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Liquid jet mixing in tanks

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~ I I I I I I I I I I I~ I I I I~I I I ~ .
1
LIQUID JET HIXING IN TANKS.
by
ASHLEY GlHLYM CHARLES LANE

B.Sc. (HonsJ, M.Sc.
A Doctoral Thesis
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of
Doctor of Philosophy of the Loughborough University of Technology.
December, 1981.
Supervisor Dr. P. Rice. Dept. of Chemical Engineering.
..
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CS) A.G.C.Lane 1981

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Liquid Jet Mixing in Tanks
by
A.C. C. Lane
Abstract
Methods and mechanisms of liquid mixing have received only

limited research and development, yet mixing is one of the most common
operations in the chemical industry. Most of these investigations
have been into mechanical ·devices with few studies being made of
other methods.
Jet mixing is one of the main alternatives to using 'mechanical

devices for liquid mixing. This investigation is concerned with the
use of a submerged jet to mix liquids because this technique has
received little attention since it was originally proposed in the
1940's for the mixing of additives into petrol.
A new design of jet mixer was produced and its performance

compared with the two main designs in current use. An experimental
study of all three designs was carried out which resulted in the
formu1ation of a correlation equation for each design. This equation
related mixing time to jet velocity and diameter, tank dimensions
and liquid physical properties, which allowed the parameters for
mixing performance to be evaluated. Thus a comparison could be made
of the relative merits of all." three designs.
,
A visual flow study of
each of the designs was carried.· out using a tracer dye and cine
" ~.
photography. This enabled a~...examination of the liquid flow patterns

and, therefore, the mixing process to be made.
Finally, as the results from the quantifative and qualitative

studies indicated that the new design proposed by this investigation
had the best mixing performance, a computer procedure was written
to produce an optimum design for this new type of liquid jet mixer.
iii
Memorandum
The work described in this thesis was carried out by me in

the Department of Chemical Engineering at Loughborough University of
Technology between October, 1979 and October, 1981 under the
supervision of Dr. P. Rice (Lecturer, Department of Chemical
Engineering).
No part of this thesis has previously been submitted by me

for any other higher degree and the work described herein is
original and unaided except where specific reference has been made.
1st December, 1981

1V
Acknowledgements
Many thanks are due to Dr. P. Rice for his invaluable guidance
and encouragement and to the Science and Engineering Research Council
for its financial sponsorship. I am extremely grateful to Mr. H.
Peters and the rest of the Technical Staff for their very practical
assistance,to Mr. G. Boyden for the photographic work included in
this thesis, and to Mr. M. Deacon for his help in comparing the
various techniques for measuring mixing time.
Finally special thanks go to my Mother, Father and Gillian

for their encouragement, support and help in producing and presenting
this thesis.
v
What we discover,
Uhat we invent,
\fuat we develop,
Is but to reveal what already exists.
H. Brook (1951)
vi
11 turbulent jet
Contents Vll
Page No.
Abstract. ii
Memorandum • iii
Acknowledgements. iv
Contents. vii
List of Figures. xiii
List of Tables. xvii
Lis t of Plates. X1X
Nomenclature. xx
Preface. xxiii
1.0 The principle and applications of liquid jet mixing

in tanks. 1
1.1 Mechanisms of liquid mixing. 2.

1.2 Mechanical mixing. 2
1.3 Mixing by liquid jets. 3
1.4 Selecting jet mixers or mechanical mixers. 5
1.5 Applications and examples of liquid jet mixing. 7
1.6 Conclusions. 8
2.0 The flow behaviour and mixing ability of a liquid into

liquid jet. 9
2.1 Introduction. 10
2.2 Jet behaviour. 10
2.2.1 Free unrestrained jets. 10
2.2.2 Flow characteristics of a submerged 'jet. 11
2.2.3 Flow regions of a turbulent jet. 14
2.2.4 Turbulent cone angle. 17
2.2.5 Volumetric throughput. 19
2.2.6 Velocity concentration and ~emperature
profiles •. 20
2.2.7 Orifice nozzle shape. 23
2.2.8 Energy characteristics. 26
2.3 Liquid flow behaviour in a jet mixed. tank. 29
2.3.1 Liquid flow patterns. 29
2.3.2 Flow models. 31
viii
Page No.
2.3.3 Implications of liquid flow pattern
behaviour on the design criteria for
jet mixed systems. 32
2.3.4 The influence of liquid flow pattern
behaviour on the design of jet mixing
tanks. 34
2.4 Scale-Up. 34
2.4.1 Introduction. 34
2.402 Existing studies and techniques for scale-
~. 34
2.4.3 Scale-up procedures. 36
2.4.4 Verification of scale-up theory. 37
2.4.5 Interpretation of the effect of system
variables on scale-up. 37
2.4.6 Jet mixing scale-up. 39
2.5 Techniques for investigating liquid jet mixing. 40
2.5.1 Introduc tion. 40
2.5.2 Definitions of the degree of liquid mixing. 40
2.5.3 Measurement of mixing times. 41
2.5.4 Liquids used for mixing studies. 44
2.6 Jet mixing in tanks. 47
2.6.1 Introduc tion. " 47
2.6.2 Previous studies of liquid jet mixing in
tanks. 47
Existing designs for liquid jet mixing
systems., 53
2.6.4 A new design for liquid jet mixing. 56
2.6.5 Additional literature. 58
3.0 Theories of mixing time for a liquid jet mixer. 59

3.2 Published mixing time correlations. 60

3.2.1 Mixing times for turbulent jet mixing. 60
3.2.2 Mixing times for laminar j et mixing. 69
3.3 Analysis of mixing times. 72
3.3.1 Theoretical approach taken by this investigation

for the correlation of mixing times. 72
ix
Page No.
3.3.2 Theoretical verification of the preferred
approach. 74
4.0 Experimental work. 75
4.2 Description of equipment. 76
4.2.1 Jet mixing systems. 76
4.2.2., Designs of liquid jet mixer tested. 79
4.3 Process liquids. 84
4.3.1 Liquids selected for this investigation. 84
4.3.2 Flow characteristics of the process liqu;.ds. 87
4.4 Measurement of mixing times. 88
4.4.1 Technique selected. 88
4.4.2 Conductivity technique. 88
4.4.3 Tracer. 90
4.4.4 Sampling technique and position. 91
4.4.5 Conductivity response. 91
4.4.6 Mixing time. 95
4.5 Accuracy of measurement. 95
4.6 Experimental programme. 96
4.7 Alternative techniques for measuring mixing times. 97
4.7.1 In troduc tion • 97
4.7.2 Acid-base indicator method. 97
4.7.3 Temperature method. 98
5.0 Jet mixing in a hemispherical base cylindrical tank

with an axial upward jet. 101
5.1 In troduc tion. 102
5.2 Results and analysis. 104
5.2.1. In troduc tion • 104
5.2.2 Low jet Reynolds No. testing. 104
5.2.3 Larger tank testing. 107
5.2.4 High and low liquid level testing. III
5.2.5 High jet Reynolds No. testing. 113
5.2.6 Accuracy of the mixing time correlation. ll5
5.2.7 Jet momentum. ll6
5.2.8 Jet power. ll6
x
Page No.
5.3 Application of mixing time correlation. 118
5.3.1 Determination of mixing time. 118
5.3.2 Mixing time for any degree of mixing. 118
5.4 Discussion. 120
5.5 Alternative techniques for measuring mixing
time. 125
5.5.1 Results and analysis for the acid-base
indicator technique. 125
5.5.2 Results and analysis for tre temperature
technique. 125
5.5.3 Discussion. 126
6.0 Jet mixing in a flat base cylindrical tank with an

axial vertical jet. 130

6.2.2 Small tank testing with an upward jet. 132
6.2.3 Larger tank testing with an upward jet. 135
6.2.4 High jet Reyno1ds No. testing with an
upward jet. 137
6.2.5 Larger tank testing with a downward jet. 138
6.2.6 Small tank testing with a downward jet. 141
6.2.7 Accuracy of the mixing time correlations. 145
6.2.8 Jet momentum. 146
6.2.9 Jet power. 149
6.3 Application of mixing time correlations. 149
6.4 Discussion. 151
6.5 Effect of jet protrusion into the tank. 155
6.5.1 Results and analysis. 155
7.0 Jet mixing in a flat base cylindrical tank with

an inclined side entry jet. 157
7.1 In troduc tion . 158

7.2 Results and Analysis 158
xi
Page No.

7.2.2 Small tank testing, (Fossett & Prosser 159
design) •
7.2.3 Larger tank testing, (Fossett & Prosser
design). 160
7.2.4 Small tank testing, (Coldrey design). 164
7.2.5 Larger tank testing.(Coldrey design). 167
7.2.6 Accuracy of the mixing time correlations. 169
7.2.7 Variation of liquid level. 170
·7.2.8 Jet momentum. 172
7.2.9 Jet power. 175
7.3. Application of mixing time correlations. 175
7.4. Discussion. 176
8.0 A flow characterisation study of liquid jet mixers. 180

8.2 Photographic investigation. 181
8.2.1. Experimental apparatus. 181
8.2.2 Flow follower. 182
8.2.3 Process liquids. 182
8.2.4 Lighting. 182
8.205 Photography technique. 183
8.206 Axial upward jet in a hemispherical
base cylindrical tank. 185
8.2.7 Axial upward jet in a flat base
c)11indrical tank. 185
8.2.8 Inclined side entry jet flat base
cylindrical tank. 185
8 0302 Laminar length. 187
8.3.3 Turbulen t cone angle. 189
8.3.4 Axial centreline jet velocity. 189
8.3.5 Liquid reciroulation velocity. 189
803.6 Tank Reynolds No. 193
xii
Page No.
8.3.7 Entrainment capahility of the jet. 194

8.4 Discussion. 194
8:S Laser-Doppler study. 204
8.S.l Introduction. 204
'8.S.2 Experimental technique. 20S
8. S. 3 Discussion. 208
9.0 Selection and design of liquid jet mixing systems. 209

9.2 A comparative assessment of the performance of
the designs for liquid jet mixing. 210
9.2.1 In troduc tion • 210
9.2.2 Mixing time correlations. 211
9.2.3 Comparison of mixing times. 212
9.3 A computer-aided design procedure for
liquid jet mixing. 214
9.3.2 Design assumptions. 214
9.3.3 Nomenclature for design procedure. 217
9.3.4 Flowcharts for the design procedure. 218
9.3.S Listing of the design program. 218
9.3.6 Examples of the computer-aided design
procedure in operation.' 238
10.0 Conclusions and recommendations for further work. 243
10.1 Conclusions. 244

10.2 Recommendations for further work. 246
References. 2S0
Appendix 1 A theoretical analysis of mixing times
in a jet mixer. 266
Appendix 2 Computer programs. 277
Appendix 3 Experimental and computed data. 279
List of Figures
xiii
Figure No, Page No,
1. A liquid jet mixing system incorporating an inclined

side entry jet,(Fossett & Prosser design) (7). 4
2a. A highly viscous laminar jet (21). 12
2b. A laminar jet (21). 12
2c. A semi turbulent jet (21). 12
2d, A fully turbulent jet (21). 12
3. The flow regions of a submerged turbulent jet (42). 15
4. Direction of liquid movement (46). 18
5. Axial velocity along the jet centreline (57). 22
6. Apparent origin of a turbulent jet (57). 24
7, Dissipation of energy from submerged water jets (67). 28
8. Observations of liquid flow behaviour (85). 30
9. Liquid characteristics (138). 46
10. Flow patterns for single and twin jet arrangements (7). 49
11. Racz & Wassink design (148). 54
12. Hiby & Modige11 design (149). 54
13. Co1drey design (150). 55
14. Marquart design (151). 57
15. Axial upward jet in a hemispherical base cylindrical
tank, Lane & Rice design (213). 57
16. Plot of % fraction of final TEL. concentration against
a dimension1ess mixing time group, Fossett & Prosser's
data (7), (142). 62
17. Plot of mixing time factor against jet Reynolds No.
for the turbulent jet regime, Fox & Gex's data (80). 65
18, Plot of dimension1ess mixing time against tank
Reynolds No.,Hiby & Modigel1's data (149), Re > lxl0 6 68
r
for the 1aminar jet regime, Fox & Gex's data (80). 71
20. Plot of dimensionless mixing time against tank
Reynolds No. ,Hiby & Modigel1' s data (149), Re < Ix 106 73
r
21. System equipment and flow direction diagram. 77
22. Jet design. 78
23. Jet mixer design incorporating an axial upward jet in
a hemispherical base cylindrical tank. 81
X1V
Page No.
24. Jet mixer design incorporating an axial upward

jet in a flat base cylindrical tank. 82
25. Jet mixer design incorporating an axial downward
jet in a flat base cylindrical tank. 83
26. Jet mixer design incorporating an inclined side
entry jet in a flat base cylindrical tank, Fossett
& Prosser design. 85
27. Jet mixer design incorporating an inclined side
entry jet in a flat base cylindrical tank, Coldrey
design. 86
28. Diagram of the electrical supply to the experimental
equipment. 93
29. Chart plot of a conductivity trace after the'
addition of a salt tracer. 94
30. Arrangement of the experimental equipment for
the temperature method of measuring mixing time. 99
31. Chart recorder plot of a temperature trace after
the addition of a hot water tracer. 100
32. Plot of mixing time factor against jet Reynolds

No. by Lane (211). 103
No. for the low jet Reynolds No. range testing. 106
No. using the data from the small and large tank
testing, of the Lane & Rice design. 110
using the data from the high and low liquid level
tes ting of the Lane & Rice des ign • 112
using the data from the high jet Reynolds No. range
testing of the Lane & Rice design. 114
37a. Plot of mixing time against jet momentum for the
laminar jet regime, Lane & Rice design. 117
37b. Plot of mixing time against jet momentum for the
turbulent jet regime, Lane & Rice design. 117
(Correlation graph illustrating three mixing regimes 119
of an axial upward jet in a hemispherical base cylindrical tank).
xv
Page No.
39. Plot of mixing times given by the indicator
techniques against those given by the conductivity
method. 127
40. Plot of mixing times given by the temperature
technique against those given by the conductivity
method. 128
using the data from the small tank testing of the
upward jet design. 134

using the, data from the small and large tank testing
of the upward jet design. 136

using the data from the high jet Reynolds No.
range testing of the upward jet design. 139

using the data from the larger tank testing of the
downward jet design. 142
(Correlation graph illustrating two mixing regimes
of an axial downward jet in a flat base cylindrical
tank) • 144
laminar jet regime with an upward jet design. 147
turbulent jet regime with an' upward jet design. 147
laminar jet regime with a downward jet design. 148
turbulent jet regime with a downward jet design. 148
48. Plot of mixing time factor against Jet Reynolds No.
(Correlation graph illustrating three mixing regimes
of an axial upward jet in a flat base cylindrical
tank). 150
for the Fossett & Prosser design using data from
the small tank testing. 161
xvi
Page No.
of an inclined side entry jet in a flat base
cylindrical tank, Fossett & Prosser design). 163
for the Coldrey design using the data from the
small tank ·testing. 166
cylindrical tank, Coldrey design). 168
laminar jet regime, Fossett & Prosser design. 173
turbulent jet regime, Fossett & Prosser design. 173
laminar jet regime, Coldrey design. 174
turbulent jet regime, Coldrey design. 174
55. position and directicn of equipment for photography. 184
56a. Plot of laminar length against jet Reynolds No.
(Linear plot). 188
56b. Plot of laminar length against jet Reynolds No.
(Log-Log plot). 188
57. Plot of turbulent cone angle against jet Reynolds No. 190
58. Plot of axial Jet velocity along the jet axis. 191
59a. Plot of recirculation velocity against distance
along the liquid flowpath from the jet orifice. 192
59b. Illustration of the parameter X , (Distance along
r
the liquid flowpath from the jet orifice). 192
60. Arrangement of Laser-Doppler equipment. 206
6l. SUlllIJlarising flowchart for the design procedure. 219
62. Flowchart for options A & D. 220
63. Flowchart for options B & E. 224
64. Flowchart for options C & F. 229
65. Plot of shear stress against shear rate for
LC.I. Edifas 'B', Q1C. 342
66. Plot of shear stress against shear rate for
Hoescht 28429, Q1C. 343
xvii
Lis t of Tab les
Table No. Page No.
1. Cost comparison of mechanical and jet mixers (6). 6

2. Potential core length of different shape jets. 25
3. Accuracy of measurement of the experimental variables. 95
4. Typical temperatures. 98
5. Range of experimental variables covered by Lane (211). 102
6. Range of experimental variables covered by the low
jet Reynolds No. testing,(Lane & Rice design). 105
7. Range of experimental variables covered by large
tank testing,(Lane & Rice design). 107
8. Range of liquid height to tank diameter ratios
covered in formulating 1681. III
9. Range of tests done at high & low liquid levels,
(Lane & Rice design). 111
10. Range of experimental variables covered by testing
at high jet Reynolds No's, (Lane & Rice design). 113
11. Accuracy of mixing time prediction by 1681. 115
12. Mixing time dependence on t~e jet Reynolds No. 122
13. Mixing times for the same magnitude of jet momentum. 124
14. Degree of mixing associated with indicator endpoint. 126
15. Range of experimental variables covered by small
tank testing with an upward jet, (Hiby & Modigell
design) • 132
16. Range of experimental variables covered by the larger
tank testing with an upward jet, (Hiby & Modigell
design). 135
17. Range of experimental variables covered by the high
jet Reynolds No. testing with an upward jet, (Hiby
& Modigell design). 137
18. Range of experimental variables covered by the larger
tank testing with a downward jet, (Racz & Wassink design~140
19. .Range of experimental variables covered by small

tank testing with a downward jet, (Racz & Wassink
design) • 143
20. Accuracy of mixing time prediction by 1120 I& 1138 ~ 145
21. Accuracy of mixing time prediction by 1531 & 1541. 146
xviii
Page No.
22. Comparison of mixing times given by upward and
downward jet designs. 151
23. Comparison of mixing times given by the results of
this investigation and those of Hiby & Modigell (149),
for an upward jet. 153
24. Range of experimental variables covered in the
investigation of the effect of jet protrusion into
the tank. 155
25. Effect of jet protrusion on mixing times. 156
26. Range of experimental variables covered by small
tank testing,(Fossett & Prosserdesign). 159
27.' Range of experimental variables covered by larger
tank testing,(Fossett & Prosser design). 162
28. Range of experimental variables covered by smaller
tank testing,(Coldrey design). 164
29. Range of experimental variables covered by larger
tank testing, (Coldrey design). 167
30. Accuracy of mixing time prediction by 11561 & 11721 . 169
31. Accuracy of mixing time prediction by 14118 1611. 170
32. Range of liquid levels studied to establish the
range of applicability of 11561 &11721. 171
33. Accuracy of mixing time predictions by 1156 I &1172 I
over a range of liquid levels. 172
34. Comparison of mixing time factors given by Figs.
50 & 52. 176
35. Range of particle sizes tried for scattering
I
laser beam light. 207
36. A comparison of mixing times for the three designs
for liquid jet mixing. 212
.37. Data input sequence for option A. 239
38. Design results for option A. 240
39. Design results for option B. 240
40. Design resul ts for option E. 241
41. Design resul ts for option F. 241
42. Design results for option C . 242
43. Design results for option D. 242
44. Mixing time data, (files 1-35). 279
45. Mixing time factor relationships with jet Reynolds
No. 341
xix
Page No.
46. Photographic results. 344

47. Laminar length and turbulent cone angle data for
Figs. 56 & 57. 348
48. Axial centreline velocity data for Fig. 58. 350
49. Recirculation velocity data for Fig. 59. 351
List of Plates
Plate No. Page No.
1 I:. 2. Arrangement of equipment for mixing time tests. 89

3 & 4. Arrangement of equipment for cine filming. 186
5 - 8. Axial upward jet in a hemispherical base
cylindrical tank, side view, Run 11. 196
9 -12. Axial upward jet in a hemispherical base
cylindrical tank, plan view, Run 17. 197
11 -16. Axial upward jet in a flat- base cylindrical
tank, side view, Run 26. 198
17 -22. Axial upward jet in a flat base cylindrical
tank, side view, Run 53. 199/200
23 -26. Inclined side entry jet in a flat base
cylindrical tank. Coldrey design,
side" view, Run 57. 201
27 -30. Inclined side entry jet in a flat base
cylindrical tank. Coldrey design,
plan view, Run 75. 202
xx
Nomenclature
This nomenclature is used throughout the thesis except for the
computer-aided design procedure, 9.3, in which a separate nomenclature
is used.
List of Symbols Units
a Numerical constant. Dimensionless

A Numerical cons tanto Dimensionless
b Numerical constant Dimensionless
b. Jet radius; inner radius of torus. m
~
B Numerical constant. Dimensionless

