Designation: B1000 − 15

Standard Practices for

Casting Preparation and Test Procedure of Porcelain
Enamel-lined Pipe, Fittings, and Valves for Use in the
Municipal Wastewater, Sewage, and Water Treatment
Industry1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B1000; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

INTRODUCTION

Porcelain enamel (glass) lining applied to the internal surfaces of ductile iron and steel pipe and
fittings have been utilized in the municipal waste water and sewage treatment and water related
industries since the early 1960s as a deterrent to interior clogging in high solids process piping because
of the hardness and significantly improved flow characteristics of the porcelain enameled product. The
coating is applied using the wet process of porcelain enameling, whereby a slurry of wet enamel is
spray applied to the properly prepared surface of the pipe, fittings, or valve component parts. The
water is removed through a drying process, and the product is then heat fused to the metal by heating
in a furnace at approximately 1350°F (733°C) for a sufficient time to allow fusing of the glass material
to the ductile iron or steel surface. It has been found to provide far better performance and longevity
in these piping systems than any organic lining material. Porcelain enamel or glass lining is not
intended to be a highly corrosion-resistant, completely pinhole-free lining product but is utilized for
its hardness and flow/slickness characteristics.

1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 The following procedures and practices are intended to
provide guidelines for processing and quality control that will
provide acceptable results for the intended end use, keeping in
mind the varying quality of the castings available.
1.2 The recommendations are based on what have been
acceptable industry standards and experiences for over 40
years of proven product usage.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on Metallic
and Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.12 on
Materials for Porcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015. Published November 2015. DOI:
10.1520/B1000-15.
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
D5162 Practice for Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing of Non-
conductive Protective Coating on Metallic Substrates
D5965 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Coating Pow-
ders
D7091 Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry
Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to
Ferrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coat-
ings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals
2.2 NACE and SSPC Standard:3
SP0188–2006 Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing of New Pro-
tective Coatings on Conductive Substrates
2.3 NAPF Standard:4
NAPF 500 Surface Preparation Standard for Ductile Iron
Pipe and Fittings in Exposed Locations Receiving Special
External Coatings and/or Special Internal Linings
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
Available from NACE International (NACE), 15835 Park Ten Pl., Houston, TX
77084, http://www.nace.org.
4
Available from the National Association of Pipe Fabricators, 1901 N. W. 161st
Street, Edmond, OK 73013, www.napf.com.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

