years back and have been working efficiently. The Corporation in tackling
localized problems of flooding can implement such harvesting measures.
Mention should also be made of the pioneering installation of such a system by
 M/s Alacrity Foundations Pvt. Ltd., in front of their corporate office in Thirumalai
Pillai Road in T.Nagar.

3. Stand-alone recharge wells have been constructed on the sides of roads in a few
places in Kalakshetra Colony, Besant Nagar, where water would stagnate. Such
wells would particularly be effective in blind streets and allays, as was done by
Try Charitable Trust, in Dr. Vasudev Nagar Extn. in Thiruvanmiyur (close to 155
Division Office).

The first in the above list would fit in places where storm water drains exist and
the other two would be appropriate in places where there are no drains
.
Of course, the recharge wells constructed for harvesting the urban runoff will get
silted up very soon and will have to be desilted atleast thrice a year – before the onset
of the Southwest and Northeast monsoons and once during summer.

If these measures are undertaken, the groundwater levels will automatically rise
and confer considerable self-reliance on the residents of Chennai city.
 CHAPTER-10-METHODOLOGY

Underground water is one of the important sources of water in urban

areas. With increasing urbanization, underground water has been
indiscriminately exploited causing depletion in water table and water
availability. It is very evident from the number of failing bore wells / open wells
that it is unsustainable to pump out water from wells without recharging the
same from the rainwater. To reverse the trend or to reduce the effect of over
exploitation, ground water recharge need to be taken up in large scale at
residential and institutional buildings.

There are many methods of ground water recharge. Following are

few methods for recharging ground water using rainwater from rooftops of
buildings.

a. Reused plastic barrels method

b. Direct recharge through Open wells and Bore wells

c. Infiltration Gallery for large buildings

d. How to build an Infiltration Gallery?

e. Roads / Trenches

f. Parks and Open spaces

g. Layouts

a) Reused plastic barrels method

This cost effective and simple method has been developed by A.R.
Shivakumar. In this method, Overflow of rainwater from the storage structure
and water from the roof other than the roof connected to the storage
structure may be allowed to flow through a “PopUp Filter”. This filter will filter
floating elements and to some extent the silt coming in the water. Relatively
cleaner water comes out of the filter and is allowed to flow into ground water
recharge gallery.
 The ground water recharge gallery is crmnjeated by using reused plastic
oil/chemicals barrels (blue colored drums sold on the road side for
construction activities etc.).

These barrels are of around 200 to 220lts. capacity each and are quite
strong in their construction. One side of the barrel (top or bottom), which is
circular in shape, is cut open.

Depending on the total roof area connected to this infiltration gallery,

more number of barrels is used for ground water recharge. The barrels are
buried underground with their sides cut open facing down wards.

These empty barrels are buried without filling anything into them. The
top of the barrel, which is intact, should be two feet below the ground level.
These barrels are placed one beside other and they are connected to each
other at the top by a pipe. By doing so, these barrels are placed up side down
under the ground at a depth of two feet from the surface. Outflow of the
PopUp filter is connected to the first barrel in the row by a pipeline.

Rainwater flowing from the filter flows into the first barrel, which is
underground and its bottom cut open. Since the ground below the barrel is
porous, water flowing into it infiltrates into the ground. During heavy rainfall,
more water stores temporarily in the first barrel and over flows in to the next
and later to subsequent barrels. As the height of the water increases in the
barrels, percolation level also increases because of water head inside the
barrels. In a system of barrels, first barrel in the row receives water and
subsequent barrels are interconnected at the top to receive excess rainwater.
Last barrel carries the overflow (if it happens) through a pipe into the storm
water drain outside the plot. To facilitate the air trapped in the barrels to
escape out, an air vent is provided at the last barrel by fixing a vent pipe
(Overflow pipe can also act as an air vent).

In the normal situation, where house is not located in low-lying area,

(water stagnation during rainy season), one barrel is required to percolate
water from a roof area of around 400 sq. ft. However, the percolation from
each barrel depends on many other parameters like water table, soil structure,
rainfall in the site etc.