-3
c Concentration. Kg.mole.m
-3
c Final mean concentration. Kg.mole.m
C - 30 Numerical constants. Dimensionless
l
d Jet diameter. m
D Tank diameter. m
2 -1
DF Diffusivity. m. s
Dp Impeller diameter. m
E Energy. J
f Volume fraction of tracer. Dimensionless
fl Film exposure. Dimensionless
fo Focal length of lens. m
F - Mixing time factor. Dimensionless

l 6 -2
g Gravitational acceleration. m. s
G Numerical constant. Dimensionless

H Head. m
J Numerical constant. Dimensionless

J Nwnerical constant. Dimensionless
K Effective dispersion in the jet. Dimensionless
K Numerical constant. Dimensionless
c
Dispersion coefficient throughout the mixer. Dimensionless
Nwnerical constant defined in 181. Dimensionless
-1 n-2
Fluid consistency index. Kg.m .s
Numerical constant defined in
Dimensionless
11791 &11821·
Numerical constant defined in 11841. Dimensionless
Laminar length. m
Liquid flowpath length. m
Numerical constant. Dimensionless

m Numerical constant. Dimensionless
xxi
-2
M Jet momentum. Kg.m.s
o
n Flo" behaviour index. Dimensionless
Number of mixing times. Dimensionless
-1
Impeller speed. s
Distance from jet orifice to the m
apparent origin of the jet, see Fig.
9.
p Numerical constant. Dimens ionless
p 2 -3
Power. Kg.m • s
3 -1
Q Volumetric throughput. m .S
3 -1
Volumetric throughput across plane
~l
m .s
xl •
r Distance at right angles from jet
axis. m
Distance at right angles from jet

axis at which Vr =! Vx m
R Numerical constant. Dimensionless
Re Reynolds Number. Dimensionless
S Intensity of segregation. Dimensionless
t Time. s
T Mixing time. s
TO Mixing time plus time to inject
liquids tc be mixed. s
T* Dimensionless mixing time. Dimensionless
T Mean residence time in mixer before
M being recycled. s
Mixing time using conductivity
technique. s
Mixing time using acidification
endpoint. s
Mixing time using neutralisation
endpoint. s
Mixing time using temperature
technique. s
-1
Jet velocity. m.s
Velocity at r ~~r 0=
1 iquid m.s
-1
leaving tank to be recirculated.
Volume. m3
W Maximum radius of the jet. m

r
W Numerical constant. Dimensionless
x Distance along jet axis from the
j et orifice. m
Moving coordinate. m
Distance from jet orifice defined m

by Fig 59b.
xxii
y Height of liquid in tank. m

au/ar Shear rate. S -1
Cl Coefficient of discharge. Dimensionless
Cl Turbulent cone angle of jet. Degrees
o
Maximum absolute value of relative
tracer concentration deviation. Dimensionless
Distance from jet orifice Dimensionless
divided by liquid flowpath length.
n Distance from jet axis divided by
distance from' jet. Dimensionless
Jet radius divided by distance
from jet. Dimensionless
-2
T Shear stress. N.m
Normalised time. Dimensionless
-3
Liquid density. Kg.m
-2
Liquid viscosity. N.s .m
2 -1
v Liquid kinematic viscosity. m .s
Subscripts
b Value at edge of jet.
c Concentration.
co Value at jet centreline
J Jet.
m Mean.
o lni tial.
p Probe.
pr Propeller.
r At a distance r from the jet axis and a distance x from
the jet orifice along the jet axis.
re Recircula tion.
t Tracer.
T Tank.
V· Velocity.
x At a distance x from the jet orifice.
95 95% mixing.
99 99% mixing.
xxiii
Preface
The work presented in this thesis is an investigation of liquid

jet mixing in tanks. Hixing is one of the most common operations in
the chemical process industries and yet it is one that receives only
limited research and development attention.
It has often been thought that mixing is only a means of

accomplishing another operation such as blending, stirring, heat
transfer or chemical reactions. More interest has been taken in the
end result than in the method of mixing. If however the appropriate
form of mixing is used, the same results can be achieved for less
power input, less capital expenditure and a higher utilisation of
existing plant.
As mixing is one of the processes basic to many industries a

wide range of mechanical and fluid dynamic mixers has evolved. In
many cases, the selection of mixer type has been arbitrary or at
best determined by circumstance or current practice. To make a
selection on a more rational basis is sometimes impossible as the
process engineer is faced with a bewildering array of data which often
conflicts because of incompatible test conditions. This investigation
is intended to give guidance on the selection and design of a liquid
jet- mixer.
Jet mixing can be used as an alternative to mechanical devices

for the mixing of low viscosity liquids. It does not require the
purchase and maintenance of a motor and stirrer nor does it require any
moving parts within a tank. The advantages of jet mixing are that:-
i) the same pump used to 'fill or empty the tank can be used to power
the jet and ii) there are no problems in sealing the tank.
Traditionally mixing is done by mechanical agitation 1n which

the differential velocity of the liquids being mixed is similar and
remains much the same even when the rotational spe,ed of the agitator is
increased. In contrast to this with a jet mixer miscible liquids are
mixed by the action of a relatively high speed jet discharging into a
region of slowly moving or stationary liquid. A circulation flow is
caused by the jet which moves and mixes liquids throughout the tank.
The use of submerged jets as an alternative to mechanical devices

is'becoming increasingly popular 1n industry as a result of rapidly
rising energy and capital equipment costs. When used under the
XX1V
appropriate conditions jet mixing can be much more effective and

economical than conventional agitators.
Despite its rising popularity, jet mixing remains a relatively

little understood subject. Since it was first proposed in the late
1940's there has been little development of the technology of jet
mixing for liquids. Indeed many companies today are still reluctant
to use it, and those that do,use the original design proposed 35 years
ago. This investigation aims to bring together all the existing
knowledge of present jet mixing designs and techniques. It is hoped
to advance this knowledge by' increasing the understanding of existing
designs and by proposing a new design which is more time effective
and thus energy efficient,than those designs currently in use. The
following is an outline of the structure of this thesis.
Chapter One contains a background to liquid jet mixing. It. is

intended that this chapter should provide the reader with an under-
standing of the principle of liquid jet mixing and guidance as to
when jet mixing should be used as an alternative to mechanical mixing.
Examples are quoted of its applications in industry and the benefits
derived from its use.
Literature relating to the behaviour of liquid jets and to

previous investigations of jet mixing systems are reviewed in Chapter
Two. The characteristics of the two designs for liquid jet mixing in
use today are discussed, and a new design proposed.
A theoretical analysis of jet mixer performance is made in

Chapter Three. This analysis defines performance in terms of the
time taken to mix miscible liquids. A critical review is made of the
various mixing time correlations published to date. In the last
section of the chapter an outline is given of the theoretical approach
to be followed by this investigation.
Details of the experimental study on the three jet mixer designs

for the formulation of mixing time expressions is given in Chapter
Four. A standard technique was used throughout the study for the
determination of mixing times. This was done so that a valid
comparison could be made of the mixing time performance of all the
designs.
Chapters Five to Seven deal in turn with the three designs studied.
For each design the range of experimental variables studied is given
xxv
together with the formulation of a mixing time correlation. In each

chapter this is followed by a discussion of the characteristics and
performance of that design. To coincide with this quantitative
investigation, a qualitative ·study using cine photography is described
in Chapter Eight. This was a flow visualisation investigation of
all three designs of jet mixer in order to physically characterise
the jet behaviour and circulation flow patterns. From these
quantitative and qualitative findings a comparative assessment is
made in Chapter Nine of the performance of all the designs studied.
This shows that the design proposed by this investigation is best.
A computer-aided design procedure is described, which is written to give
the optimum design for this type of jet mixer. Additionally, this
design procedure includes a routine to produce the optimum design of
a jet mixer, if a flat base cylindrical tank has to be used.
The thesis is completed by Chapter Ten which covers conclusions

and suggestions for future work.
In this thesis the numeric system of referencing articles and

publications is used. The recommendations of two British Standards:-
i) 'Recommendations for bibliographical references: BS1629, 1976.
ii) 'Citing publications by bibliographical references', BSS605, 1978.
have been followed in the layout and presentation of these references.

-1-
CHAPTER ONE
The Principle and Applications of Liquid

Jet lIixing.
-2-
1.1 Mechanisms of liquid mixing.
The term mixing is applied to operations which. reduce non-

uniformities or variations in the properties(eg.composition) of material'
in bulk. The mechanisms by which mixing occurs can be summarised as
(1) :-
i) Diffusion
ii) Convection
iii) Bulk Movement
If two miscible liquids are placed together in a tank, they

will ,gradually intermix due to the diffusion (or natural convection)
of the molecules. Such mixing may take place very slowly, as this
type of diffusion is usually a slow process. In order to speed up
mixing,energy from either a mechanical or a fluid dynamic (i.e. jet
mixer) device is used. The role of these mixers is to provide forced
convection which enables the intermingling o~ the liquid to proceed
much more rapidly (2).
Convection can be described as motion imparted to portions of

liquid by virtue of inertia effects. For example, a liquid jet in a
tank causes motion in the liquid some distance away from the jet.
The flow patterns which result from the motion are due to convective
flow and the inertia effects caused by the jet. The viscosities of
liquids to be mixed play an important role in the convection process.
For good mixing, liquid should be convected to all parts of a mixing
tank. When viscosity effects are significant then the convection in
a tank may become low. This is because the viscous forces will damp
down the inertial forces so that the liquid is convected only a short
distance away from a jet or a stirrer. Consequently this does not
.lead to very efficient mixing.
If convection is to be used to promote liquid motion, then it

is advantageous that the inertial forces should be large enough to
overcome the viscous forces and so promote liquid motion in all
regions of a mixing vessel.
1.2 Mechanical mixing of liquids.
The rotation of a mechanical agitator in a confined liquid

mass generates eddy currents which are formed as a result of velocity
gradients within the liquid. A rotating agitator produces high
-3-
velocity liquid streams near its paddles which move throughout

a vessel. As the high velocity streams come into contact with
stagnant or slower moving liquid, momentum transfer occurs, low
velocity liquid is entrained into faster moving streams, resulting
in forced diffusion (ie.convection) and therefore liquid mixing.
1.3 Jet mixing of liquids.
Mixing liquids by the action of a jet employs the same

mechanism of mixing as that of a rotating mechanical agitator (3).
A high velocity jet of liquid created by a nozzle rather than

an agitator, is injected into a slow moving or stationary liquid,
(the bulk or secondary liquid). The relative velocity between the
jet and the bulk liquids creates a turbulent mixing stream due to
a flow discontinuity and also generates ecdies. Liquid from low
velocity areas of a tank is entrained into the turbulent'mixing
stream by the eddies. Turbulence in the high velocity, jet stream
then mixes the entrained liquid. The turbulent stream expands in
size in the direction of the jet flow. Its velocity will decrease
due to transfer of momentum and energy. The rate at which all liquid
in a tank can be entrained, together with the amount of turbulence
in the stream,will determine the rate at which homogeneity or mixing
can be accomplished (2).
Batch jet mixing is normally used to either blend a fresh feed

1n with the contents of a tank or to obtain a homogeneous mixture
within the tank (4). The most common jet mixer system is shown in
Fig.l. A typicaljet mixing situation is one in which the jet liquid
is circulated from the tank and reinjected through a nozzle near
the bottom of the tank. The nozzle is usually inclin~d towards the
liquid surface. The liquid or liquids to be mixed may be added either
to the circulating flow or directly into the tank. In the latter
case, the inlet pipes are usually placed near the jet inlet.
Normally jet mixing is done as a batch operation and will be

treated as such in this thesis. However it can be modified for
continuous operation. To do this the product stream can be taken
either from the recycle stream or from a separate pipe placed in an
area remote from the direct action of the jet.
-4-
Possible
take-off
point
Possible
feed
points
Fig. 1. 'A liquid' jet mixing system incorporating an

inclined side entry jet.
Fossett & Prosser design (7).

-5-
1.4 Selecting jet mixers or mechanical mixers.
With nearly every tank there is an associated pump which is used

to fill or empty it. This pump is specifically selected to handle
the liquid/s' under consideration. Therefore with most tanks requiring
agitation there is a pump with its own motor, and a mechanical agitator
with a motor, mounted above or in the side of the tank. The
agitator requires either specially selected bearings or a dynamic
seal. The question arises:
Is it necessary to have a special agitating device when there is

already a pump at hand?
With some extra pipework a large amount of agitation could be

created by recycling liquid through the pump back to the tank.
Almost any flow pattern necessary for mixing or maintaining solids
in suspension can be achieved in a liquid jet mixer (3).
Mechanical mixing equipment is generally capital intensive.

If a mechanical mixer is positioned above, the tank will need
reinforcing to support the mixer system. Seals and bearings also
need to be provided for shaft support and isolation from the environ-
ment (5). The choice of materials for seals may be limited owing
to the chemical nature, the temperature or the presence of entrained
solids in the liquids to be mixed.
Jet mixing systems are simple, so that capital costs are

relatively low. For example, a pump is usually cheaper than an
agitator motor and shaft assembly; maintenance cost of jet mixing systems
are also likely to be lower because the pump will be remote from
the tank and thus more accessible than a mechanical agitator. Pump
seals are likely to be less expensive to maintain than a shaft seal
for either the lid or the side of a tank.
As can be seen from Table l,a jet mixing system offers definite
advantages in terms of low in'stallation and operating costs. This
table illustrates the costs incurred by Du Pont (6) when two methods
were used to achieve the blending of petroleum stocks.
-6-
Propeller Jet
Mixing- Mixing.
Installation Cost. High Low
Power Operating Cost. Low Low
Cost of Pump and Pipework

for the mixer. Low Medium
Cost of Tank. Low Low
Table 1. Cost Comparison of mechanical mixers and jet mixers (6).
To mix low viscosity liquids (approximately, )J< 1 x 10- 1 N. S.m-2)

the choice of either a jet or a mechanical mixer is frequently
subjective. However an attempt has been made recently, by King (5).
to quantify this choice in terms of mixer efficiency. In his study
he has made a comparison of the power requirements of:-
i) A jet mixer.
ii) A propeller mixer (unbaffled) .
iii) A propeller mixer (baffled).
iv) A turbine mixer.
On the grounds of energy consumption for a given mixing time

this comparison shows that a jet mixer can be as efficient, and in
some caSes more efficient, than propeller or turbine mixers. A
general trend illustrated by the comparison is that if very short mixing
times are to be achieved, the jet mixer may be less efficient.
If very long mixing times are permissible, the jet mixer
is almost certainly more efficient than mechanical mixers. In this
context it is impossible to define the magnitudes of short or long
times, only to indicate a trend. It is advisable to check in every
case which type of mixer has the best efficiency as the constraints
for a mixing duty are never twice the same.
Qualitatively, jet mixing systems are sometimes chosen, in

preference to mechanica-l mixers, for mixing chemically sensitive
-7-
liquids. In the preparation of foodstuffs such as milks of the

correct composition, hygiene may be of the ultimate importance •
. As jet mixing has no in-tank moving parts this minimises the
possibility of any contamination of the product. For the mixing
of acids a jet mixer is often used as no extra costs are incurred
~n the procurement of expensive'in-tank' stirrers made from an
appropriate acid resistant metal. In the operation of a liquid jet
mixer provided no undue turbulence is allowed to occur at the liquid
surface, there is no chance of any static build up which may cause
an explosion. This is a mandatory process requirement if the liquids
to be mixed can produce an explosive vapour.
In general a liquid jet mixer will prove the most attractive

solution when:
1. Several tanks are to be used for mixing since, with an

appropriate pipe network, only one source of power is
required.
2. Sufficient capacity and pressure pumps are needed or installed

for other purposes and can also be used for liquid circulation
without alterations being made.
1.5 Applications and examples of liquid jet mixing in action.
This form of liquid agitation is usually used for the mixing

of miscible single phase liquids. Although its use can be extended
to other duties such as gas-liquid mixing ie.the aeration of slurries
using a plunging jet, or the suspension of solids in a tank, this
thesis will confine its attention to the most common operation it
performs, that of mixing miscible liquids.
lVithout doubt the most popular mixing duty for which a jet mixing
system is used at present is in the blending of tetraethyl lead with
petrol. In fact it was through research by Fossett & Prosser (7)
into this blending ope·ration that a liquid jet mixer was first
proposed. These investigators found that for this application, jet
mixing reduced mixing times considerably. This conclusion is borne
out by the following data from (6).
-8-
Blending TEL. into petrol.
Mixing time with a propeller mixer 23 hours.

Hixing time with a jet mixer 5 hours.
Associated with this saving of 18 hours was a 77% reduction 1n the

operating power cost.
Besides this, the petroleum industry has found a number of

applications for jet mixing, given that this type of mixing is
especially suited to the mixing of large volumes of liquid, such
as lubricating oils, and fuel stocks. It is also used for maintaining
homogeneous mixtures in refinery feed and rundown tanks.
Shepheard & Clark (8) describe the application of jet mixing for
milk agitation in silo tanks. It was found that with this method
110,000 litres of milk and cream mixture could be homogeneously
mixed in 1 hour. There were no adverse effects on the product and
the technique had hygienic advantages over both mechanical and air
agitation. !-!any other uses have been found for jet mixing ie. (7)
and (9-11) and many more are possible with future investigation of
jet mixing.
1.6 Conclusions.
The possible advantages of improved mixing can be summarised:
i) Savings in mixing time and therefore energy costs.
ii) Savings in construction costs by simplifying the necessary

installation.
iii) Savings by reducing other plant investment required for

mixing and blending, such as pumps, pipelines and tanks.
Even though jet mixing remains a little known and understood

subject, its use has enabled considerable cost, benefits to be
achieved. Further savings can be made if -the knowledge, and
consequently, the design of liquid jet mixing systems is improved.
-9-
CHAPTER TWO
The Flow Behaviour and Mixing Ability of a Liquid

into Liquid Jet.
-10-
2.1 Introduction.
In this investigation a jet is understood to be a continuous

stream of liquid, emitted from a nozzle at a relatively high velocity
compared with that of the liquid into which it is flowing. This stream
of liquid may be either laminar, turbulent or a combination of the
two types of flow. Jets exhibit characteristics that have fascinated
physicists for centuries particularly with respect to noise and
apparent flow instability.
A survey was carried out manually and with the help of the
E.S.A. computerised database to search the various scientific and
engineering literature abstracts. This revealed that although a
great deal of information exists for jet mixing relevant to the
Aerospace Industry, only a comparatively limited amount of literature
for liquid jet mixing was applicable to the Chemical and Allied
Industries.
Much of the research work carried out on liquid jet mixing

to date refers to its use in tubes and pipes (12-16). This
investigation will concentrate on hatch mixing in tanks of miscible
liquids possessing similar densities and viscosities. Reference will
also be briefly made to the use of jet mixing in tanks as a con-
tinuous operation and its application to the mixing of liquids having
dissimilar densities and viscosities.
2.2 Jet behaviour.
2.2.l.Free Unrestrained Jets.
A jet is considered 'free' when its cross-sectional area is

less than 20% of the total cross-sectional area of the region through
which it is flowing. If a jet has a cross-sectional area greater
than 20% it is thought of as 'confined' (17).
When mixing miscible liquids a jet is unrestrained. A res-

trained; jet only exists if a liquid is ejected from a nozzle into
an immiscible liquid ie.water into oil. In this case turbulent
eddies which protrude from the sides of a 'free jet, are restrained
by surface tension from breaking away completely unless the eddy
velocities are particularly great. This type of turbulence
-;11-
decays very rapidly due to the damping effect of the elastic forces
associated with surface tension.
2.2.2 Flow characteristics of a submerged jet.
The flow character of a submerged liquid jet may be either

purely laminar (or streamline) or have varying degrees of turbulence,
depending on the magnitude of the Reynolds Number parameter of the
flow. This is similar to the case of liquid flow in a pipe, which
was first clearly studied in 1883 by Reynolds(18) in honour of
whom the flow parameter was named.
He observed and confirmed deductively that the onset of

turbulence from laminar flow conditions depends on the value of the
'Reynolds Number'.
A jet Reynolds No. is defined as:
Re.= pVd
J 11
The Reynolds No. group may be interpreted as the ratio of the inertial
force to the viscous force acting on a liquid element (19).
The magnitude of this parameter for an unrestrained jet

characterises the efflux of a liquid flow through an orifice nozzle
into a large volume of relatively stationary liquid of similar density
and viscosity with which it is readily miscible. If the velocity
of discharge is very low, and hence the Reynolds No. is small, the
jet emerges as a slowly advancing parallel-sided column; (see Fig.
2a), inertial effects are small and the flow may be described as
'creeping' or viscous (20) & (21). If the velocity is raised
slightly a purely laminar or streamline jet is formed which is
inherently stable against small disturbances which are quickly
damped, (see Fig 2b). At this stage, inertial and viscous forces
are roughly equal in magni tude.
Increasing the jet Reynolds No. further, by increasing the

jet velocity, brings about an instability of the jet some distance
from the orifice nozzle, and turbulent fluctuations begin to appear
in the flow (see Fig. 2c). Inertial forces now tend to dominate
over the viscous forces. If the velocity is raised higher, the
turbulent zone approaches progressively closer and closer to the
-12-·
Fig. 2a. A highly viscous Fig. 2b. A laminar jet (21).

laminar jet (21).
Fig. 2c. A semi-turbulent Fig. 2d. A fully turbulent

jet (21). jet (21).
-13-
orifice, until at a certain critical value of the jet Reynolds

No. the whole jet is fully turbulent throughout its length (see
Fig. 2d).
Varying estimates have been put forward to define the limits

of each of these jet regimes. It was established experimentally
that a free jet flow became unstable at low values of the
jet Reynolds No. by Vilu (22) who quotes a value of 11 and by (24) & (25)
who sive a value of 30. However similar studies (26-29) indicated that
turbulence was not present until the jet Reynolds No. was approx. 300.
A wide range of values are also quoted for the initiation of

full turbulence ( Fig. 2d). It has been proposed in (29) & (30)
that a round free jet is fully turbulent when the jet Reynolds No.
is 1200; however all other values reported (30) - (37) are higher
than this. The majority of investigators seem agreed that full
turbulence exists for jet Reynolds No.'s greater than 2000.
Pearce (21) summarised the different flow regimes as:-
Re. < 500 Jet is essentially laminar.