1
 B1000 − 15
2.4 AWWA Standard:5 5.3 The finished lining shall be able to withstand a strain of
AWWA C151 Ductile-Iron Pipe, Centrifugally Cast 0.001 inch/inch of the base metal without visible damage to the
glass.
3. Recommendations Related to Inspection of Incoming
5.4 The lining shall be capable of withstanding an instanta-
Castings for Processing
neous thermal shock from ambient + 350°F (177°C) to ambient
3.1 Ductile iron pipe should be ordered as a minimum of a without visible crazing, blistering or spalling.
thickness Class 53 and be specified as “for glass lining.” Steel
5.5 There shall be negligible visible loss of surface gloss to
pipe should be ordered according to Table 1.
the lining after immersing a cut production sample in an 8% by
3.2 All castings received should be supplied bare, without weight sulfuric acid solution at 148°F (65°C) for a period of
having been previously coated or lined or otherwise exposed 10 min.
internally to any prior organic lining product.
6. Application of the Wet Process Porcelain Enamel
3.3 The castings should be visibly inspected for excessive
surface irregularities such as pinholes or larger holes, cavities, 6.1 There are some proprietary processes used by various
sand inclusions or voids that will not allow for proper coverage applicators to spray deliver the porcelain material onto the
of the porcelain enamel lining. surface of the ductile iron product. The method of application
is not important, providing the final quality of the finished
3.4 Any indentations or subsurface defects in the casting
product meets acceptable limits of continuity, uniformity, and
should be minor and should not exceed a depth of 1⁄8 in.
thickness.
(3.2 mm). Gradual, sloping sides with no undercut edges are
permissible. 7. Final Product Inspection and Quality Guidelines
3.5 Castings should also be inspected for sharp upward 7.1 Each pipe/fitting shall be inspected as follows:
protrusions, parting lines or other roughness creating any sharp 7.1.1 Visually for voids, pinholes, crazing or fish scales that
edges. Grinding of these areas is permissible. show bare metal. Such defects are cause for rejection. Any
visually rejected product can be re-coated or re-blasted and
4. Pre-lining Preparation of Acceptable Castings re-coated.
4.1 Minor protrusions, parting lines, or roughness may be 7.1.2 For lining thickness as tested with a Type I or Type II
ground flush with the adjacent internal surfaces. dry film thickness gage as described in Practice D7091. A
4.2 Rust, loose scale, or other foreign material should be minimum of 10 mils (250 µm) is required.
removed from the surfaces that are to receive porcelain using 7.1.3 For lining hardness as measured on the MOHS Hard-
the appropriate media and clean, dry, oil-free air. Refer to ness scale. A minimum of 5 is required.
NAPF 500 for iron or NACE/SSPC SP0188–2006 for steel for 7.1.4 For holidays using the low voltage wet sponge testing
surface condition requirements. apparatus as described in Test Method D5162, Method A. A
documented procedure should ensure that for long pipe, testing
4.3 Use dry, oil-free air to remove any residual blast media is performed from both ends of the pipe with the diameter of
or dust from the surface to be lined with the porcelain. the dampened sponge exceeding the diameter of the pipe so
4.4 Application of the porcelain material should take place that the sponge is in full circumferential contact with the lining.
within 8 h of completion of the blasting. Flash rust contami- Wetting agents should not be used. The sponge should be
nation on the blasted casting surfaces should be prevented. moved over the surface at a moderate rate approximately
0.3 m ⁄s (1 ft/s) using a two pass (in and out) motion over each
5. Qualification of Porcelain Enamel area. Care should be exercised near the exposed pipe ends to
5.1 The glass lining applied to pipe and fittings shall be prevent excess water from tracking and giving a false indica-
hard, smooth, continuous vitreous material. tion. Limits for holidays are given in Table 2.
5.2 The glass portion of the lining, the frit(s) used in the TABLE 2 Allowable Non-visible Holiday Indications Permitted
formulation, as supplied from the manufacturer, shall have a
Fittings Maximum Pipe Maximum
density of 2.5 to 3.0 grams per cubic centimeter as measured by Number of Number of
Test Method D5965, Method A. Holidays HolidaysA
3 in. (7.6 cm) 6
... ... diameter up to 10 ft
(3.1 m) long
4 through 8 in. (10.2 5 4 in. (10.2 cm) 12
5
through 20.4 cm) through 8 in. (20.4
Available from the American Water Works Association, 6666 W. Quincy Ave, diameter cm) diameter
Denver, CO 80235, www.awwa.org. 10 through 18 in. 8 10 in. (25.4 cm) 20
(25.4 through 45.7 through 18 in. (45.7
TABLE 1 Recommended Wall Thickness for Steel Piping cm) diameter cm) diameter
20 in. (50.8 cm) 10 20 in. (50.8 cm) 28
Diameter Minimum Wall diameter and larger diameter and larger
10 in. (25 cm) or smaller Schedule 40A A
3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm)A Except as noted, these are for 20 ft (6.1 m) lengths. For shorter lengths, the
12 in. (30.5 cm) and larger
maximum is proportional to the 20 ft (6.1 m) length.
A
Consult with the lining manufacturer engineering for minimum wall thickness

2
 B1000 − 15
7.1.5 For straightness performed using a documented pro- 8.2 The test documents should identify each individual item
cedure. The maximum deviation per pipe length is: tested by an identifying mark number and description, the
Fabricated (Flanged and Grooved Quality Control Sequence Number, date tested, inspector’s
Bell X Spigot Pipe
Ends) initials, number of holidays detected, and the thickness of the
3⁄8 in. in 20 ft (9.5 mm in 6.1 m) ⁄ in. in 20 ft (15.9 mm in 6.1 m)
58

0.01875 in. per ft 0.03125 in. per ft

lining in mils.
(0.0156 mm per cm) (0.0261 mm per cm)

7.2 The manufacturer of the lining shall be willing to 9. Keywords

negotiate in the purchase contract for random jobsite sampling 9.1 fittings; pipe; porcelain enamel
to confirm correlation between factory and jobsite test results.
8. Quality Control Documentation
8.1 All pipe and fittings and valve components should be
factory tested by the manufacturer. Copies of the Quality
Control Test Results should accompany each shipment.

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