Process: Identify an open space around a building to create barrel system

of infiltration gallery. Excavate earth to a depth of 6ft. from the ground level.
The width of excavated pit must be slightly more than the diameter of the
plastic reused oil barrel (around 1 ¾ ft. or 21 inches).

Length of the excavated pit must be equal to number of barrels used

multiplied by diameter. For example a four barrels infiltration gallery will have
excavated pit of 21inch X 4no. = 84 inch or 7ft. length.

Take required number of plastic barrels (each of around 200lts.) and cut
open one side of all the barrels.

Drill two holes at the bottom end on opposite sides with diameter slightly
more than that of rainwater down pipe (4 or 5 inch as the case may be). Install
empty barrels so prepared in the excavated pit with their cut open side facing
downwards. Align all the barrels in one line with the side holes facing each
other. Insert a pipe of 12inch length to interconnect two neighboring barrels.

Guide the rainwater pipe connected to the outlet of the Popup filter to
the first barrel. Connect a similar pipe as overflow to the last barrel and leave
the outlet of this pipe to the drain outside the building. Make sure a cap with
perforations is fitted to prove.
 CHAPTER-11-MATERIELS

11.1 SAND

11.1.1REQUIREMENTS OF SAND
 It should be clean.
 It should be well graded.
 Maximum permissible clay content is 3 to 4% in sand.
 It should contain sharp, angular grains.
 It should not contain salts which attract moisture from the atmosphere.
11.1.2 Types of sand
• Natural

Natural sand is obtained from pits, river beds and sea beds.

• Artificial

Artificial sand is formed by decomposition of sandstone due to various

weathering effects.

11.1.3Properties of Sand

 It is naturally available material

 It is durable

 It mix with binding material easily

 It has shiny luster

 It is of whitish brown colour.

11.2 AGGRIGATE

11.2.1 Requirements of Aggregates

• Aggregates should be sufficiently strong.

• Aggregate surface should be rough and free form cracks.

• Aggregate should have good soundness.

• Aggregate should have good adhering with binding material.

11.2.2 Types Aggregates

• Fine aggregates

Size of aggregate is 4.75 mm or less is termed as fine aggregates.

• Coarse aggregates

Size of aggregates 80mm to 4.75 mm is known as course.

11.2.3 Properties of aggregates

1 They are insoluble in water.

2 They are of moderate weight.
3 They are strong and durable.
4 They have resistance to scratches.
5 They have resistance to corrosion and decay.
11.3 ASPHALT

11.3.1 PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT

 Stability
 Durability
 Flexibility
 Fatigue Resistance
 Skid Resistance
 Impermeability
 Workability
 CHAPTER-12-CANVAS
12.1 AEIOU CANVAS

In this canvas we study about different Environment and condition for

project implement, Interaction, Object, Activites, and Users such as civil
engineer ,environment engineer ,contactor ,designer etc.

It help to implementation of different activities step by step and

selection of different object and material.
12.2 MIND MAP CANVAS

In this canvas we represent our thinking about project exactly what is it

,why it is, about design and principle, AEIOU and myths.
12.3 EMPATHY CANVAS

In this canvas we represent about user, staktholders and activites involve

for development of project.

We also represent our experience about project in story boarding about

happy experience and sad experience.
12.4 IDEATION CANVAS

In this canvas we represent about people involve in project, what activity

involve, about situation and location and also about different possible solution
of different problem.
12.5 LNM CANVAS

In this canvas we represent about tools, method, and application

process involved. It also involve application standard and design. Also involve
software requirement, component and material strength criteria.
12.6 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS.

In this canvas we represent about what is purpose, which people

involve, about product experience , product function and feature, it
component, customer revalidation and about reject, redesign and retain.
12.7 PROTOTYPE

CONCLUTION
We can conclude that the project can be easily implemented through
the cost is higher 20 to 25 % according to the normal construction of road. But
this method has so many advantages.