J
Any instabilities are rapidly damped.
500 < Re. < 1500 At some distance from the orifice nozzle
J
the jet becomes Unstable and breaks down
into turbulent eddies. As the jet Reynolds
No. increases the laminar zone expands
less rapidly and decreases in length.
1500 < Re. < 2500 The laminar length continues to decrease
J
until it disappears at 2000 < Re. < 2500.
J
The angle of spread of the turbulent zone
decreases.
2500 < Re. < 3000 The spread of the turbulent zone continues
J
to decrease.
Re. > 3000 Jet has fully turbulent structure and the
J
cone angle is constant.
Inherent in this summary are Pearce's conclusions (21) that

there is no substantial turbulence until Re. > 500, and if Re. <
J J
3000 for a circular submerged jet, then it is not fully turbulent
and does not have its full dilution (ie.mixing) capability.
-14-
Pearce's report cites other works (29-40) which discuss the

transition from laminar to turbulent flow for circular jets from the
point of view of jet structure and stability. This aspect of
transition flows has also been reviewed by Mollendorf & Gebharu (41)
who proposed two general approaches: - (1) introducing small disturbances
into the ~low and studying the jet stability and (2) measuring the
laminar length of transition jets. These studies, while perhaps of
importance for theoretical verification of jet behaviour are
hampered by the stochastic nature of the phenomenon investigated.
After an attempt to answer the question of jet instability had been
completed, these studies still left untouched the problem of the
relative importance of the phenomena measured, such as laminar
length, cone angle, eddy size and structure, and the mixing ability
of the jet, which are all of importance to the engineer.
Although Ungate et al. (42) have resolved some of these relation-

ships they conclude that more efforts are needed to fully understand
them.
2.2.3 Flow regions of a turbulent jet.
A submerged free fully turbulent liquid jet issuing from a

circular orifice nozzle into a liquid having similar physical
properties has four flow regions as illustrated by Fig.3. These
are summarised as (17):-
1. A region of flow establishment. This extends to approximately

6.4 nozzle diameters and contains the potential core. The
liquid in this region has a core velocity about the same as
the discharge velocity from the nozzle.
2, A transition region. This exists between 6.4 and 8.0 nozzle

diameters from the orifice.
3. A region of established flow. This extends to approximately

100 nozzle diameters from the orifice.
4. A terminal region. In this region the velocity of the jetted

liquid decreases to zero.
-15-
Terminal
flow
region
Established
flow
region
Transition
region
Region of
flow
establishment·
Fig. 3. The flow regions of a submerged turbulent jet (42).

-16-
The velocity profiles drawn in Fig.3 illustrate that as the

liquid jet emerges from the nozzle it has a substantially flat
velocity profile. The high velocity gradient produced between the
jet and the surrounding liquid at rest generates eddies which start
a lateral mixing and diffusing process within the jet. The turbulent
diffusion proceeds in the direction of the jet flow and towards the
jet's axis, which thus reduces the width of the potential core. In
the diffused region the liquid is decelerated and liquid from the
outside medium which is relatively static is accelerated and entrained
within the jet. Thus as the flow proceeds in. the general direction x,
the potential core, with a constant velocity is reduced in lateral
width while the jet increases in overall width. As a result of this,
the volumetric flowrate of the jet increases and the total energy of
the jetted liquid de,creases with distance from the nozzle. In the
diffused region the kinetic energy of the jet is converted into kinetic
energy of turbulence which gradually decays owing to viscous shear
stresses. The end of the zone of flow establishment is marked by
the absence of the potential core because the diffused region has
reached the central plane of the jet, and flow after this zone
takes place with all velocities less than that at the jet orifice.
In an ideal free turbulent jet sy'stem, the potential core is

of constant length owing to the process of steady turbulent diffusion.
However for a real free turbulent jet the length of the potential
core varies owing to the unsteady wiggling type motion of its apex,
which because of its slenderness is dynamically influenced by the
turbulent diffusion in the region (43). There is thus a transition
zone between the regions of flow establishment and established flow
in which the liquid is particularly unstable.
The length of this region fluctuates frequently about a very

small mean value. Sometimes in the consideration of the different
flow regimes, the transition regime is neglected because it has
little effect on the downstream jet flow.
The zone of established flow is one of turbulent diffusion

within which, near the boundaries, the turbulent eddies entrain
outside liquid, which causes the jet to further increase in width
and to have an increased volumetric flow. The dissipation of
kinetic energy by viscous shear stresses reduces the magnitude of
the flow velocity as the free turbulent jet diffusion progresses
-'17-
downstream away from the nozzle until, theoretically, at an

infinite distance from the nozzle the jet is infinitely broad and
has zero velocity. In a real system however, the influence of the
jet on the liquid at rest is negligible at a finite distance from
the nozzle. This is the limit of the region of established flow.
Beyond this point the terminal flow region exists. The distance
from the nozzle to the limit of the region of established flow is
dependent on the nozzle velocity.
All along the outer boundary of the jet there is an inflow of

liquid into the jet which causes a slight under-pressure at and near
the outer free turbulerit jet boundary. Thus the main body of
liquid is in motion in a direction towards the jet (see Fig.4).
2.2.4 Turbulent cone angle.
For a fully turbulent jet a range of values exist for the cone
0
angle of a jet. These vary from 14-15 by Donald & Singer (44) to
0 0
17-18 by Binnie (45) and 26 by Pearce (21). Other investigations
such as (42) & (46) have published values of the angle lying between
these limits and Birkhoff and Zarantonello (29) conclude that
circular turbulent jets spread conically at angles in the range
0
20-25 •
However all investigators Seem to agree that when a jet is not

fully turbulent the cone angle progressively 1ncreases as the jet
o
becomes less turbulent. Pearce (21) quotes a cone angle of 28
when the jet Reynolds No. is 100.
For fully turbulent jets, Donald & Singer (44) found that the
cone angle although independent of the jet velocity, was"dependent
on the kinematic viscosity of the jetted liquid. They correlated
their results using the following relationship:
tan a
2
o = 0.810 (* )0.133
6 -2
For water )l = 1 x 10- N.s .m
-3
p = 1000 Kg.m
0
thus a = 14.7
0
-18-
(~
).
Backflow
\
\
\
+
re ion
I
I
I
~)
I
I Backflow
region I region
\. ..J'4
\
\
\ ,
I
.)
!~ \ i- !~
'-. ~ }-
.-I
\ I
...-AI
J! "-
\
\
I ~J
'-.. ~\
\
i---
I
.-/
\
,I"
Fig. 4. Direction of liquid movement (46).
-19-
2.2.5 Volumetric throughput.
As the jet penetrates the bulk liquid it expands, entraining

liquid from its surroundings (see Fig.4).
Two general relationships can be used to describe the volumetric

throughput of a jet (46).
Qx
- = 1.0· where x < d
Q. K
J e
Qx d
- = K • ~ where x >
Q. e d K
J e
.Equation 131 applies for the potential core zone of the jet flow,
and thus 141 applies for all the other flow regions.
A simple momentum balance can be used to derive the relation-

ship 141 between the volumetric throughput at the jet and that at
some distance x from the nozzle along the jet axis.
Qx d
= x 151
Q. d
J
d 2 x tan % /2
x
=>d = K
x e x .
if K·= 2 tan % /2
:e
thus Q
x
Q.
J o
Donald & Singer (44) found a = 14.7 . Thus substituting this value
o
into 191 gives:
Qx x
Q. = 0.26 d 1101
J
This equation agrees reasonably well with the findings of Alberston
et al. (32) for a free submerged liquid jet.
The value of K in the expression being dependent on the

e
magnitude of %therefore varies between investigators ie. (46)
0
a = 20 K = 0.353, but the basic form of equation 1101 remains
o e
unchanged.
-20-
This is not the only form of equation for describing the

volumetric throughput of a liquid jet as Folsom (47) has suggested:
= 0.590 + 0.208 clx
2.2.6 Velocity, concentration and temperature profiles.
Of the many aspects of turbulent jets much attention is paid

to the study of transverse and axial velocity profiles of an
expanding jet. A paper by Forstall & Shapiro (48), augmented by
two discussions (49), contains an extensive compilation of references
on this subject. Useful information is also presented by (32), (45),
(50-55) on the well documented subject of concentration and
temperature profiles.
The majority of studies have been concerned with transverse

velocity profiles, and most investigators have worked with gases.
However profiles formulated for gases have been used just as successfully
for liquids (56).
In the potential core region a jet has been found to have a

flat transverse velocity profile as the liquid in this zone maintains
its velocity of efflux (see Fig.3). It is only when the jetted
liquid has passed through the transition zone and into the zone of
established flow that the velocity profile assumes its well-known
bell-shape form.
Whenever studies are made of free turbulent jets the normal

probability (ie.Gaussian distribution) curve is used to represent
the transverse velocity profile (57).
1121
Originally Hinze & Van Der Hegger Zijnen (51) proposed an almost
identical profile to this where:
V
r
-= _1_ 22 A2 = 62. 1131
V (1+A n )
x 2
Two al te rna ti ve forms for this profile have also been published
by Forstall & Shapiro (48),
-21-
These are:-
i) =
(Cosine curve)
ii) 1.50 1 2
[ 1 - 0.293 ( ~h ) J
(Three-halves power curve)
These equations were formulated for coaxial gas jets and

assume that there is no secondary flow. Although the authors
published the above eq~ations they also recommended an equation of
the form of 1121. For most analyses of jet mixing it is the Gaussian
error curve which is used (58).
Although opinions vary for the transverse velocity profile,

investigators seem agreed that for the axial velocity profile in
the region of fully developed flow the shape of the profile is
hyperbolic. In the potential core region of flow the axial velocity
is constant. Thereafter it decreases hyperbolically with distance
from the jet nozzle. (59~60) (see Fig.5).
This is summarised by· equations 1161 & 1171 :
vx
\/=1.00 o < x < B.d
(Potential core region)
vx B.d x > B.d

-=
V x
Values for B ranging from 5.13 to 8.30 have been reported in

the literature (46). Typical values however normally lie between
5.5 (61) and 6.5 (6~. The stability of a jet is highly dependent
upon liquid swirl and to a lesser extent on the surface finish of
the orifice nozzle (63). This may account for the differences in
the reported values of B, or they may be due to experimental error.
Recently Rushton (216) has modified 1171 to include a term for jet
Reyno1ds No. 1181 as he believes the constant B is not independent
-22-
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
V
x
0,5
V
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
o
o 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
Fig. 5. Axial velocity along the jet centre line (57)

-23-
of the liquid properties and initial flowrate.
vx l35 d
= 1.41 Re.0.
v J :x
In the examples cited above for transverse and axial velocity
profiles, it is assumed that the media into which the jet is
expanding is infinite. However in practical instances of in-tank
jet mixing there is not an infinite expansion of submerged jets.
Because of the boundaries of the tank, the linear expansion, and
therefore the velocity profiles, may sometimes be disturbed or
deformed. This is especially true if the linear expansion of .the
jet is reduced by the effect of the side walls. However the velocity
profiles described by equations 1121 and 1171 for the established flow
region are found to model the liquid behaviour very well. Kiser (57)
also points out that if different values of A and B are substituted
into equations 1121 and 1171then these relationships can be used to
describe the transverse and axial concentration profiles.
C
r
= exp (Ac
C
x
Transverse concentration profile
cx
c. x
J
Axial concentration profile
To some investigators such as Kiser (57) the parameter x in

1171 and 1201 is the distance from the point under consideration
to the jet nozzle along the jet axis (x) plus the distance from
the nozzle to the apparent origin of the jet along its axis (0 )
, r
(see Fig. 6). Normally however the value of (0 ) is very small,
r
(Or = 0.182.d(64) for 1171 and Or = 0.202.d(64) for 1201> and thus the
respective relationships are written as shown in 1171 and 1201.
2.2.7 Orifice Nozzle Shape.
The characteristic shape of a jet is normally considered to be

circular. This concept has been broken away from by Shashidhara and
-24-
\ I
\ I
\ I .
\ I
\ I ,
I
\ I
\ I x
\ I
\ I
\ I
\ II
\ I
I
I
•; •.
:
•
1 or
Fig. 6. Apparent origin of a turbulent jet (57·)

-25-
Seetharamiah (65) who have studied the characteristics of submerged

jets with non-circular efflux sections.
In their study the velocity profiles of square, triangular,

rectangular and elliptical shape orifice jets were compared to
those of circular jets. The total cross-sectional area of each shape
of orifice being kept constant •.
This study established that whatever the shape of the orifice

the velocity profiles were similar. This finding has since been
confirmed by the findings of Sfeir (66). As a jet moves out from
a nozzle, whatever its shape may be at the efflux section, there is
a transition to the classical circular cross-section. As the jet
flow progresses further this circular cross-section gets more and
more stabilised and the normalised cross-sectional velocity pattern
takes on its typical bell-shape curve if viewed from any point
along the centreline of the jet.
Where the various shapes differ is in the length of their

respective potential core regions and in the rate at which their
hyperbolic axial velocity decay takes place. The length of the
potential core was observed to be dependent upon the shape of a
jet orifice and therefore on the perimeter of the jet mouth. It
is a minimum value in the case of rectangular and triangular jets
and a maximum value in the case of circular jets. The table below
gives typical values of the measured lengths for the potential core
region.
Shape of jet. Length of potential core in terms

'of number of jet diameters of a
ci rcular j et of the same cross-
sectional area.
Triangular. 3.0
Rectangular. 3.5
E llip tical: 4.2
Square. 4.5
Circular. 6.4
Table 2.Potential core length of different shape jets.

-26-
This difference in the core lengths can be explained as a result

of the turbulence induced at the jet orifice. The turbulence is
greater for a jet of triangular or rectangular section and less in
the case of a circular jet.
Because of these differences at the jet origin, the rate of

decay of the axial jet velocity also differed although the same
general characteristics were exhibited as for a circular jet. The
rate of decay was at a maximum with triangular and rectangular jets
and at a minimum with circular jets. Thus as the perimeter of a jet
increases the rate of decay of the axial velocity decreases.
It can be concluded from this that a circular mixing jet will

be active over a much greater range than non-circular jets.
Consequently, the turbulence created by the jet will be spread much
more evenly along a jet than concentrated near the iet origin as
with non-circular jets. It is for this reason that circular jets
are employed in jet mixing systems, although the usage of non-circular
jets is an area where further work could produce some rewarding
results especially for tanks with a height to diameter ratio much
less than 1. o.
2.2.8 Energy characteristics.
The major investigations.carried out on the energy dissipation

of jets have used air as the driving and delivered media. These
results, produced mostly by the Aerospace Industry, do not reflect
the properties of liquid jets,ie.water into water. This is because
they do not consider the different rate of energy dissipation due to
the greater viscosity of a liquid such as water. Since energy
dissipation due to turbulence is not measurable by similitude
considerations, the results obtained with air as the media are not
strictly applicable to the case of a water jet, although they may
be a good guide.
The dissipation of energy from a circular jet has been

investigated by various research workers using diverse methods (32),
(53) and (67-76). Specifically for a liquid jet mixer, Govinda
Rao et al.(67) have looked at the energy dissipation of a circular
jet submerged in water. In this they have confirmed the flow regions
of a jet indicated by the varying forms of the transverse velocity
-27-
profile. Subsequent work by Goldschmidt and Chuang (71) has

illustrated the similarity of velocity and energy spectra.
In their initial paper Govinda Rao et al. (67) give an in-

depth analysis of the dissipation of energy as the jet progresses
into the tank. The energy of a jet is maximum at the jet orifice:
After entry into a tank energy is progressively lost as the liquid
travels further into the tank. Part of this energy is dissipated
in the turbulent mixing with the liquid in the tank and the remaining
energy is dissipated as heat and sound, (68). A major portion of
jet energy is dissipated in the mixing tank by the formation of
eddies and turbulence of great intensity which decay because of
viscous shear.
Turbulence that is caused by instability of flow is not a

stationary process and decays both across and along the jet from
the efflux section. The energy of the jet thus decreases due to
its partial destruction by viscous action turbulence and transfer
of energy to the surrounding mass of liquid in a tank. Thus there
is a critical point where the energy of the jet equals the total of
that dissipated due to turbulence. In this region between the
efflux section and the critical point the energy of the.jet pre-
dominates. After the critical point the energy left in the jet is
very small and the dissipation is entirely due to turbulent shear
and boundary resistance.
According to this analysis (67) there are two main regions

of energy dissipation, see Fig. 7. The first lying between
the efflux section and the critical point characterised by a high
rate of energy dissipation, and the second region lying beyond the
critical point which is characterised by a markedly lower rate of
energy dissipation. The critical point was arbitrarily defined in
(68) as that point at which 95% of the original energy has been
diss ipa ted.
Irrespective of the flow conditions, the trend of results as

shown in Fig. 7. remained almost constant, illustrating that energy
dissipation and axial distance from the jet are directly related.
In (68) a comparison has been made of single and dual jets. As Fig.
7 shows the major part of the energy dissipation for both jet designs
occurs in the mixing zone of the jet. The critical distance for a
-28-
1.0
\
0.8 \
\
E \
x
E. \
) \
0.6 \
\
\
0.4 Twin
\
\
jets
\
\
\
0.2
""- "-
..... ...
-
'-
o ---
o 2 4 6 8 10 12
X (m)
Fig. 7. Dissipation of energy from submerged water jets (67).

-29-
x
single jet was observed to be on average cl = 48.52 and for twin jets
x
cl= 37.60. For twin jets, since the mixinE zones are wider in extent
than for a single jet, both the energy transferred to the liquid already,
~n a tank and the energy dissipated by viscous shear and turbulence
are also comparatively larger in extent. Thus. the rate of energy
dissipation. is more for twin jets than for a single jet of the same
orifice area (see Fig. 7).
In jet mixing tanks, single jets are normally used in preference

to twin jets because:-
i) A single jet is easier and cheaper to deal with than twin jets.
ii) A single jet maintains itself over a much greater distance

than twin jets. Thus for a fixed tank diameter a much larger
volume of liquid will be subject to the turbulent influence
of a single jet than for twin jets which if used for the
same volume of liquid (ie. same distance over which jet must
act) may induce stagnant zones after the critical point.
However it is recognised that for an application such as a

stilling basin, a twin jet arrangement would re ideal.
2.3 Liquid flow behaviour in a jet mixed tank.
2.3.1 Liquid flow patterns.
The rate of mixing.in an agitated vessel is controlled by

the flow pattern behaviour of liquid within the vessel. Therefore
to be able to predict the time taken to homogenise miscible liquids
in a jet mixer, the flow patterns must be known.
Flow patterns for both Newtonian and Non-Newtonian liquids

have been investigated by many investigators (77-84) in various
mixer geometries of mechanically agitated vessels. Comparatively
little work has been carried out on the flow patterns in jet mixed
systems (11), (2B) & (BO) since nost attention has been focused
on the structure and velocity profiles of a jet.
In their study of mechanical and jet mixed systems, Fox and

Gex (80) used a decolourization technique to look at the flow patterns.
They noted that the last wisp of colour in a jet mixer was located
-30-
r
lA .,..-- --
/ /'
/"
.".... .
/
/
1! /
// ~
11/ ~ B
~~.
,
I
Fig. 8. Observations of liquid flow behaviour (85).

-31-
well away from the jet whereas for a mechanically agitated turbine
mixer the last wisp of colour was in the region near to the impeller.
The difference between the mixing of jets and turbine mixers, Norwood
& Metzner (84) conclude, must be due to the flow pattern behaviour,
as a significant portion of the mixing in a jet agitated system occurs
well away from the jet.
since these studies, Glegg & Goates (85) have developed a flow
model for a jet stirred cylindrical vessel which was based on their
observations from a flow visualisation investigation. This was done
in an 11.5 in. internal diameter,12 in. high, cylindrical glass vessel,
which had offset inlet and outlet pipes. The vessel was filled with
water and the flow followed by an injection of a dilute solution of
nigrosine.
Their general observations are summarised by Fig. 8. Two

broadly differing flow regions are distinguishable w{thin a general
recirculating flow pattern. In region A the central feature is the
turbulent inlet jet which appears to lose its identity and ability
to entrain at a point near the vessel outlet where its original
direction is completely reversed. In region B, the level of
turbulence is much less than in A. The inlet jet has spread and
dissipated itself so that no discernable high velocity core is present.
Slow moving streamlines re-enter the lower part of A.
Very similar observations were made by (46) who looked at a jet

stirred vessel with axial inlet and outlet pipes. The findings of
their dye tracer study are depicted by Fig. 4, and these were found
to hold for a range of, liquid height to tank diameter ratios
(3:1 - 1:1).
2.3.2 Flow models.
From their observations Sinclair & McNaughton (46) and Glegg

& Goates (85) have formulated flow models for the residence time
distributions of liquid flowing through two types of jet mixed
cylindrical vessels. These flow models are primarily for continuous
flow systems although they can be adapted for re circulating systems
as well.
In vessels of small height to diameter ratio in which the inlet

diameter is a fraction of the vessel diam~ter, stagnant zones and
-32-
short circulating phenomena have been observed. These flow regimes

have frequently been modelled upon networks of idealised flow systems.
Such models have been suggested for mechanically agitated
vessels (86 and 87), fluidised beds and other problems. Recirculation
effects are also included in some theoretical models, but experimental
studies of internal recirculation have been limited until the work
of (46) & (85).
Work on very small cylindrical tanks (88) has indicated the

presence of considerable recirculation promoted by entrainment of
liquid into a submerged jet. Using simple entrainment and back flow
theory two flow models were developed. The Clegg & Coates model
(85) is based on a tanks-in-series.principle Sinclair & McNaughton
(46) consider the .mixer as a single recycle flow system, with a
distribution of residence times for the recycle path.
Thus from the simple obs·ervations of liquid flow pattern

behaviour, sophisticated experimentally-proven flow models for jet
mixed systems have been developed.
2.3.3 Implications of liquid flow pattern behaviour on the design

criteria for jet mixed systems.
Both papers (46) & (85) point out the benefits of applying the
knowledge of the flow pattern behaviour to the design of jet mixed
reactor systems, especially for the calculation of the appropriate
tank and jet sizes and the kinetics of the reaction.
Bush (60) sugges1is that as a result of the flow behaviour in

a jet stirred reactor the mixing process can be considered on three
levels:-
a) The bulk transport of unreacted material from the inlet to

other parts of the reactor.
b) The first stage of dispersal of this material into its
immediate surroundings accomplished by turbulent dispersion.
c) The final mixing on a molecular scale accomplished by molecular
dispersion.
-33-
These processes apply not only to fresh feed, but to any other liquid
differentiated from its surroundings by temperature or composition.
Observations of the liquid flow behaviour and thus the mixing process
in paddle stirred reactors has shown that when an increase is made in
paddle speed,recirculation and turbulent diffusivity increase together.
In jet-stirred reactors recirculation and turbulent diffusivity are
also closely linked. Consequently if a jet-stirred system has a
sufficient level of internal recirculation, this will in all
probability ensure a satisfactory level of turbulent dispersion.
Using these criteria Bush (60) proposed a basis for the design
of a jet mixed reactor; For effective mixing and thus reaction
there should be:-
1) A sufficient rate of re circulation to allow the rapid dilution

of fresh feed by liquid already present in the reactor.
2) An adequate level of local turbulent diffusion to diffuse

liquid quickly into its surroundings.
3) Velocity gradients at right angles to the direction of the

mean flow in order that turbulent diffusion occurs under the
greatest concentration gradients which remain in the system.
Bush (60) verified these requirements by carrying out an

experimental investigation. From his tests he showed that the
mixing effect of jet stirred reactors was comparable to that of
high speed paddle stirred reactors. These requirements were followed
very closely in work by David et al. (89) who also combined the ideas
of David & Matras (90). Using this information David et al.(89)
produced a simple cylindrical jet-stirred reactor vessel with short
residence times and very effective mixing performance. Designs have
also been made following these guidelines by Matras & Villermaux
(91) for a spherical jet-stirred reactor, and Mandt & Bathija (92)
and Hiby & Tsuge (93) who studied the possibility of using a jet
mixed vessel to attenuate fluctuations of concentration of a
continuously flowing product. Provided the appropriate design criteria
are met a liquid jet mixer can be regarded as virtually ideal for the
task.
-34-
2.3.4 The influence of liquid flow pattern behaviour on the design

of jet mixing tanks.
Although much attention has been paid to the relationship

between flow characteristics and the design and operation of a jet
mixing system, as detailed in the last section, no attention has
been given to the relationship between the shape of a tank and the
rate of mixing.
This is surprising since it has been observed (85) that

stagnant zones do exist in jet-stirred vessels. However this has
always been attributed to either an insufficient level of liquid
recirculation or to an improper positioning of jets. Obviously
these are major factors causing stagnant zones thus retarding the
mixing process, but it seems no-one has considered investigating
the effect of varying the tank shape. Vessel shape will have a major
influence in determining the overall liquid flow pattern. If an
optimum design can be found this will help to elimina te the poorly
mixed zones speeding up both the mixing process and in the case of
reactors the completion of a reaction.An indication of this optimum
design will be a strongly established flow pattern throughout a jet
mixed tank.
2.4 Scale-Up.
2.4.1 Introduction.
The ultimate purpose of all model experiments is crystallised

in a phrase by Baekeland (94). "Commit your blunders on a small
scale and make your profits on a large scale". A similar opinion
was expressed by Davis (95) who emphasized the value of experiments
on a scale intermediate between that of the laboratory and full-scale
production.
2.4.2 Existing studies and techniques for scale-up.
A major problem in mixer design according to McCabe & Smith

(96) is to scale-up from a laboratory or pilot plant mixer to a full
scale unit. For some applications generalised correlations such
as those by Norwood & Metzner (84), Rushton et al. (97) and Metzner
-35-
et al. (98) are available. For many other applications, such as jet
mixing adequate correlations do not exist. In the latter case
various methods of scale-up have been proposed all based on geometric
similarity. Sometimes however it is impossible to have geometric
similaritYjbut even if it is obtainable dynamic and kinematic
similarity may not be possible simultaneously so that the results of
scale-up are not always predictable.
Studies of mixing systems have used various types of performance

parameters to characterise the systems. The exact significance of
these parameters is not always clear and sometimes there are
variations in their' relationships with the characteristics of a
mixing system. As a result of this there-have been differences
in the scaling relationships given by Van De Vusse (77), Fox & Gex
(80),Kramers et al. (99) and Oldshue et al. (100) for the mixing of single
phase liquids by mechanical agitators.
Heterogeneous agitated systems are complicated by the same

factors and in addition, other factors resulting from the presence
of extra phases. Consequently the scale-up of either of these
systems cannot be reduced to simple and universally applicable rules.
Model theory, similitude and dimensional analysis are all

techniques which help in scale-up as illustrated by Johnstone &
Thring (101). Practical application of these techniques involves
the use of dimensionless groups such as Reynolds Number in
correlations which describe the performance of a system in terms
equally applicable to large or small systems.
The variables used in a correlation must be the only ones.

acting in the given situation. Because of the complexity of mixing
systems, knowledge is often lacking of the proper characteristic
variables to use in a correlation. Another complication in the use
of generalised dimensionless correlations for mixer scale-up lies
in the difficulty of establishing an adequate performance parameter.
In some cases there may be several different parameters which could
be used. Consequently the correlations may vary greatly making
scale-up more difficult and arbitrary. Further complications arise
1n applying principles of similitude to heterogeneous systems because
of the impossibility of achieving absolute similitude.
-36-
2.4.3 Scale-up procedures.
Several different procedures have been published. One general

recommendation is that geometrical similarity should be maintained.
The principle of similarity was proposed originally by Newton (102)
and more recently by Rushton (103-105) for the correlation of the
performance of geometrically similar mixers.
Sometimes it may be impossible or at least uneconomical to

satisfy this criterion of similarity in every respect. Experience
and/or experiment must be relied upon to establish what deviations
are permissible.
A popular scale-up parameter is power input per unit volume

of liquid to be mixed. Hirsckorn & Miller (106) and Miller & Mann
(107) recommend this based on relatively limited experiments.
Chaddock (108) recommends it although he gives no supporting data
and the Philadelphia Gear Works company (109) suggest it as a
conservative scale~up parameter.
The best documented use of power input per unit volume as a

scaling parameter has been in gas-liquid systems, ie.Cooper et al.
(110). Under certain conditions in liquid-liquid extraction it can
be used to relate extraction efficiency for continuous operation to
power input per unit volume of the feed stream, ie. Flynn & Tre7bal
(111). Oyama & Endoh (112 & 113) have illustrated for rates of
solution and the suspension of solids that a mixing system~
performance can be related to power input per unit mass of agitated
liquid.
Many investigators such as (110-113) have assumed ·that if a

mixer imposes an equal amount of work on a system or an equal amount
of power per unit volume the result will be the same regardless of
s~ze. Rushton (104) has indicated that this is rarely the case even
for dimensionally similar systems and that no one idea relating to
mixing has led to more erroneous conclusions. A similar opinion is
shared by Levins & Glastonbury (115). The successful application
of the power per unit volume concept to certain operations must be
regarded as a somewhat fortuitous result of the specific interactions
present in those particular cases.
Another more general scaie-up criterion is that of Reynolds

-37-
Number, which is strongly recommended by Rushton (104), Khang &

Levenspiel (116) and Roy Penny (117). The problem with using Reynolds
Number 'is not usually the scale-up itself; rather it occurs in
obtaining a true relationship between the performance and the
controlling variables or variable groups. In the case of jet mixing
this refers to the relationship between mixing time and the jet
Reynolds Number.
2.4.4 Verification of scale-up theory.
Experiments must be carried out to define the relationships

between performance and several variables of a system. These
relationships must be valid on the eventual scale of the commercial
process as well as on the scale of experimentation. For the
experimental programme to satisfy these objectives the following
criteria as laid down by Drew et al. (lIS) must be satisfied.
1) The performance parameters must be established.
2) Similarity should be maintained as much as possible.
3) The nature and influence of the controlling variables

or variable groups must be determined.
There are no simple rules for the establishment of performance

parameters. Preferably they should be limited but still adequate
to describe the system completely. It is vital to maintain similarity
as far as possible during any change of the scale of operation.
For the purpose of scale-up it is desirable to know the relation
between the performance and the operating variables in terms of
dimensionless groups applicable both to large or small operations.
2.4.5 Interpretation of the effect of system ~ariables on

scale-up.
The ideas proposed by Rushton & Oldshue (119) provide some

interesting theories on how to interpret the effect of different
variables on impeller mixing. These can also be applied to jet
mixing.
-38-
Impeller mixing
Many ~ixing systems operate in an impeller Reynolds Number

range such that:
J 5
P ClN .D
pr pr pr
By analogy to hydraulics:
P Cl Q .H 1221
pr pr pr
The discharge is the product of a velocity (proportional to ND )

pr
and an area (proportional to D 2)
pr
3
N.D
pr pr
Combining &
Q • H Cl N ~D 5
pr pr pr pr 1 24a \
Substituting for Q from 1231
pr
H a N ~D
2
pr pr pr
As shown by 1211 varying power for a fixed diameter is equivalent to

varying N. In fact if D is constant and N is changed even though
pr pr pr
the power varies it can be seen from 1231 & 124bl that:
( ~)
pr D
pr
Cl 1
N
pr
1251
It can be said that increasing the agitator speed corresponds to

increasing the proportion of the power input dissipated as turbulence.
Jet mixing
Equation 126al is proposed as a possible form of the power

input relationship for jet mixing.
-39-
2
Q. " V.d 126b 1
J
P. " Q •• H. 126cl
J J J
3 2
Q.R." V .d 126 d l
J J
2
H.J " V 126e 1
C')H~ "
d2
V
1
126fl
This indicates
that increasing the jet velocity corresponds to increasing the
proportion of power input dissipated as turbulence.
Ideas of relating jet flow, head and power input to operating

variables have some merit for a qualitative description of how
these variables affect the process. It requires extensive experience
and usually actual experiments to decide whether a system's
performance is favoured by a particular comhination of flow and
head. Rushton & Oldshue (119) suggest that high values of Q/H
are preferred for blending.
2.4.6 Jet mixing scale-up.
The scale-up of tanks mixed by jets is very much an

undocumented field according to Drew et al. (lIS). In general, mixing
time can be reduced by an increase in jet momentum while an increase
in .tank volume increases the mixing time. Fossett & Prosser (7) and
Fox & Gex (SO) give a broad outline of how jet mixer scale .up should
be approached.
The magnitude of mixing time varies between investigations
because it is dependent upon the definition of mixing time used
in them. When assessing jet mixer scale-up one must decide if
any of the published studies·available based on a known mixing
time definition and geometry of mixing tank are especially
appropriate to the task under consideration.
-40-
2.5 Techniques for investigating liquid jet mixing.
2.5.1 Introduction.
The mechanisms by which the process of homogenization of

miscible liquids occurs in jet mixed tanks can be divided into three
groups (120):-
i) Unsteady state convective diffusion in a steady state

hydrodynamic field,(ie. the sudden addition of a small
amount of 'secondary'liquid to a batch of 'primary' liquid
under constant mixing),
ii) Steady state convective diffusion in the stationary

hydrodynamic field, (ie.the continuous addition of
two liquids to a through-flow tank under constant
mixing),
iii) Unsteady convective diffusion in an unsteady hydrodynamic

field, (ie, mixing, two liquids in cases where the jet mixer
is only started after the tank has been ,filled).
In this investigation the first of these will be used. This

type of process was chosen in preference to the other two because
experimental measurements of mixing performance can be easily
carried out using this method and because from information obtained
in this way, it is possible to either directly or indirectly assess
the other two mechanistic processes, ii) and iii),
2,5.2 Definitions of the degree of liquid mixing.
The relatively large scatter of published experimental data

for mixing times can be attributed to the fact that often neither
, the achieved degree of uniformity nor the experimental conditions
are properly defined (121).
A survey has been made by Hiby (124) of the various possibilities

for the definition of a degree of mixing.
,
-41-
This indicates that there are five principal methods to define

the relative deviation of concentration from uniformity:-
i) The maximum absolute value of relative deviation.

ii) The mean absolute value of relative deviation.
iii) The relative standard deviation.
iv) The degree of deviation, proposed by Kappel (122).
v) The degree or intensity of segregation, first proposed
by Dankwerts (123).
For this investigation definition i) was chosen. This

is a popularly used definition, probably because it is the simplest
to understand. It is defined as:-
c c
c - c
o
The degree of mixing to which a batch of liquid is specified, is
defined as (1 - 3") x 100%. i.e. for 9S% mixing et; O.OS.
2.S.3 Measurement of mixing times.
The normal techniques for measuring times in a tank are visual

observation and a tracer method. Of the two the latter is commonly
preferred because it is a superior technique. This is because a
manual observation method suffers from two major disadvantages:~
1. It is impossible to accurately define the degree of mixing by

which mixing times are measured. (121)
2. It is a highly subjective technique, as variations of _up to

SO% for a mixing time occur between different observers for
the same mixing run. (4).
These disadvantages greatly outweigh the main problem with the

tracer technique where measuring probes can interfere with the flow
patterns in a tank. Overall the tracer method is preferred as it is
accurate, reliable and can give a continuous 'picture' of the mixing
process.
A comparative survey is given by Hiby (121) of all- the methods

for measuring mixing time. For visual observation two techniques
-42-
are used:-
i) Decolourization. This is effectively a neutralisation reaction.

Liquid in a tank is acidified and coloured using an indicator
dye. A relatively small volume of a strong base ln a quantity
sufficient to neutralise the acid is then added. Mixing time
is taken as the time from the moment of base addition to the
time at which the last wisp of colour disappears (124).
ii) Dye Injection. This is the reverse of the last technique

although the pH of the liquid does not change.
Recently the effectiveness of these techniques has improved.

This has been brought about by the use of photo-electric cells to
monitor the concentration of fluorescent liquids. These cells
allow a continuous record of the mixing process to be made.
Effectively the use of cells has changed this technique into an
automated tracer method.
Yamamoto et al. (125) state that a tracer technique consists

basically of injecting a tracer and then measuring the concentration
of the tracer against time.
The most commonly used tracer methods are:-
1. Dye Injection (121). As just outlined.

2. Radioactivity (126 and 127).
rbe use of radioactive tracer techniques is still in its

infancy and therefore not widely used as yet. It is becoming a very
useful method for work on large scale industrial equipment. A great
advantage of this method is that the local variation of tra·cer
concentration can be followed through the wall of a tank. This is
especially important when Newtonian or non-Newtonian liquids with
high viscosity or density are investigated because the course of
mixing in the vicinity of a probe may differ from that in the bulk
of a tank.
3. Schlieren technique (77).
This is a well established method which works on the principle

of tracing the uniformity of solute concentration by measuring the
difference in refractive index.
-43-
4. Temperature (120), (127-129).
A temperature method of measuring mixing time may be achieved

in two ways:
i) After introduction of a pulse of liquid much hotter

than that in the tank, the temperature of the bulk
liquid is monitored with thermometers, thermocouples
or thermistors (131).
ii) Instead of creating the temperature rise using a pulse
of hot liquid, the temperature rise is created by an
instantaneous chemical reaction (121) & (132).
Of the two methods the former is almost invariably used.
5. Conductivity (99), (120), (127-129), (133-134).
Of all the tracer methods conductivity is by far the most

popular. Using a small amount of electrolyte (which is normally
salt solution although aqueous potassium chloride is sometimes used),
the conductivity change is measured using a conductivity cell or
probe. As this has become a widely used method some very sophisticated
conductivity monitoring devices have been developed (135).
l-lith a cell or probe local fluctuations of electrolyte, temperature,

light extinction or other physical quality can be measured as a
function of time. Whichever of these methods is used the size of
the probe or cell, and therefore the volume of liquid assessed, has
an important bearing on the magnitude of the mixing time.
One of the few disadvantages of having a probe or cell follow

the course of mixing is the relative difficulty in determining
the scale of the measured volume. A mixture can be homogeneous over
a large measured volume much sooner than over a small one; it is
therefore important to know the scale of the measured volume when a
mixing time is quoted. Thyn et al. (136) have made a systematic
investigation on the influence of the size of conductivity probes in
baffled stirred tanks with aqueous mixtures. This has shown that
besides the volume of the probe or cell.being critical the volume
of the tank should be considered as well in defining the constraints
to which mixing time is measured. ,
With an increasing size of probe or cell, or a decreasing size
of tank, the fluctuations of concentration are attenuated as a
-44-
consequence of local averaging if a fixed volume of tracer is used.

It is sometimes unavoidable to use a probe or cell which averages
over a large volume, ie. radio tracer methods. Normally the
measured volume should be small in comparison to the tank volume.
For their (136) investigation the ratio of the probe to tank

volume was varied over the range:
1
1 x 10- 5 < V IV T < 9 x 10-
op 0
Throughout their testing a constant volume of tracer liquid was used.
Mixing time was measured to 95% (T g5 ). "lhen the probe volume was
larger than the initial volume of the tracer liquid:
Vop > Vot
T95 = 5.23 - 1.22 ln (Vop/VoT )
=> T95 ~ ISb'8 Vo p] -1.22

l- where Vot is constant
e.- VoT
but when the probe volume was smaller than the initial volume of
the tracer:
V < V
op ot
These relationships were found to hold over a wide range of a

4 5
propeller Reynolds No. (Re = 1.B x 10 - 1.6 x 10 ) illustrating
pr
that they are independent of the scale of turbulence.
If however the volume of a probe or cell is constant it is

reasonable to assume from these relationships that the initial volume
of the tracer should be changed in proportion to the volume of the
tank in order to preserve the above relationships as:
T ~lkv
op Iv 0 T) 132 1
2.5.4 Liquids used for mixing studies.
In choosing liquids for mixing studies most investigators have

selected Newtonian liquids such as water, .glucose and aqueous
-45-
solutions of commercial sugar which have relatively simple flow

characteristics.
Recently thickening agent products have been used. However

when added to water these products have produced Non-Newtonian
solutions having much more complex flow characteristics than those
of Newtonian liquids. Therefore where possible Newtonian liquids
are used because of their relative simplicity. In mixing studies
however, it is often necessary to investigate the effect of viscosity
on mixing time by using liquids much more viscous than water.
-3
Aqueous solutions of sugar and glucose can cover the range 1 x 10 -
1 -2
7 x 10 N.s.m. (137) but they are often inconvenient and expensive
to use. On the other hand by adding small quantities of thickening
agents viscosity can be varied very easily over a similarly wide
range. Their use in contrast to Newtonian solutions is relatively
easy and inexpensive. Consequently thickening agents are being used
increasingly for mixing studies, both to look at the effect of
viscosity on mixing times and to study the mixing characteristics of
Non-Newtonia n liquids (137-139).
The most popular thickening agent is sodium carboY.Yffiethyl

cellulose. As an aqueous solution this can be classified as a
pseudoplastic Non-Newtonia n liquid. The flow behaviour of this
liquid is described by the power-law equation (140).
In this equation the extent of the Non-Newtonian character of a

liquid is reflected by the value of n, see Fig. 9.
Newtonian liquids (ie.water) are defined as those liquids which

in laminar flow exhibit a linear relationship between the imposed
shear stress and the resulting shear rate; n has a constant value
of 1.0 and Kfis equal to ~ (138). See Fig. 9.
T =
Non-Newtonian liquids have values of n " 1.0. For pseudoplastics

n < 1.0. As n becomes progressively smaller than 1.0 so the liquid
becomes more Non-Newtonian, see Fig.9.
-46-
100
NEWTONIAN
-2 Slope =1
(N.m )
10
PSEUDOPLASTIC
-
K -- -- Slope - n
1
1 10 100
au
ar
Fig. 9. Liquid characteristics (138).

-47-
In their experimental study Demange et al.(14l) used sodium

carboxymethyl cellulose solutions. From their results they found
that the deviation from Newtonian mixing characteristics for slightly
pseudoplastic liquids (i.e. n > 0.80) was negligible. This indicates
that an aqueous solution of sodium carboo~ethyl cellulose having
n > 0.80 can be treated as approximately Newtonian for analysing
its mixing behaviour.
2.6 Jet mixing 1n tanks.
2.6.1 Introduction.
Since the idea of liquid jet mixing in a tank was first proposed
(7) in the 1940's it has received relatively little development.
Only in the past few years has this method of mixing received renewed
attention. One of the reasons for this may be that as a result of
rapidly rising energy and capital equipment costs, research interests
have been redirected by commercial pressures into searching for new
mixing methods which are faster and more energy efficient than
conventional mechanical mixers.
2.6.2 Previous studies of liquid jet mixing in tanks.
The first authoritative study of jet mixing and associated

phenomena was published by Fossett & Prosser in 1949 (7). Many of the
more recent studies of jet mixing stem from their original work.
Fossett & Prosser's investigation was initiated during 1942

as an attempt to install a mixing system in some buried aviation
gasoline tanks. These tanks were, previous to the investigation,
used solely as storage tanks with just a single pipe connection
to each tank for emptying and filling. At this time mixing practice
in the petroleum industry was to circulate the contents of a tank
using a swing-arm or spider type distribution pipe. It was considered
impractical to use mechanical agitators and so the authors formulated
a design for producing mixing using a jet. This was easily fitted
with the single pipe connection to the tanks and induced a three
dimensional liquid flow pattern within the tanks. By this means it
was hoped to produce a regular liquid turn over and thus create a
mixing action without creating rotational swirl which would cause
-48-
inefficient mixing.
Since no scientific data could be found for this mixing principle

a simple experimental model programme was carried out before trying
the system on commercial size tanks. The model tanks were 5 feet in
diameter and 3 feet high. They were used to study the mixing of sodium
carbonate solutions. Single and twin jet arrangements, as shown ~n
Fig.10, were tried and both were found to give a two lobal flow
pattern. Mixing times 'were measured using a conductivity method.
Two pairs of electrodes were used, one located in a tank and the
other in a standard sodium carbonate solution having a concentration
equivalent to the desired final concentration of the tank contents.
Both pairs of electrodes were connected to an A.C. bridge and a
galvanometer was used to detect unbalanced bridge potential. The
time of mixing was indicated by zero deflection on the galvanometer.
In these model tests, Fossett & Prosser covered the subject of

mixing liquids with a density difference. It was noted that with an
injection of the denser liquid, gravity effects could be significant
and that the jet inclination should be adjusted to ensure that the
denser component can reach the liquid surface. This investigation
is still heavily relied upon for mixing liquids of different densities.
A modified Froude No. parameter was formulated which should be
satisfied to prevent stratification occurrlng.
To verify this relationship and to confirm the very encouraging

mixing results from the model tests of jet mixing, tests were also
carried out on large scale tanks (7),(142). These tests were done on
the mixing of tetraethyl lead into petrol,lubricating and fuel oils.
A typical size of these tanks was 113 feet diameter by 30 feet high.
In each size of tank the nozzle was inclined at an angle so that the
jet could break the liquid surface two-thirds of the way across the
tank. To measure mixing times samples were withdrawn from various
levels of a tank until all samples from the different ·levels had the
same concentration. It was found that jet mixing was a highly
effective method, as it produced significant reductions in mixing
time, ~e. 2 hours mixing time instead of 10 hours using conventional
mixers a
Folsom & Ferguson (56) published a comparison of jet and propeller

mixing for liquids having similar densities and viscosities. This
-49-
Single jet
Twin jet
Fig. 10.. Flow patterns for single and twin jet

arrangements (7),
-50-
paper was published at the same time as Fossett & Prosser's initial
publication ()). Thus in their paper (56) Folsom & Ferguson had to
rely on the theory and experimental data existing for a free jet in
the late 1940's rather than results of tests on an actual liquid
jet mixing system. No experimental confirmation of their theories
on liquid jet mixing were attempted. Not surprisingly, as the
knowledge of using a jet for mixing was very limited at this time,
the calculated performance in terms of tank turnover volumes showed
that propeller mixers were superior to 'simple forms'of je~ mixing.
A similar but more sophisticated analysis was carried out by

Rushton (2) for mixing in 'large tanks'. Again the performance of
jet and propeller mixers was compared with the verification of the
idea that the latter was superior to the former. In this paper the
comparison was made in terms of mixing time and power consumption.
However the comparison is lacking in the validity of the data used.
Rushton used data obtained from the paper by Fossett & Prosser (7)
for jet mixing times and data from the files of the Standard Oil
Company (Indiana) and the Mixing Equipment Company, Rochester, New
York State, for propeller mixing times. Consequently the results
of his comparison must be viewed with caution as although roughly the
same volume of gasoline was mixed by each type of mixing, the conditions
for each set of mixing times were different. A valid quantitative
comparison of different types of mixing can only be done if each type
is tested under identical conditions.
This was the approach taken by Fox & Gex (80), who also compared
jet and propeller mixing in terms of mixing time and power. In
this they recognised that previous to their investigation, studies
of mixing had mainly determined what power was required to ,achieve
a designated degree of mixing (97). Various investigators (145)
including Rushton (2) had commented on the scarcity of published
data on blending rates and mixing time. Fox & Gex (80) took up this
suggestion and that of Hixon and Smith (144) who suggested the need
for further work on mass transfer rates between miscible liquids.
In this investigation (80) the authors measured the time for a

'complete' degree of mixing. They studied the effects on mixing time
of tank dimensions, liquid properties, diameter & velocity of jets .
and the diameter and rotational speed of square-pitch marine propellers.
-51-
Laboratory scale tests were carried out on a 1 ft. diameter cylindrical

glass tank and a 5 ft. diameter steel cylindrical tank. A number of
factory tests were performed using a steel tank 14 feet in diameter
and 14 feet high. Tests were separately carried out on the batch
mixing of:- water, glycerol, and vegetable oils. A visual technique
was used to ascertain mixing times for the laboratory tests. The
contents of a tank were coloured using an indicator dye and the time
measured for a pulse addition of acid to remove all the colour. For
the" factory tests an iodine method was used. A set of grab samples
was periodically taken during a mixing run. Subsequently they were
analysed for iodine content to calculate the mixing time.
From their data Fox & Gex formulated general equations for both
types of mixing to correlate mixing time in terms of experimental
variables. These equations are applicable to the mixing of any
miscible Newtonian liquids having equal densities and viscosities.
It was found the rate of mixing was a function of the momentum

of a mixing device rather than the power input. In. a given mixing
operation the same result was achieved with various power inputs
provided the momentum was maintained by changing the diameter and
speed of a propeller or the diameter and velocity of a jet.
T ~ 1- 1351
Mo
In their comparison of mixing performance Fox &Gex found that a
large low-speed propeller or jet can produce equivalent mixing results
with less power than is required with a smaller, higher speed propeller
or jet. They conclude that this momentum concept explains why
Rushton (2) observed that more power is required for a jet to do the
same mixing job than a propeller. The propeller has usually been a
device of large diameter and low rotational speed; whereas the jet has
commonly been a device of small diameter and high velocity.
A similar experimental program was undertaken by Van De Vusse

(145) who compared the mixing performance of propeller~eductor and
jet mixers. His study was carried out with the help of Shell petroleum
research facilities on 12,000 m3 refinery tanks. The tanks
were 36m (~ 110 ft) diameter and 13 m L~ 40 ft) high. The purpose of
the investigation was to verify the initial results for jet mixing (7),
(142) on large scale production vessels. Mixing time tests Were
-52-
carried out on the blending of two. benzene fractions of different

densities (673 & 743 Kg. m",3), Times were measured by sampling
fractions of the liquid until the density became constant.
Analysis of the mixing times showed that the propeller and

eductor mixers had approximately the same mixing times at the same
energy consumption. Jet mixing however ,'as a faster process and
also used less energy. Thus based upon the time taken to mix the
liquids,Van De Vusse recommends jet mixers in favour of propeller
or eductor mixers. For applications where liquids of unequal
density are to be mixed the theory to prevent stratification
proposed by Fossett & Prosser was verified (7), as were Fossett &
Prosser's results from small scale tests.
Further q~antitative testing was carried out in 1963 by Okita

& Oyama (146) who experimentally investigated blending times in a
jet mixer using a conductivity method. Sodium chloride and sodium
hydroxide solutions were used as the tracer liquids and mixing times
measured by means of conductivity traces produced from the responses
of conductivity probes in a tank. They performed their experiments
Ln two cylindrical tanks of 0.4 m & 1.0 m diameter. Tank to nozzle
diameter ratios were varied from 36:1 to 400:1 and the liquids used were
water and an aqueous solution of polyalkylene glycol synthetic
lubricant. From the correlation of their results the authors found
that they were in close agreement with the findings of Fossett &
Prosser (7), (142) and Van De Vusse (145), illustrating that the
conductivity technique is a reliable and appropriate method for
measuring mixing time.
The general 'state of the art' of jet mixing was reviewed by

Fossett in 1973 (147) who restated the main findings of (7), (80),
(142)f(145-146). All of these investigators with the possible exception
of Okita & Oyama (146) based their work, on the jet mixing design
illustrated in Fig. 1. In their investigation Okita & Oyama (146)
stated that mixing times for a system using a single jet were independent
of the angle of the jet inclincation. This point was taken up by the
studies of Racz & Wassink (148) and Hiby & l10digell (149). Both these
studies employed vertical axial jets instead of inclined ones at the side
of a tank, and both studies used aqueous potassium chloride as their
tracer. Thus a conductivity method was used to monitor mixing times.
-53-
The results of the two investigations differ from those of Okita &
Oyama (148) suggesting that the angle of inclination of the jet is

important.
Two interesting points were brought up by Hiby & Modigell

(149l:- i) their investigation was the first to quantitatively define
the degree of mixing to which its mixing times were measured.
Previous investigations had only qualitatively defined the degree.
ii) the paper discussed the concept of using a jet mixer for
continuous operation. Results were taken when the batch mixing
was simply converted into an in-line flow mixer. From these results
and those of a previous investigation (93) it was shown that a jet
mixer had very useful facilities which can be adapted to attenuate
periodic conc"entration fluctuations ~n continuous systems, thus
illustrating the great potential of in-tank jet mixing.
2.6.3 Existing designs for liquid jet mixing systems.
From their original work Fossett & Prosser (7),(142) proposed

a design which is used widely today. Fig. 1 illustrates this design
which incorporates an inclined side-entry jet in,a flat base cylind-
rical tank. For mixing miscible liquids of similar densitie's and
viscosities the authors proposed that the jet should be inclined at
an angle so that it should break the liquid surface two-thirds of
the way across a tank. The angle of inclination though was variable
for mixing liquids of dissimilar densities; the angle being deter-
mined by the requirement to prevent stratification.
The subsequent investigation by Fox & Gex (80) does not glve any
details of the design used; however Van De Vusse (145) made,use of
)
Fossett & Prossers design. Besides using this design, Okita & Oyama
0
(146) investigated the effects of inclining the jet between (0 & 90 )
to the horizontal. Surprisingly, they found this had no effect on

mixing times, although they recognised that at different angles of
jet inclination, different flow patterns existed in the tank.
It was not until 1974 that a full study of an alternative design

to inclined side entry jet mixing was publiShed. In this Racz &
Was?ink (148) proposed a design incorporating an axial downward jet
in a flat base cylindrical tank, Fig.ll. This study was soon followed
by that of Hiby & Modigel1 who suggested an axial upward jet in a
-54-
~#'----
,•
- - ----, ,:;
,,
• I
I
b6.
KEY
s - poorly mixed
region.
Fig. 11. Racz & Wassink design (148).
I
I
~, ,
I1
s ........ _____ _________ ,. ...s /
~
8
KEY
s - poorly mixed
region
. Fig. 12. Hiby & Modigell design (149).

-55-
J
--- - --5- - - --- - _ _ _ .. '5
KEY
s - poorly mixed
region.
(The same regions

were found for both
inclined side entry
designs) .
Fig. 13 . . Coldrey design (150).

-56-
flat base cylindrical tank, Fig.12.
Finally -a slight modification was proposed by coldrey (150) to

Fossett & Prosser's design, in that the jet should be inclined to
utilise the longest jet flowpath length, ie.the jet should be
inclined to break the liquid surface at the intersection of the
vessel wall and the liquid surface, Fig.13.
Figs. 1 & 11-13 :illustrate the four designs which exist for jet
mixing. Undoubtedly the original design by Fossett & Prosser (7)
is by far the most widely used, although the mOdified version of
this design is becoming increasingly popular. In comparison, the
two designs incorporating axial jets are little used, because
design engineers still associate the original side-entry design by
Fossett & Prosser with liquid jet mixing.
2.6.4 A new design for liquid jet mixing.
In attempting to formulate a new design which has improved

mixing performance, the initial step taken was to assess the relative
merits of the existing designs.
It was recognised that the mixing ability of a jet could not be

improved upon besides using the longest possible length of jet to
maximise the jet entrainment capability. Therefore it was decided
to approach the matter by studying the flow patterns in present
designs. As suggested by Cl egg & Coates (85) stagnant zones of liquid
do exist in the present designs of jet mixers. These regions lead
to poor mixing. Thus to improve upon the present designs the influence
of a jet must be increased so that all the liquid in a tank is kept
in motion by minimising these stagnant zones.
A series of dye injection tests were done to look at the flow

patterns in the existing designs. Figs. 1 & 11-13 illustrate that
poorly mixed ·regions (S) were indeed found to exist around the walls
of a tank, confirming the theory that faster mixing times could be
achieved by 'designing out' these regions.
To achieve this an interesting idea was proposed by Marquat (151).

This was to put baffles into a design like Hiby & Modigell's (149) in
order to channel liquid around a vessel, thus producing a stronger
convective action. throughout the tank, see Fig. 14. Although the
-57-
\ I
...--..
I' t't "\ J

t t t t +
I' I \
t,.. \1!
Fig. 14. Marquart design (151).
Fig. 15. Axial upward jet in a hemispherical base

cylindrical tank, Lane & Rice design, (213).
-58-
use of baffles may have the advantage of keeping all the liquid in
motion it was thought the baffles could have a deleterious effect
on the jet behaviour. Consequently it was decided not to use baffles
but to use an axial upward jet and to modify the shape of the tank by
having a hemispherical base on a cylindrical tank, see Fig. 15.
This design, it was hoped, would combine all the advantages of

an axial upward jet, with the elimination of the stagnant zones
which exist near the base of a flat bottom cylindrical tank. The
theory behind this being that the natural effect of the hemispherical
base would be to continually direct all the liquid in the lower part
of a tank back towards the vigorous mixing action of the jet.
2.6.5 Additional literature.
Further references collected for the literature search but not

included in the text of this chapter are listed as follows: for the
jet mixing of liquids (152-155), for jet mixing in general (156-185)
and for liquid jets into static liquid environments with particular
reference to jet mixing (186 - 210).
These references are included for a reader wishing .to go further

into the published literature on jet mixing.
-59-
CHAPTER THREE
Theories of Nixing Time for a Liquid Jet Nixer.

-60-
3.1 Introduction.
Investigators have always been divided 1n their opinion of the

most suitable experimental technique to use in studying the batch
mixing times of a liquid jet mixer. It is not surprising therefore
that a range of different theoretical approaches have been used to
formulate their mixing time correlations.
The majority of studies have looked solely at the mixing times

when the jet is turbulent. Very few investigators have concerned
themselves with laminar jet mixing in which the behaviour of jets
is a little more complex. In the first part of this chapter a
review will be given of the studies published to date. The approach
taken by this investigation, which is intended to cover not only the
turbulent but the laminar jet regime, will then be outlined.
The main point of contention in the published mixing time

correlations is the dependence On jet Reynolds No. Those investi-
gators who have studied the laminar jet regime agree that mixing
time is dependent on jet Reynolds No. However for the turbulent jet
regime,opinions vary as to whether this dependence still exists.
This is a question which this investigation and thus the theoretical
approach taken, hopes to answer.
3.2 Published mixing time correlations.
All the correlations quoted refer to the mixing of liquids

with similar viscosities and densities, as a batch process.
3.2.1 Mixing times for turbulent jet mixing, (~Rej > 2000).
Previous to the work of Fossett & Prosser (7), (142) no data

existed for liquid jet mixing. Thus they were only able to produce
a mixing time correlation after carrying out a full test programme.
They found that mixing time,T,could be related to the jet and tank
variables by an empirical formula:
T a
(Q.V)0.5
J
-61-
= > T
(Q.V)0.5
J
The numerical constant K.was found from the experimental data by

plotting the dimensionless group:
T' CV. against (%) fraction of the final

concentration of TEL. in the tank.
Fig. 16 illustrates,that over a wide range of f10wrates and jet

Reynolds No's, the mixing process forms a compact series of'S.'
shaped curves. From these curves Fossett & Prosser were satisfied
that a mixing operation would be complete if a value of 8 were
assumed for the non-dimensional time constant.
Tt =
During their testing, Fossett & Prosser noted that the time
for the addition of TEL. into the bulk liquid occupied about half the
total mixing time. In a later paper Fossett (147) suggests that at
the end of their injection period the liquid had a degree of
homogeneity of 80-90%. He suggests that if the second component
TEL. had been added much more rapidly, then the mixing process would
have been completed more quickly. Thus an appropriate value for
the non-dimensional time factor Kc wou1d be 4.0.
T =
(Q.V)0.5
J
Fossett & Prosser's tests were carried out over a jet Reyno1ds No.
range 4500 - 80,000; thus equation 1391 is only applicable to the
turbulent jet regime. Host importantly for operation in this regime,
it indicates that mixing time is independent of the jet Reyno1ds No.
Cie..1iquid properties),but is dependent on the momentum of the jetted
liquid:
2
Q. V.d. IT
J -;;
-62-
100
..:l 80
"'E-<
.-<
III
.....<:
... <:
........
o +'
0
60
III
<:
.....0
+'
'"
+'
<:
Q)
C) C)
III <:
0 40
"''"
C)
'"
20
o
o 2 4 6 8 10
T'. (V.Q.) 0.5

J
Fig. 16. Plot of % fraction of final TEL. concentration

against a dimensionless mixing time group.
Fossett & Prosser's data (7) (142),
-63-
Substituting 140\ intol391
2
T = 4.514 n
V.d
i.e. T a ____~l~~~ [42[

C M )0.5
o
Fox & Gex (80) carried out an extensive investigation of jet

characteristics and mixing times. Unlike Fossett & Prosser (7), (142)
they tested in both the turbulent and laminar jet regimes. Their
theoretical approach was the same for both regimes in that they
identified seven variables thought to affect mixing time. These
variables in 143\ include terms for liquid properties and gravitational
effects incontrast to Fossett & Prosser's approach.
T - in (d, n, V, y, IJ, p, g)
By altering one of these variables and holding the other six

constant, Fox & Gex were able to establish the relationship between
mixing time and the variable tested.
Four of the variables examined in this way approximated to

straight lines when plotted against mixing time on log-log graph
paper. Thus they were able to show that for the turbulent jet
regime:
T a yO.5 nl.O 144[

(V.d)0.833
The three remaining variables were fitted into /44[ by dimensional

analysis to give
Ta yO.5 n l . O (~)0.167 1 145[

CV. d) 0.833 0.167
g
To check the accuracy of this approach,subsequent tests were done
on liquids possessing a range of different viscosities which
confirmed the exponent given to (v) in [451. A jet Reynolds No.
term (Re.) can be included in [45[ to yield:
J
-64-
0.5 Dl.O 1
T Y
0.167 ---o:T67
Re. g
J
This equation was rewritten to give a mixing time factor Flas

a function of the jet Reynolds No., where the mixing time factor Fl
is defined as:
T (V.d)0.667 g 0.167 1471
Figure 17 illustrates a plot of mixing time factor against jet

Reynolds No. for the turbulent jet regime using Fox & GeK's data
(80). These investigators found that mixing became fully turbulent
when the jet Reynolds No. was approximately 2000.
In agreement with Fossett & Prosser (7), (142), Fox & Gex
concluded that mixing time was dependent on the jet momentum.
T 1 )441
" (V.d)0.833
=> T 1 48 1
" (11 )0.417
1
0
However the two investigations radically disagree in their analysis
of the dependence of mixing time on jet Reynolds No. As 1461 illustrates:
1 1461
T "
0.167
Re.
J
Fox & Gex held opposing opinions to Fossett & Prosser, given
that their correlation is based on the above relationship.
Consequently the major question arises: 'Does mixing time depend on
the jet Reynolds No. in the turbulent jet regime?',
A subsequent investigation by Van De Vusse (145) was carried

out on a jet mixer designed from Fossett & Prosser's recommendations
(7),(142). Basing his theoretical approach on the idea that mixing
is essentially complete when a liquid volume R times the volume of
the tank has been entrained, Van De Vusse formulated a mixing time
correlation, very similar to that-of Fossett & Prosser, independent
of the jet Reynolds No.
-65-
F1
~
~
x X
X~ X)(
XX ~ "
X )( Xx X Xx
X X
X ~ X
X X
X X v)c~"
"X
)eX
X
X X X X X
X X X X X
10
1
. . . .I .
3 4 5
10 10 10
Re.
J
Fig. 17. Plot of mixing time factor against a jet Reynolds No.
for the turbulent je~ regime. Using Fox & Gex's
data (80).
-66-
T 3.68
The only difference from Fossett & Prosser's expression was in the
value of the constant, 3.68 instead"of 4.5.
The findings of Van De Vusse on the inclusion of a jet Reynolds

No. term in a mixing time correlation, disagree with those of Fox
& Gex (80). Indeed reviews of mixing time correlations have often
been critical of Fox & Gex's expression because it 'is a very poor,
fit to their data' (4). This point was taken up by Okita & Oyama
(146) who recorrelated a representative sample of Fox & Gex's data.
They produced the expression:
1.5 0.5
T =.6
2 D y Re.
J
> 7000 15 0 1
V.d
omitting a Reynolds No. term. The data scatter(in terms of average

absolute deviation)of this new correlation (20%) shows little
improvement on that of Fox & Gex's (24%) which does not prove that
a jet Reynolds No. term should or should not be omitted from a
mixing time expression.
From their own experimental investigation Okita & Oyama (146)

formulated a mixing time correlation of exactly the same form as
\501 except that the numerical constant was slightly different:
Dl . 5 yO.5
T = 5.5 5 x 10 3 < Re . < 1 x 10
5
V.d J
Besides investiaating the effect of jet and tank variables on

mixing time, Okita & Oyama also studied the effect of varying the
. 0
Jet angle from 0 to 90 to the horizontal. Most of these tests
were carried out with the jet protruding through a side wall.
0
However, for the 90 tests the jet was in the centre of a flat
base tank. Their results indicate that jet angle has no effect
on mixing time.
Racz & Wassink (148) persisted with this move away from
always using an inclined side-entry jet. From their tests on an
axial downward jet in a flat base cylindrical tank two correlations
were proposed:
T = 1.10 D2 • 75 y =D
V.d1. 75
-67-
T 2.60 D2 y = 0.5D
V~d
Equation 1531 is of a very similar form to that of the origin~l one

proposed by Fossett & Prosser (7),(142). However for a size of
tank y = D which is more normally used, the form of the equation 1521
is somewhat different.
The theoretical approach taken by Hiby & Modigell (149) in

looking at an axial upward jet in a flat base tank was also very
different. These investigators correlated their data in terms of
a dimensionless mixing time:
T* = T. V.d
~
which was plotted against a tank rather than a jet Reynolds No.
P V.D 1551
~
This is shown plotted in Fig. 18. For the turbulent jet regime
6
(which is usually thought of as Re > 1 x 10 ), T* has a constant
T
value of 2.3 for a 95% degree of liquid mixing.
= 2.3 D2
V.d
Equation 1541 is a generalised equation where the degree of mixing

referred to by T is specified by the magnitude of T* (ie.for 99%.
6
mixing, Re > 1 x 10 , T* = 3.20). Previous to this publication, none
T
of the published correlations had specified the degree of mixing to
which they were applicable.
In 1978, Coldrey (150) besides proposing a modified design to

the Fossett & Prosser design also published a derivation of a simple
expression for mixing time based on the results of studies on round free
jets. The basic premise of the derivation was that mixing time was
directly related to the amount of liquid entrained by the jet, in that
mixing is essentially complete when a liquid volume equal to R times
the volume of a vessel has been entrained. Thus:
-68-
T *
(99% mixing)
)(
x
"-
x x "
X
Fig. 18. Plot of dimensionless mixing time

against a tan~ Reynolds No.
Using Hiby & Modigell's data (149).
6
Re > 1 x 10 •
T
-69-
T·Qx = R
VoT
If Q is substituted for, from 191

x
T = R.VOT d
2.Q .• x.tan (J. o/2) 158 1

J
For the purpose of this analysis,x,is usually thought of as the

point at which the maximum (centreline) jet velocity has dropped to
some arbitrary fraction of the jet velocity at, the nozzle. If the
tank is cylindrical, then:
2
T = 0.39 R. D.y.d
x. Q.. tan (0.012) 159 1
J
and the jet has physical properties related to those of a water jet
o
ie.o. = 14.7 (44), thus:
2
T = 3.02 R.D.y.d 1601
x.Q.
J
From his own experimenta'!:ion with a tank of the dimensions y D
Coldrey suggests R = 1.17. 160lmay be rewritten as:
2
T 3.54 D • y. d
x. Qj
Van de Vusse (145) follows a similar approach, but found R = 1.35.
This is probably because he defined x in a different way to Coldrey.
Revill (4) has rewritten equations 139\,1491,1501,1511,1521 with

y = D so that they are of the form of 1601 Thus he has made a
comparison of the values of R given by the various studies. The
results of this show a spread of values for R, indicating that
mixing will be complete when somewhere between one and two times the
total tank volume of liquid has been entrained by the jet.
3.2.2 Mixing times for laminar jet mixing, (~ Re, 100 - 2000).
J
As stated previously much less work exists for this jet regime.
Fox & Gex (80) were the first investigators to study it. They
-70-
followed the same approach they used for investigating the

turbulent jet regime and found that:
Ta yo.S D1.0
(V. d) Z
The variables liquid viscosity, liquid density and gravity were
fitted into this expression using Dimensional Analysis.
T a yO.S D1.0 1
(V. d) Z. ° g
0.167
A jet Reynolds No. term was included in 163i.
T =C yO.S Dl . O 1 1
z 0.167
1.383 (V.d)0.667
Re. g
J
This equation was rewritten to give a mixing time factor Flas a
function of the jet Reynolds No, where Flwas defined as:
T(V.d)0.667 g 0.167
Figure 19 illustrates a plot of mixing time factor against the jet

Reynolds No. for the laminar jet regime. The steep slope of the
line on this plot suggests that mixing time is strongly dependent
on the jet Reynolds No. in this jet regime. This contrasts to the
turbulent jet regime in which the dependence ~s only slight, ie.
comparel461& 1641.
T a 1 Laminar
1.333
Re.
J
T a 1 Turbulent
0.167
Re.
J
This difference between the two jet regimes is shown not only by
mixing time dependence on the jet Reynolds No. but' also on the jet
momentum. As 16z1 illustrates:
T a =.1_--" ie" 1
M
(V. d) Z o
-71-
F
1
"" )(
X
2
10
~
XXx
)(.
)(
)(
X
X
Re.
J
Fig. 19. plot of mixing time factor against a

jet Reynolds No. for the laminar jet
regime using Fox & Gex's data, (80).
-72-
there is a strong dependence in the laminar jet regime but a much

weaker one in the turbulent jet regime.
I a 1 ie • .:l~ _ _~
(V. d) 0.833 (M )0.417
o
From their own experimental data Okita & Oyama (146) produced a
correlation which agreed with Fox & Gex in that the jet Reynolds
No. is important for the laminar jet regime.
1.5 0.5 3 3
I ; 28,000 D y 1 x 10 < Re. < 5 x 10 1661
Re. V.d J
J
Indeed even when Okita & Oyama recorrelated'Fox & Gex's data for
this regime they found that the Reynolds No. "dependence still held.
1.5 0.5
I 18,000 D y Rej < 7000
Re. V.d
J
Although Hiby & Modigell (149) did not carry out many tests
for the r"egion ReI < 1 x 10~( usually thought of as corresponding
to the laminar jet regi~e), their plot of dimensionless mixing time
1541 against tank Reynolds No, (see Fig. 20) does suggest for this
region that a Reynolds No. term plays an important role in determining
the mixing time.
Thus, although there are much fewer studies on the laminar jet
regime, those that have been carried out agree that a Reynolds No.
term should be accounted for in a mixing time expression.
3.3 Analysis of mixing times.
3.3.1 Theoretical approach taken by this investigation for the

correlation of mixing times.
It was decided to approach the investigation in much the same

manner as Fox & Gex (80). This was to study the dependence of mixing
time on the jet, tank and liquid property variables.
I = fn (d, D, V, y, ').1, p, g) 1 43 1
Data generated in ·.this way was used to correlate a dimensionless

mixing time factor which was plotted against a Reynolds No. term.
-73-
T *
(99% mixing)
x x
Fig. 20. Plot of dimensionless mixing time against

a tank Reynolds No. Using Hiby & Modigell's
6
data (149). Re < 1 x 10 •
T
-74-
A jet, rather than a tank Reynolds No. was preferred in this

correlation. It was thought that the jet flow had the major
influence on mixing time performance, al though it was recognised
that the liquid behaviour in the bulk of a tank would play a
significant role in determining mixing times.
Some doubt was felt about basing an analysis on the principle

that mixing time was essentially complete when a liquid volume equal
to R times the volume of the tank had been entrained by the jet.
As Revill (4) has illustrated by applying this approach to a number
of published studies, there is a spread of values for R,· since
the magnitude of this parameter depends closely on the arbitrary
definition of distance over which a jet is thought to be effective
in a tank.
The theoretical approach of Fox & Gex (80) was preferred As:-
i) It was thought to be more suitable for answering the question

of mixing time dependence on a Reynolds No. term.
ii) It was believed to be more flexible in dealing with scale-up.
iii) I t was considered to contain the correct controlling variables
and thus to correlate the data more accurately.
iv) In a previous investigation (211), this approach was found
to work very well.
3.3.2 Theoretical analysis of the preferred approach.
In Appendix 1 a theoretical analysis is given for the approach

selected by this investigation. This is based on an analysis by
Bush (60) of a jet stirred tank, which justifies all the experimental
variables included ~n 1431 and confirms the experimental findings of
this investigation.
-75-
CHAPTER FOUR
Experimental Work.
-76-
4.1 Introduction.'
This chapter examines the experimental work undertaken in

the investigation of mixing times for liquid jet mixers. This
work was a continuation of the initial study by Lanc (211) into the
mixing ability of a vertical submerged jet in a hemispherical base
cylindrical tank. In this original study a mixing time correlation
was developed from a limited range of experimental testing. The
initial purpose of this investigation was to broaden this range
of testing and so to verify the proposed mixing time correlation.
Chapter 3 has illustrated that several mixing time correlations

have been proposed for the existing designs of liquid jet mixers.
However any attempt to compare the mixing times of any of the pub-
lished correlations can lead to widespread discrepancies in the times
obtained. This is because inves'tigators have used a number of
different experimental techniques to determine their mixing times.
A valid quantitative comparison of all types of jet mixer would only
be possible if every investigator had used the same technique or if
one investigation were to study each of the existing designs using
one technique.
Consequently it was decided to follow the latter approach.

After the tests on the hemispherical base tank a comprehensive
mixing time study was made of each of the existing designs for
liquid jet mixing. The objectives of this were:
i) To enable a quantitative comparison to be made of all the designs,

ii) To characterise the performance of each of these designs using
the proposed theoretical approach.
4.2 Description of equipment.
4.2.1 Jet mixing system.
Each experimental jet mixing system was constructed as shown in

Fig.2l. Plastic piping connected the tank outlet (01) via rotameter
(Rl), centrifugal pump (Pl), and control valve (Vl) to the jet (Jl).
For the smaller tanks (D = 0.31Om), the piping was of 0.0254m bore
and for the larger tanks (D = 0.573 & 0.91Om), 0.038lm bore.
-77-
RI
V2
Jl
(':,
pi
KEY
CBI Conductivity bridge
CCl Conductivity cell
CRI Chart recorder
Jl Jet
01 Outlet
PI Centrifugal pump
p2 Peristaltic pump
RI Rotameter
TAl Tank
VI Control valve
V2 Drainage valve
Fig. 21. System equipment and flow direction diagram.

-78-
0.036 m
0.026
m o 0.088 m
Plan view
j ;
'-./A
0.2 15 m
0.147 m 0.223 m
0.008 m
l---~ f-
0.004 m~ _ __ r.: • • • I
0.036 m
0.008 m
~---
B-+ c:
0.020 m~ _ _ __
L 0.029 m
j
Side view A - Brass disc
B - Dye injection point
Fig. 22. Jet design

-79-
The length of the recirculation line was kept as short as possible

to minimise head losses.
Three sizes of rotameter (Rl) (metric 18, 35, 65) were used to
measure the jet flowrate.and t~ee models of Stewart-Turner
centrifugal pump (PI) (12, 12S, 25/2) to-provide the motive force for
the jet were fitted. Most of the testing was done with a No. 12
pump, but for high head requirements a No. l2S was used and for
large flowrates a No. 25/2.
Each tank (TAl) was equipped with a flange which enabled a

series of interchangeable jets to be connected. A jet assembly for
the smaller tanks D = 0.31Om and 0.573m is shown in Fig. 22; that
for the largest tank D = 0.910 was a 1.5 times scaled-up version
of the one illustrated in Fig. 22. The jet itself was a rt~h~i-c~k--r-o-u-n-d7e-d~-e~d-g-'~
orifice; the diameter of a jet was varied by using a number of brass
discs with different size holes bored in them See Fig. 22.
To minimize the possibility of jetted liquid passing straight

through a tank, the outlet (01) was never aligned axially with the
jet (Jl). The outlet (01) was always positioIEd to draw off relatively
quiescent liquid near a tank wall.
Two valves (Vl) and (V2) are shown in Fig. 21. (Vl) was the control
valve for regulating the jet flowrate. (V2) was a drainage valve,
Which was only opened for emptying the tank. While a tank was being
drained, valve (Vl) was always kept closed to prevent the centrifugal
pump (Pl) from de-priming. As none of the tanks used in the
investigation were totally enclosed they were all filled from a feed
pipe through their 'open wall'. During filling (Vl) was kept wide
open and a tank filled so that the outlet pipe(Ol) was submerged.
Once the tank filled, the centrifugal pump (Pl) was switched On with
(Vl)still fully open and the pump left running until all the air in
the reciruclation line had been expelled, ensuring that the outlet
(01) was always submerged. Once the system was running steadily
without air escaping from the tank the pump was stopped and the tank
filled to the required level, ready for testing to begin.
4.2.2 Designs of liquid jet mixer tested.
In all, five different designs were studied:-

-80-
i) An axial upward jet ~n a hemispherical base cylindrical tank

Fig.23.
Two diameters of tank were used:-
Fig. 23a. D = 0.31Om, max y = 0.5Om, max system volume = 36 litres
Fig. 23b. D = 0.91Om, max y 1.0Om,max system volume = 560 litres
A straight cylindrical piece of glass,D= 0.31Om,y = 0.50 m

was fitted to the smaller tank to extend, :-i) the range of liquid
height to tank diameter ratios tested, (yiD 0.5 - 3.0) and ii) the
range of jet Reynolds No. covered.
Fig.23a.D = O.31Om max y = 1.oOm max system volume = 74 litres
For all the tests with this design, the 'jet was kept
flush with the base of the tank.
ii) An axial upward jet in a flat base cylindrical tank Fig. 24.
Fig. 24a. D = 0.3lOm, max y = O.SOm,max system volume = 40 litres

Fig. 24b. D = O.S73m, max y = 0.75m,;nax system volume = 198 litres
Again a straight cylindrical piece of glass D = 0.3lOm,y = O.sOm

was flanged onto the smaller tank,
Fig.24a. _D = 0.3l0m , max y = 1.Om ,max system "olume = 78 litres
to extend:·i) the range of liquid height to tank diameter testing
done (yiD 0.5 - 3.0) and ii) the range of jet .Reyno1dsNo. coyered.
For these purposes as well , another cylindrical section D = 0.573m,
y = 0.75m was welded onto the larger metal tank.
Fig. 24b. D = 0.573m,y = 1.5m,max system vo1u~e = 393 litres. For
all test rUns the jet was kept flush with the base of the tank except
for a small number of runs to investigate the effect of a protruding
jet.
iii) An axial.downward jet in a flat base cylindrical tank Fig.2S.
Exactly the same design of tank was used as for the last set
of testing except that the whole system was inverted. See Fig.25.
Fig.2Sa. D = 0.31Om, max y=0.5Om, max system volume = 40 litres
Fig.25b. D = 0.573m, max y =. 0.75Om, max system volume = 198 litres
The jet was kept flush with the liquid surface at all times.
iv) An inclined side entry jet in a flat base cylindrical tank.

Fossett & Prosser design (7) (14'-) Fig.26.
-81-
0.31 m
0.91 m
0.;1:
r I
0 I
I
S Tl
0.03 ml" tl
0 S T
0.5 m r
<---L-_ _ _ _J
0.31 m
0.5 m
J J
Fig. 23a. Side view of tank Fig. 23b. Side view·of tank
D ~ 0.31 m D ~ 0.91 m
KEY
J Jet
0 Outlet
S Sample point
T Tracer injection
point
A 0.01 m tank a)
A ~ 0.02 m tank b)
Fig. 23c. plan view
Fig. 23. Jet mixer design incorporating an axial upward jet in

a hemispherical base cylindrical tank.
-82-
0.31 ID 0.573 ID
0.02m ~ .\
l :+O,,----,,-SI-- L
'---=-T.L; L 0 sI TI
11 I
I
I
0.5 m
0.75m
0.31 m
.
0.573 ID
0.5 m
J
0.75m
Fig24aSide view of tank
D=0.31m
T
Fig. 24 b. Side view of tank
D = o. 573 m
Fig. 24c. Plan view.

J Jet T Tracer injection point
o Outlet A = 0.01 m tank a)
S Sample A = 0.02 m tank b)
Fig. 24. Jet mixer design incorporating an axial upward jet in a
flat base cylindrical tank.
-83-
0.573 m
r It-- T
S • J
0.31 m
0.5 m 0.751I
LO ' - - _ _' - - _ _J L 0
0.01 m 0.02 m
Fig. 25a. Side view of Fig. 25b. Side view of tank

tank D = 0.31 m D=0.573m
KEY
o J Jet
0 OUtlet
S Sample point
T Tracer injection
JT
point
A = 0.01 m tank a)
A = 0.02 m tank b)
Fig. 25c. Plan view
Fig. 25. Jet mixer design incorporating an axial downward

jet in a flat base cylindrical tank.
-84-

Fig. 26a. D 0.31Om,y 0.207m,system volume 18 litres
Fig. 26b. D = 0.573m, y = 0.382m,system volume = 102 litres
In accordance with Fossett & Prosser's recommendations (7),(142)

the liquid height was such that the jet broke the liquid surface two-
thirds of the way across a tank. As the jet was always inclined at
0
45 to the horizontal the liquid height in the smaller tank D = 0.31Om
was thus y = 0.207m, and in the larger tank D = 0.573m,y = 0.382m.
v) An inclined side entry jet in a flat base cylindrical tank.

Coldrey design (150) Fig. 27.
The same tanks and angle of jet inclin~tiori were used for these
tanks as for the previous section. The difference between the two
designs lay in the liquid height and thus the point at which the jet
could break the liquid surface. Coldrey recommended (150) that the
longest jet flowpath length should be used. Therefore with the
0
jet at 45 the jet should break. the liquid surface at the inter-
section of the tank wall and liquid surface, with the height of
liquid being equal to the tank diameter.
Fig. 27a.D = 0.31Om,y 0.31Om system volume= 26 litres

Fig. 27b.D 0.573m,y = 0.573m system volume= 152 litres
For both designs of inclined side entry jet mixing the jet
position was varied to comply with Coldrey's recommendation for
this design-the jet should be at least 5 diameters from the tank
wall and 5 diameters above the tank base, to eliminate any wall
effects.
For all the designs the smaller tanks, D = 0.31Om were made
from glass and the larger tanks D = 0.573, and 0.91Om from.metal.
4.3 Process liquids.
4.3.1 Liquids selected for this investigation.
Two liquids were chosen as the process liquids for this study.
On the grounds of convenience and cost, wherever possible water
was used. It was suitable for investigating mixing time dependence
on jet diameter, jet velocity, tank diameter and liquid height for
the turbulent jet regime. However it was not suitable for investigating
-85-
0.573 m
r 0.382 m
r'
0.31 m
, , T!
0.207 m S 0
~
,,
I
,
T JS 0
. 38 Lm ""
", ""
0.207m
1', ,, 0.02m ""
O.Olm
(£~.. J L r:5""'1.,,- J
L
T T
Fig. 26a. Side view of tank. Fig. 26b. Side view of tank
D = 0.31 m D=0.573m
KEY
0
J Jet
J OUtlet
0
S Sample point
T Tracer injection
point
A =0.01 m tank a)
A =0.02 m tank b)
Fig. 26c. Plan view.
Fig. 26. Jet mixer design incorporating an inclined side entry

jet in a flat base cylindrical tank, Fossett &
Prosser design.
-86-
0.573 m
r TJ S 0
1
O. 31 m I'
"-
r "- ,
"-
"-
o "- ,
"- ,,
0.31 ID .57 m "-
O.Olm
, "-
0.02II
L p,Q....
.,.
Fig. 27a. Side view of tank Fig. 27b. Side view of tank
D = 0.31 ID D = 0.573 m
Fig. 27c. Plan view
Fig. 27. Jet mixer design incorporating an inclined side

entry jet in a flat base cylindrical tank,
Coldrey design.
-87-
mixing time dependence on liquid kine],Jatic viscosity 1n the turbulent

jet regime, nor was it suitable for any tests in the laminar jet
regime;
As an alternative to wate~Newtonian solutions such as glucose

and aqueous solutions of sugar were considered, but were disregarded
in favour of using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). When added
to water only small amounts of CMC were needed to produce highly
viscous solutions. In this way liquid kinematic viscosity was varied
easily and the tests, for which water was not suitable, carried out.
Although a thickening agent such as CMC produces Non-Newtonian
solutions having much more complex flow characteristics than those
of Newtonian liquids (refer to 2.5.4) it was preferred being much
less inconvenient and expensive to USe.
4.3.2 Flow characteristics of the process liquids.
Water is a Newtonian liquid whereas solutions containing CMC.

display Non-Newtonian characteristics and are normally thought of
as pseudoplastics. ·The flow behaviour of such solutions is described
by the power law equation:
To ascertain the extent of the Non-Newtonian behaviour of the

CMC solutions used in the investigation~tests Were carried out on a
number of solutions containing a range of weight concentrations of
CMC. Two commercial types of CMC.i) I.C.I. Edifas 'B' ii) Hoescht
28429 Were used. Type i) was used for the previous study by Lane
(211) and for the initial work on the axial upward jet in a
hemispherical base cylindrical tank. For the rest of this·
investigation type ii) CMC was used.
Each solution was tested for its viscosity, shear rate and
thus shear stress,using a model VL Ferranti pO'lCtable viscometer.
The data from these tests and the resultant graphs of shear stress
against shear rate are presented in Appendix 3.
These show that for both types of CMC used:-

a) They both conform to· the power law equationl331
b) That for the range of viscosities covered by the. investigation
-3 -2
(1.0 x 10 - 7 x 10 N.s.m-2 ) both types of CMC had values
-87A-
,I
of the flow behaviour index 'n' greater than 0.85. Therefore as

Demange et al. (141) pointed out, these solutions can be treated
:i
as approxi~ately Newtonian when analysing their mixing behaviour.
4.3.3 Determination of viscosity of C.M.C. solutions.
"
, , For a selected value of shear rate, the reading on the
viscometer dial was noted. From this reading, the viscosity was
calculated us~ng the appropriate manufacturer's multiplying factor.
Shear stress was then obtained as the product of shear rate and
viscosi ty.
" For each concentration of C.M.C. solution, five values of

shear rate within the range 100 - 1000 s -1 were used to determine
five values of viscosity. An average of these five viscosity
values was used to calculate the Reynolds number.
It should be noted that the viscosity of the C.M.C. solutions

will vary depending on the shear rate because'; is not 1.00.
As a result of this the viscosity is not constant throughout
the mixing system. In estimating the jet Reynolds No. for the
laminar jet regime the maximum error in viscosity is estimated
as approximately + 25%.
-,
I
-88-
--~v~·---
.. ..'I
_~~.J
....
_ · ,_ _--.J-I
4.4 Measurement of mixing times.
4.4.1 Technique selected.
As stated in 2.5.1 the mechanistic process by which the

homogenisation of miscible liquids occurs in a jet mixed tank can
be described ~s 'unsteady convective diffusion in a steady state
hydrodynamical field ie. the sudden addition of a small amount of
secondary liquid to a batch of primary liquid under constant mi:dng' •
To measure mixing times in such a system,an impulse of a tracer

to act as the secondary liquid ,·:as thought to be the most suitable
method. Thus each of the tracer methods for measuring mixine time'
(Dye injection, Radioactivity, Schlieren technique, Temperature and
Conductivity) were considered. Of these the conductivi ty method was.
chosen. The reasons for this were:-
i) It is a well tried and tested method and has been widely

used for many mixing investigations e.g. Okita & Oyama (146),
Hiby & Modigell (149). Investigators such as Gibson & Schwarz
(134) specify this method in preference to all others.
ii) A continuous picture of the mixing process can be obtained

from it if a chart recorder is connected to the conductivity
monitoring instruments.
iii) The equipment necessary for this technique was readily available.
iv) The tracer commonly used with this method ie.salt, was cheap
and easily obtainable. It was easily dissolved in the process
liquids and was detectable even for very small conductivity changes.
4.4.2 Conductivity Technique.
To measure the conductivity of the process liquid in a tank, a

small continuous sample of liquid was drawn off and passed through a
conductivity cell (CCl), see Fig. 21.
Sheathed leads from the Electronic Switchgear Ltd Type CEA-Ol

.,.89-
. Plates 1 & '2, Arrangement of equipment for

mixing time tests.
-90-
conductivity cell (CCl) connected it to a Wayne Kerr B642 conductivity

bridge (CBI) which in turn·was connected via·a sheathed and earthed
lead to a Phillips PM8100 chart recorder (CRI).
This recorder produced a hard copy of the conductivity and

therefore the jet mixing response of the jet· mixed system. From
this trace all the essential details of the mixer performance
were found.
4.4.3 Tracer.
The tracer liquid used was salt solution which had a concentration
of 4g. salt/litre. Whichever of the process . liquids was in use salt
was dissolved into it. This was to avoid a density. or viscosity
difference between the primary liquid under steady mixing and the
secondary liquid, ie. the tracer.
The first set of tests was carried out with the tank shown
in Fig. 23a.
Tank dimensions D = 0.31Om, Y = O.sOm.

-2 3
System volume = 36 litres = 3.6 x 10 m.
To prepare a tracer for these tests, 100 cm 3 approx 0.3%

by volume, of the liquid in the mixing system was used. For the
rest of the investigation, the volume of tracer used for a test
run was kept to 0.3% by volume of the total volume in the jet mixed
system. This was to comply with 1321 as the same conductivity cell
ie.probe volume was used for all the mixing time tests.
For example with the design shown in Fig 24b, an axial upward
jet, in a flat base cylindrical tank:
Tank dimensions D = 0.S73m,y = 0.7SOm.
-1 3
Volume of m1x1ng system 198 litres = 1.98 x 10 m •
Volume of tracer = 0.003 x 1.98 x 10- 1 = 6 x 10-4m3 = 600cm 3 •
. . - 1 -6 3 3
Volume·o f conduct1v1ty cell = x 10 m. = lcm.
Having set the appropriate jet flowrate using valvetVU, and with
the system in a steady-state.condition an appropriate volume of tracer
was added as a pulse to the bulk of liquid already under constant
mixing. Trial tests showed that if this pulse injection was made
into either the tank inlet line or into the top of the tank near a
tank wall and well away from the outlet, see Figs. 23-27, ·approximately
the same mixing time was recorded. Thus for all the tests except
-91-
those with the a·xial downward jet in a flat base cylindrical tank,
the tracer was added into the top of the tank. This addition was
done as gently as possible to minimise any mixing effect caused by
the tracer introduction.
For the tests with the axial downward jet ie.Fig. 25 it was
impossible to add the tracer in the same position; Thus the pulse
addition was made into the inlet line.
4.4.4 Sampling technique and position.
As mentioned in 4.4.2 a· sample of liquid was taken continuously

from the tank and passed through a conductivity cell (CCl) to monitor
the tracer conductivity and thus concentration.
A small Multifix-Satorius peristaLtic pump (P2) was used to

-5 3 -1
withd,aw liquid at a rate of 2.5 x 10 m.s through a 0.003m bore
plastic tube. This liquid once it had been passed through the cell
(CCl) was immediately returned to the suction line leading to the
centrifugal pump (PI). The length .of this sample line was kept as
short as possible to minimise the volume of liquid withdrawn at one
time from the mixing system.
Checks were made to enSure that the mixing process was not
distorted by the sucking action of the probe. Its effect was found
to be negligible. The time lag between liquid being picked up by
the probe and being recorded on the chart recorder was found to be
!::! 0.5s.
The sample probe was always positioned to take off liquid from
a tank at the point at which the longest mixing time occurred.
This point was found for each of the different designs by:-
i) sampling mixing times throughout a tank

ii) by following the mixing process using a dye injection.
The individual positions for each of the tanks is shown in

Figs. 23-27.
4.4.5 Conductivity response.
Before a pulse of tracer was added to a mixing system the

response on the chart recorder was zeroed. The tracer was not added
until the response was steady. After the tracer had been added the
.-92-
chart recorder was left running until a steady state value of

conductivity and thus a constant degree of liquid homogeneity
existed.
The chart recorder and conductivity bridge were then zeroed

before adding another volume of tracer for the next run. It was
possible to do twelve consecutive runs, before a tank required
emptying,flushing out and refilling with fiesh process liquid
containing no salt. If more than twelve consecutive runs were
attempted then less accurate conductivity responses were obtained.
During the initial study by Lane (211Y in which the same

experimental procedure and equipment were used some problems were
encountered with electrical interference with the conductivity
responses recorded by the chart recorder, but these were not
sufficient to hamper the study.
However "hen this investigation was started these problems were

identified as:-
a) current surges through the ring mains, due to other electrical

equipment in the University being started and stopped,
b) electrical interference caused by the operation of (Pl) & (P2).

Remedial action taken was:
i) All the experimental equipment was insulated by standing each

piece on rubber matting. Every lead and cable was shielded.
ii) The power source for: a) the pumps (Pl) & (P2) and b) the
conductivity equipment (i.e. the bridge (CBl) and recorder (CRl»)
was split.
This was done by taking power for the two sets of equipment from
different power mains, see Fig. 28.
iii) The electrical power supply to the bridge (CBl) and recorder
(CRl) was protected by Logic Box electrical filters to cut out
as much mains interference as possible, See Fig. 28.
These steps cured the problem and thereafter the chart recorder
traces were undisturbed by any significant electrical disturbances.
Additionally a check was kept on the quality of the water used

as process liquid. Generally the water supply used was good. This
was a major factor in the clarity of the conductivity responses
obtained. When at one point the purity of the water dropped for a
-93-
Ring Mains 1 Ring Mains 2
Filter 1
Pump Pl Pump p2
Filter 2 Filter 3
CB 1 CR 1
Length of line from Filter 1 to CB 1 and CRI was 12 m. Filters

2 and 3 were provided just before CBI and CRI to cut out any
interference picked up along the line from Filter 1.
Fig. 28. Diagram of the electrical supply to the experimental.

equipment.
-94-
100
80
Q)
Ul
c 60
0
Cl.
d
Ul
Q)
I>:
..
+J
III
40
.. ,-- -------
-----
.c
u ·1
20
s
0 ~
T95
J
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time t (s)
s Start·of salt injec~ion allowing for lagtime in chart

recorder response (0.5 s)
.t; + 5% of the difference of the initial steady state and
final steady state conductivities (concentrations).
Fig. 29. Chart recorder plot of a conductivity trace after the

addition of a salt tracer
-95-
few days, the responses obtained were poor, and so a filter was
used to purify the water supplied to the test rig.
4.4.6 Mixing time.
A typical conductivity response recorded on the chart recorder

(CR1) is shown in Fig. 29. Mixing time was determined by defining
it as the time from the start of a tracer addition to the time when
the conductivity (concentration) was first continually within ~ 5%
of the difference of the initial steady state and final steady state
conductivity, ie. 95% mixing. Allowance was always made in marking
the start of the salt addition on the chart,recorder trace,for the
lag time of the recorder response, (0.5s).
95% mixing was chosen in preference to ~% for two reasons:-
1) As illustrated by Fig.29, 95% mixing can be identified more

•
accurately on a trace than 99% mixing.
2) 95% mixing was one of the degrees of mixing chosen by Hiby &
Modigell (149). Thus a direct comparison could be made from
the results of the two investigations.
To ensure the validity of the mixing times recorded for each

set of mixing system parameters the mixing time was measured three
times. When the investigation was started tests were made to
determine the number of runs necessary to eliminate any. extreme
results. As the traces obtained were clear and repeatable it was
decided that three runs with each set of parameters was sufficient.
An average of these three runs was recorded as the final result.
4.5 Accuracy of measurement.
Besides mixing time which was measured three times,every other

variable was measured twice. For each of the variables the following
is a list of estimates of the 'accuracy to which they were measured:-
Flowrate + 3%
Mixing time + 2%
viscosi ty + 1%
Density + 1%
Liquid height + 1%
-96-
Jet diameter + 0.1%

Tank diameter + 0.1%
Table 3.Accuracy of measurement of the experimental variables.
4.6 Experimental programme.
The programme·was in five sections. Each section covered one

of the five designs illustrated in Figs. 23-27. The five sections
of testing were carried out in the following order:-
1. Axial upward jet hemispherical base cylindrical tank.

2. Axial upward jet flat base cylindrical tank.
3. llXial downward jet flat base cylindrical tank.
4. Inclined side entry jet in a flat base cylindrical tank
Fossett & Prosser design (7). (14 2).
5. Inclined side entry jet in a flat base cylindrical tank
Coldrey design (150).
For each section of tests ie. each design, the following were
varied:-
a) Jet diameter d
b) Jet velocity V
c) Tank diameter D
d) Height of liquid in a tank y
e) Liquid kineEtatic viscosity V = (l!.)
(By varying the liquid kinematic ..&'iscosity both the liquid viscosity
and density were tested).
A series of runs was made by changing one variable:· and

keeping the rest constant. Each of the variables a) - e) was tested
in turn. However it was impossible to test the mixing time dependence
of the seventh variable in 1431, gravity, but from the results on the
smaller size tanks D = 0.3lOm, the exponents for gravity were
calculated by dimensional analysis. Tests made subsequently on the
larger tanks D = 0.573 m and 0.910 m were primarily carried out for
the purpose of confirming the proposed mixing time expressions and
thus the exponents on each of the variables . in the expressions.
-97-
4.7 Alternative techniques for measuring mixing times.
4.7.1 Introduction.
In the experimental work for the formulation of mixing time

correlations, described in sections 4.1 to 4.-6, conductivity was
the technique chosen to measure mixing times: Various other techniques
have been used in previous studies of jet mixing as reviewed in
2.6.2. A short series of tests was run with two of these alternative
techniques to compare the results and therefore to relate, the
various techniques.
The two techniques tried were an acid-base indicator method

and a temperature method. All the testing was done in the tank
shown in Fig. 23a. In this case:
D = 0.3lOm,y = 0.440,system volume 32 litres.
4.7.2 Acid-base indicator method.
Mixing time was assessed by visual observation of a colour

change. The mixing tank was filled with water and then coloured using
methyl red indicator. Methyl red indicator has the property that
over the pH range 6.3 - 4.2 it will go from yellow to red. Thus
3
once the yellow coloured bulk liquid was under steady mixing, 100 cm
of 2M hydrochloric acid was added to the tank contents. This
addition was done as a pulse in the same volume and way and at the
same point, as for the salt tracer with the conductivity method.
A stopwatch was started as the acid was added and stopped as the
last wisp of yellow coloured liquid changed to red.
To complement this acidification test, mixing time was then

measured by neutralising the acidified liquid. The tracer used
3
was 100 cm of 2M sodium hydroxide. The watch was stopped as the
last streak of red coloured liquid became yellow.
After each acidification and neutralisation run the tank contents

were discarded and the mixer refilled with a fresh supply of water.
A series of tests was done in the turbulent jet regime, by varying
the jet flowrates and jet diameter. For each set of mixing system
parameters two rUns were done. An average time was recorded for both
the· acidification and neutralisation endpoints.
-98-
4.7.3 Temperature method.
The tracer was a litre of water at lOOoC. This was added to the
bulk liquid in the tank in the same position and manner as for the
conductivity technique. The volume and temperature of the tracer used
0
resulted in a temperature rise of about 3 ,C of the bulk liquid. The
temperature measuring probe was positioned diametrically opposite to
the point of addition of the tracer. It was immersed to a depth of
2.0 cm and was 1 cm away from the wall of the tank. Fig 30.
The output from the temperature probe was signalled to a chart

recorder which traced the change in temperature with time. Initially
platinum resistance thermometers were used but their response was
found to be far too slow to be useful. Instead of these a chromal-
alumal thermocouple probe was used. The output from this probe was
amplified and sent via a Farnell TII39 microvoltmeter/amplifier to
a Phillips PM 8100 chart recorder.
No problems were encountered with heat loss from the mixing

system as the resultant temperature change was small and the mixing
times were short enough for the heat loss to be negligible.
Fresh water temperature

Laboratory air temperature
Final water temperature
after addition of a pulse
of hot water.
Table 4. Typical temperatures.
A series of tests were done with this method in the turbulent

jet regime by varying the jet flowrate and the jet diameter. For each
set of mixing system parameters three runs were done and the average
mixing time recorded. A typical temperature trace is shown in Fig. 3l.
Mixing time was measured in the same:uay as for·a conductivity trace.
Compare vLth Fig. 29. Times were recorded for 95% mixing. This was
defined as the time from the start of the hot water addition to the time
when the temperature deviation first came within + 5% of the difference
between the initial and final steady state temperatures. The response
of the measurement system was instantaneous.
-99-
0.31 m
0.02 m ~
S o
0.44
Fig. 30a. Side view
KEY
0
J Jet
0 OUtlet
S Chromal-Alumal
Thermocouple Probe
T Tracer injection
point
S J T
0.01 "'
Fig. 30b. Plan view
Fig. 30. Arrangement of the experimental equipment for the

temperature method of measuring mixing time.
-100-
100
80 {l,
III
60
"<:0
"'"
III
0:
...,
H
<\1
.c
40
~ ~~
f-
.'
-----
--
u
20
S
j
l. T95
o
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time t (s)
KEY
s = start of the hot water tracer injection
(J = + 5% of the difference of the initial steady state and

final steady state temperatures.
Fig. 31 Chart recorder plot of a temperature trace after

the addition of a hot water tracer
-101-
CHAPTER FIVE
Jet Mixing in a Hemispherical Base Cylindrical Tank with

an Axial Upward Jet.
-102-
5.1 Introduction.
The purpose of the experimental work on this design of liquid

jet mixer was to extend the range of experimental testing carried out
on it. The design was proposed and an initial study carried out by
Lane (211). In his study, testing was carried out over a limited
range of experimental variables as Table 5 illustrates.
Tank diameter. 0.31Om

Jet diameter. 4 .0 x 10- 3 - 1. 2 x 10-2m
-1
Jet velocity. 0.29 - 7.80 m·s
Height of liquid 1n tank. 0.25 - 0.5Om
Ratio of liquid height to 0.80:1 - 1.61:1
tank diameter.
Ratio of tank to jet 20:1 - 80: 1
diameter.
Jet Reynolds No. 98 - 36,300
Table 5. Range of experimental variables covered by Lane (211).
The same theoretical approach was taken by Lane (211) as that

used by Fox & Gex (80). Data obtained from his experimental work was
used to formulate a mixing ti~e expression
0.5 DO.75
T = Y 1681
where F was defined as a mixing time factor which was dependent on the
2 -1 30 .
jet Reynolds No. in the laminar (F 2 " Re. • ) and the turbulent
(F " Re -0.15) jet regimes as is illust~ated by Fig.32.
2 j
To verify and extend the range of applicability· of 1681 further
experimentation was recommended by Lane (211). This was carried out
in the present investigation. The resul ts, analysis and discuss·ion
of these tests are presented in this chapter.
-103-
•
"
•
I~ • •
10
Fig. 32. Plot of mixing time factor against jet Reynolds No.
by Lane (211).
-104-
5.2 Results and analysis.
5.2.1 Introduction;
In the subsequent parts of this section the results and analysis

are given for each set of tests carried out. It was found that all
the variables tested gave straight lines when plotted logarithmically
against mixing time. These lines were plotted using a linear regression
technique. Power exponents for each of the variables were deduced
from these graphs to formulate an expression for mixing time similar
to 1681 The exponents for the variables' not tested were found by
dimensional analysis.
Data obtained from experimentation was used in the program 'TANK
-1', (see Appendix 2) to calculate for each experimental run the
fo llowing:-
l. Jet velocity V = ..:.:g.

4Q' 169 1
Trd2
2. Jet Reynolds No. Re.

J
= pVd = V.d 170 1
Jl v
3. Mixing time factor F defined by-

2
4. Jet momentum M = pQ.V 1711

0 J
2
5. Jet power P. = pQ.V
J
2
J
Cl 1721
rl_..
~_
._- - . - - ' ~ ----------------------- .~[---~- :: .. ',' ;':;
Throughout the analysis all the CMe solutions used were assumed to have
Newtonian mixing characteristics (ie.they were approximately Newtonian
pseudoplastics), see 4.3.2.
5.2.2 Low Jet Reynolds No. testing.
In the original investigation by'Lane (211) very little testing

was done at low values of the jet Reynolds No. A series of runs was
therefore carried out over this range to establish the lower limit to
which 1681 may be applied.
-105-
All testing was carried out in the jet Reynolds No. region
Re. < 300.
J
Tank diameter. 0.31 m

Jet diameter. 1.0.x 10- 2 - 1.8 x 10-2m
Jet velocity. 0.34 - 1.53 m.s -1\
Kinematic viscosity of liquid. 3.650 x 10- 5- 5.210 x 10- 5
2 -1
m .s
Height of liquid in tank. 0.25 - 0.50 m
Jet Reynolds No. 10 - 293
Table 6. Range of experimental variables covered by low jet

Reynolds No. testing (Lane & Rice design).
Two mixing regimes were found to exist. Below Re.

J.
= 100, mixing
times became very long, and no expression could be found to correlate
them. Above Re. = 100 it was found possible to correlate mixing times.
J
The results for this region are best summarized by using equations
which express mixing time as a function of all the variables under
investigation.
0.500 a 1. 280
y D \J 1 73 1
The exponents of the variables in 1731 can be approximated to
= y
0.50 Da 1.30
T \J
The values of a & b can be deduced by dimensional analysis, (see

section 5.2.2). The above equation, 1741 is the same as that found
by Lane (211) for the laminar jet regime. As in (211) the exponents
a & b, are given the values 0.75 and 0.25 respectively. 1741 can be
rewritten as:
0.50 DO.75 1.30

T = Y . \J
0.25
g
-106-
l03~--~----------------------------------------1
••
••
-.•
• ••
•
•
Re.
J
for the low jet Reynolds No. range testing.
-107-
This equation can be rearranged to include a jet Reynolds No. group

as a separate term:
T =
(Re.)1.30(V.d)0.5 g 0.25
J
Finally 1761 can be rewritten to include a mixing time factor and

thus be the same as 168\
= F y
0.50 DO.75
T
2
(V.d)0.50 g 0.25
The data from these tests is presented on Fig.33.
5.2.3 Larger tank testing.
In the expression 1681 developed to predict mixing time, the

exponent for the term 'tank diameter' has been found by dimensional
analysis. To verify the proposed value of this exponent· and to check
if scale-up had any affect on this expression a comprehensive set
of tests were carried out on a larger tank.
Tank diameter. 0.9lm

3
Jet diameter. 9.0 x 10- - 2.8 x lO-2 m
-1
. Jet velocity. 0.040 - 7.20 m.s
Kinematic viscosity 1.000 x 10- 6 - 3.800 x lO-5 m;;1
of liquid.
Height of liquid in tank. 0.70-l.0m
Jet Reomolds No. 61 - 54,800
Table 7. Range of experimental variables covered by large

tank testing, (Lane & Rice design).
In comparison to the small system, D = 0.3lm, which had a

3
maximum volume of 36 litres,3.6 x 10~2 m , this system was much
3
larger - maximum volume of 198 litres,1.98 x 10-lm .
Once again it was impossible to correlate the mixing times for
Re. < 100. However for Re. > 10~when plotting the experimental
J J
results, two regions corresponding to the jet being either laminar
-lOS-
or turbulent were found, in agreement with Fox & Gex (SO). These
results may be summarised by wri ting equations which express mixing
time as a function of all variables under investigation.
T = C 0.490 Da 1.2S7 Laminar

3 "'i. \! 177 \
vI. sos d1. S3\b
0.507 Da 0.150
T = C y " Turbulent 1
7S \
4
vO.647dO.639gb
The exponents in these equations can be approximated to:-
0.50 Da 1.30'~
T = C y " Laminar
3
V1.S0 1.S0 b
d g
0.50 Da ,,0.15
T = C
4 "'i. Turbulent ISO\
VO.65 dO.65 gb
These equations can be rearranged algebraically to include jet

Reynolds No. as a term ie.
T C 0.50 Da Laminar
3 "'i. IS1\
(Re,) 1.30(v. d) 0.50gb
J
T = C 0.50 Da Turbulent
4 "'i. \S2\
(Re,)0.15(v.d)0.50 gb
J
The values of a & b can thus be fixed by dimensional analysis.

If the Reynolds No. group is removed from \Sll & \S2lthe expressions
are identical. Therefore an expression applicable to the laminar
and turbulent jet regimes can be written
T = F2 O.SODa
:i IS3\
(V.d)O.SO gb
where F2 is a mixing time factor which is dependen t on the jet

Reynolds No.
F2 = C Laminar \s41
3
Re, 1.30
J
F2 = C Turbulent \SS\
4
0.15
Re.
J
-109-
and is thus dimensionless.

IS31 can be rewritten as:
(V.d)0.50 gb
l·50 Da
If 1861 is written in terms of dimensions, then trial and error can
be used to fix the values of a & b.
2 -1)0.5 (m.s -2 ) b
s1.0 ( rn,s
F2 =
0.5 a
m m
1.0 m1.0 + b
F2 = s
0.5 + 2b 0.5+a
s m
If a = 0.75 & b = 0.25 then 1881 is dimensionless.
1.0 1.25
= s m
1.0 1.25
s m
Thus 1831 can be written as;

"
yO.50 DO,75
168 1
(V.d)0.50 g 0.25
This same equation for mixing time was formulated from tests
using the small tank. Using mixing time data from the large tank
D = 0.9lm, values for mixing time factor F2,I861 ' were plotted
against jet Reynolds No. They were found to lie on the same line,
in both the laminar and turbulent jet regimes as did the data from
tests on the small tank; see Fig.32. This verifies the exponent
on the variable. D and illustrates that no scale effects influence '
the mixing time correlation.
Data from the tests by Lane (211), D = 0.31m and this
investigation, D = 0.3lm & 0.91m, was then used to plot the
correlation graph, Fig.34. An optimising routine incorporating a
linear regression technique was used to plot the lines on this
graph. Thus for this design of liquid jet mixer, working under
known conditions, the mLxLng time factor F can be found from Fig.
2
34 and the mixing time predicted using 1681.
-llO-
0.31
F2 " D ;
r.l
• D ;
0.91 m
2
10
• ... . .
.. • -1(-& • • • • ,
using the data from the small and large testing of
the Lane & Rice design.
-lll-
5.2.4 High and low liquid level testing.
A series of tes ts was carried out to extend the range of

liquid height to tank diameter ratios covered in formulating the
mixing time correlation. The range covered by Lane (211) and by
this investigation (5.2.1. and 5.2.2) was:-
Tank diameter. 0.31 m 0.91 m

Height of liquid in tank. 0.25 - 0.5Om 0.70 - 1.0 m
Ratio of liquid height 0.80 :1 0.77:1
to tank diameter. - 1.61:1 - 1.10: 1
Table 8. Range of liquid height to tank diameter ratios

covered in formulatin.g 1681.
Further mixing runs were effected using the small tank D

0.31m in both the laminar and turbulent mixing regimes •.
Tank diameter. 0.31m ___

Height of liquid in tank. ~0.15~ - 1~0~
Ratio of liquid height 0.50: 1 - 3.23: 1
to tank diameter.
Table 9. Range of tests done at high and low liquid levels,

(Lane & Rice design).
The data from these tests was plotted on the correlation graph,
Fig. 34, as illustrated by Fig.35. This shows that the data
falls along the lines in both the laminar and turbulent regimes,
thereby confirming the relationship T a yO.50 over the range
0.50:1 - 3.23:1 for the liquid height to tank diameter ratio.
-112-
103r---------------------------------------~------~
Low level tests

"
High level tests
..
10 2
Fig. 35. plot of mixing time factor against jet Reynolds No.
using the data from the high and low level testing
of the Lane & Rice design.
-113-
5.2.5 High jet Reynolds No. tests.
In producing the correlation graph, Fig.34.the highest jet

Reynolds No. covered was 54,SOO. Further study was made of the
mixer performance at very high jet Reynolds No.'s.
Tank diame ters. 0.31 & O.91m

-3 -2
Jet diameter. 6 x 10 - 1.5 x 10 m
Kinematic viscosity
-6 2 -1
1.000 x 10 m.s
of liquid.
Height of liquid 1n tank. O. SO - 1.oOm
Jet Reynolds No. 32,15S - 134,012
Table 10. Range of experimental variables covered by testing

at high jet Reynolds No IS, (Lane & Rice design).
As Fig. 34 illustrates for the tests up to Re. = 54,SOO it

J
was found that there were two mixing regimes, corresponding to the
jet being in either laminar or .turbulent flow, in agreement with
Fox & Gex (SO). When the results of these further tes ts were
assessed another regime was found to exist for Re. > 100,000. In
J
the turbulent jet regime up to Re. = 100,000 mixing times were
J
found to be dependent upon the jet Reynolds No.
16s1
However for Re. > 100,000 mixing times were independent of the jet
J
Reynolds No.
F2 = 13.05 19 0 1
-114-
30
F2
x D = 0.31 In
20
• D = 0.91 In
. ..
10
Re.
J
Fig. 36. plot of mixing time factor against jet Reynolds No.
using the data from the high jet Reynolds No. range
. testing of the Lane & Rice design.
-115-
19 11
The change in behaviour is illustrated by the slope of the correlation

line on Fig.36. For the turbulent regime up to Re. = 100,000 the
J
slope is -0.15;. thereafter the line has zero slope and the mixing
time factor has a constant value.
5.2.6 Accuracy of the mixing time correlation.
The accuracy of mixing time prediction by 1681 was assessed for

each series of experimental tests. This was effected by using the
program 'ASMG - I'; see Appendix 2. The prediction accuracy was
assessed in terms of:-
i) Average absolute error
~ 1 TE-:Tp I
1 . TE I x 100 1921
N
ii) Maximum error
x 100
The results were:-
Section Tests Jet flow regime i) ii) .

5.2.2 Low Reynolds No. tests. Laminar + 8.604% -16.137%
5.2.3 Large tank tests. Laminar + 7.642% +26.456%
Turbulent .!.4.110% -11.998%
5.2.4 High & low level tests. Laminar + 9.077% -14.001%
Turbulent +5.220% -8.869%'
5.2.5 High Reynolds No. tests. Turbulent Re.< 100,000
J
+ 4.648% -10.544%
Turbulent Re. > 100,000
J
+ 2.354% -5.586%
Table 11. Accuracy of mixing time prediction by 1681.

-116-
5.2.7 Jet momentum.
Jet momentum was calculated as:
M == pQ.V
o J
This equation can be expanded:
2
M = p1Td
o
4
2
therefore M
o
a (V. d) • 195 1
In equation, 1781 for the laminar jet regime and 1791 for the
turbulent jet regime it was shown that:
T a (V. d) -1. 80
T a(V.d)-0.65
Thus from 195/ it can be proposed that:
T a (M )-0.90
o
Laminar 196 1
T a (M ) -0.325 Turbulent
o
5
(Re. < 1 x 10 )
J
As Figs. 37a. and 37b. illustrate these relationships were found to be

valid.
5.2.8 Jet power.
The power consumed by the mixer was calculated as the power

consumed by the jet.
2
P. = pQ.V
J 1
2
Plots were made for both the laminar and turbulent jet regimes
of mixing time against jet power. However for neither regime could
a consistent correlation be found.
Investigators of impeller mixing have correlated an impeller

power number with an impeller Reynolds No. A similar approach was
tried in this investigation by correlating a jet power number with
a jet Reynolds No. Various forms of power number were tried but
none were successful in correlating the data.
-117-
T (s)
-0.90
T 0/1
o
d =9 x 10-3m
D =0.91 m
-2 -1
10 10
-2
Mo(Kg.m.s. )
Fig. 37a. Plot of mixing time against jet momentum for the laminar
jet regime, Lane & Rice design.
-0.325
TOM
o
T (s) d = 9 mm
D 0.91 ID
-2
M (Kg.m.s.:)
o
Fig. 37b. plot of mixing time against jet momentum for the
turbulent jet regime, Lane & Rice design.
-118-
For the purpose of mixer scale-up, designers have used power

per unit volume. This method was tried with data from the small tank
D = 0.3lm and large tank D = 0.9lm tests. Equations of the form
P.
...l.
V
oT
were formulated for both the laminar and turbulent jet regimes.
These equations were not very accurate and this method was not
thought to be very reliable for scale-up.
5.3 Application of mixing time correlation.
5.3.1 Determination of mixing time.
The equation shown below 1681 , is applicable to jet mixing

with an axial upward jet in a cylindrical tank with a
hemispherical base.
yO.50 DO.75
T where F2 = fn(Re.) \68\
J
(V.d)0.50 g0.25
I t should be applied to the mixing of any miscible single phase
Newtonian liquids and approximately Newtonian pseudoplastic liquids
which have similar densities and viscosities for the jet Reynolds
2 5
No. range 1 x 10 - 1.34 x 10 •
With the mixer working under known conditions, the mixing time
for 95% liquid homogeneity can be determined. The correlation graph,
Fig. 38, should be entered with the appropriate jet Reynolds No. in
order to determine the mixing time factor, F . Once the value of
2
F is found, equation\681 may be solved for the mixing time. The
2
correlation graph, Fig. 38, and equation \68\ can be used for not
only the S.!. system but any consistent system of units.
5.3.2 Mixing time for any degree of mixing.
The mixing time calculated by 1681 is for a 95% degree of mixing.

However the mixing time for any degree of mixing can be found if a
first order exponential decay of e. g. Dankwerts intensity of
segregation S is assumed, thus:
-119-
T
0.50 0.75
F2 Y D
(V.d)O.50 g 0.25
F
2
>( D 0.31 ID
• D ~ 0.91 m
3
10
.. . "'.
Re .
j
(Correlation graph illustrating three mixing regimes
of an axial upward jet in a hemispherical base cylindrical
tank).
-lZO-
S -T
= W.e 199al
where W is a numerical constant. Since S = 1.0 at T = 0 and S ~ 0

as T -+ co
th en W = 1 • 0 and S -_ e- T
199cl
If T = 95% when S = 0.05 (Le. 95% mixed)

la la
TZa = 99% when S = 0.01 (L e. 99% mixed)
2a
therefore T99 = 1.54

199dl
T95
To use equation 1681 to calculate the time required to achieve 99%
mixing, a numerical constant J = 1.54 must be included.
0.50 DO.75
T = J. Y 19ge I
For 99% mixing

0.50 DO.75
Y 1100 1
(V. d) O. 50g0. 25
From the{r results investigators have found that:
i) Khang & Levenspiel (116).
T99 = 1.44
T95
ii) Hiby & Modigell (149).
T99 = 1. 59 11021
T95
iii) Lane & Rice (213).
= 1.48
5.4·Discussion.
Four mixing regimes were found as the correlation graph, Fig.38

illustrates:
-121-
1. Re. < 100

J
2. Re. = 100 - 2000
J
3. Re. = 2000 - 100,000
J
4. Re. > 100,000
J
For Re. < 100 no correlation could be found to fit the mixing times.
J
. In this region mixing times were very long as the mixing was due to
diffusion rather than forced convection. The jet was so weak that
the inertial forces were not large enough to overcome the viscous forces
and thus there was little liquid motion in the mixing tank.
For Re. > 100 it was possible to correlate the mixing times.
J
At a jet Reynolds No. of approx. 2000 there was a distinct change of
mixing behaviour. This corresponds to the change from laminar to
turbulent flow. Thus the range Re.
J
= 100 - 2000 was thought of as
the laminar jet mixing regime and the range Re. > 2000 as the
J
turbulent jet mixing regime. Inves tiga tors such as Rice (33) have
reported that a jet does not become fully turbulent until Re. = 2000.
J
The existence of only weak turbulence in the jet can be considered
as the cause of the relatively slow mixing over the range Re. =
J
100 - 2000. The jet is fully turbulent at Re. > 2000 and thus the
J
mixing action created is much greater and thus faster.
A further mixing regime was found for Re. > 100,000. The
J
existence of this fourth regime was thought to be due to the fact
that even when the jet was fully turbulent for the range Re.=2000 -
J
100,000 the re circulating flow in the bulk of the tank was still only
weakly turbulent. For Re. > 100,000 this flow became fully turbulent.
J
For the mixing regimes in the range Re. 100 - 100,000 the results
J .
confirm the findings of Fox & Gex (80), that mixing time is a function
of the jet Reynolds No. As the correlation graph, Fig.38 shows,
mixing time factor and therefore mixing time is strongly dependent
-1.30
on the jet Reynolds No. in the laminar jet regime T a Re. but
J
only slightly dependent T a Re. -0.15 in the turbulent j et regim~ ..
J
These results contradict 'the conclusions of Okita & Oyama (146)
and Fossett & Prosser (7) & (142) that mixing time is independent of
the jet Reynolds No. in the turbulent jet regime, but support the
findings of Okita & Oyama (146) that mixing time is strongly dependent
on the jet Reynolds No. in the laminar jet regime.
-122-
The slope of the lines on the correlation graph illustrate

the varying degrees of mixing time dependence on the jet Reynolds
No. in the laminar, turbulent and highly turbulent (Re. > 100,000)
. J
jet mixing regimes. This may be explained by Table 12.
Jet mixing Jet flow Recirculating flow Mixing time

regime in the bulk of the dependence
tank. on the jet
Reynolds No.
-1.30
Laminar. Weakly turbulent.Weakly turbulent. T Cl Re.
J
~e. = 100-2000)
J
-0.15
Turbulent. Fully turbulent. Weakly turbulent. T Cl Re.
J
~. = 2000 - 100,000)
J
Highly
turbulent. Fully turbulent. Fully turbulent. T I Re.
J
(Re.> 100,000)
J
Table 12. Mixing time dependence on the jet Reynolds No.
TIle existence of weak turbulence (ie.laminar_like flow) causes

mixing time dependence on the jet Reynolds No. Thus the dependence
is strong for Re.=lOO-2000, but slight for Re.=2000 - 100,000 as
J J
only the recirculating flow in the bulk of the tank has any laminar_
like tendencies. The amount of mixing in the recirculating flow
is only minor compared to that in the jet; thus the effect on the
mixing time of the liquid behaviour in the bulk of the tank is only
small. It is only when all the liquid flow in the tank becomes
fully turbulent that mixing time is independent of the jet Reynolds
No.
Equation 1681 was originally developed from the results of the

small tank D = 0.31m. The exponents of the variables D & g in the
equation were evaluated by dimensional analysis. Tests on the larger
tank D = 0.91m did not reveal any scale effects. The magnitude of
the exponent D was confirmed to be the same as in the original
investigation, the inclusion of g was verified and the plot of
the lines on the correlation graph was confirmed. Using a jet
Reynolds No. term in the mixing time equation aids in dealing with
-123-
scale-up. This is because it helps in the selection of the appropriate

mixing regime and because for successful scale-up,it is desirable to
express the relationship between performance and operating variables
in terms of dimensionless groups. Maintaining kinematic and geometric
similarity is equally important for the mixing time equation to be
accurately employed in a scale-up application.
The larger tank D ~ 0.9lm, used to verify the mixing time

-1 3
equation, had a maximum mixing volume of 560 litres (5.60 x 10 m)
which was about 16 times greater than that of the small tank D ~ 0.3lm
on which \68\ was originally developed. The size of the large tank
mixing system was comparable with a small scale pilot plant. Up to
this size \681 can be used with confidence. However before it can be
used commercially, tests must be carried out to verify that it is
applicable to industrial size equipment.
The testing done at high and low liquid levels revealed that
the mixing time equation \681 is applicable over the range of liquid
height to tank diameter ratios of, 0.50 : 1 - approx. 3.0 : 1.
Below the ratio of 0.50 : 1 the shape of the mixing tank is completely
different. Instead of being a cylindrical tank with a hemispherical
base,it is just a hemispherical tank. Thus the liquid flow patterns
in the tank change radically .
Tests were carried out for the high level investigation up to

a liquid height to tank diameter ratio of 3.23 : 1. It was noticeable
when assessing the accuracy of mixing time prediction that the accuracy
was much less for the two highest levels in the turbulent jet regime:
y ~ 0.9Om, & 1.Om D ~ 0.31m yID ~ 2.90 : 1 & 3.23 : 1

and for the three highest levels in the laminar jet regime~
y ~ 0.8Om, 0.9Om & 1.Om D ~ 0.31m yID ~ 2.58 : 1, 2.90:1, 3.23:1
This loss in accuracy can be attributed to the fact that at

these levels the spread and thus the mixing action of the jet was
curtailed by the tank walls. As Pearce (21) notes, the angle of spread
is much greater when the jet is laminar. Thus the height at which
the jet will hit the wall will be lower than for a turbulent jet.
Disruption of the normal action of the jet and distortion of the
usual flow patterns in the tank result in the mixing times being
different. Equation 1681 should be used over the range yID ~ 0.50:1
- 3.0 : 1 for a turbulent jet and yID ~ 0.50 :1 - 2.50 :1 for a
-124-
laminar jet.
Any attempt to compare the mixing times predicted by other

correlations for jet mixing to the times given by 1681 will lead
to widespread discrepancies. This is because the other correlations
were developed:-i) for alternative designs of liquid jet mixing and
ii) by investigators who used different techniques to determine their
mixing times to unknown degrees of liquid homogeneity. A valid
quantitative comparison of mixing times would only be possible if
every investigator had used the same experimental technique to
measure mixing times to a stated degree of liquid homogeneity.
As suggested by the terms in equation 1681 mixing time increases

with higher liquid kinematic viscosity and liquid height in the tank
ie.jet submergence. A higher jet velocity and a smaller jet diameter
cause the mixing time to be shorter.
Mixing time was found to be directly proportional to the jet

momentum as Fig. 37 illustrates. Provided the momentum produced
at the jet is the same, a low-velocity, large_diameter jet will mix,
just as quickly as a high speed small-diameter jet, as Table 13.
indicates:
D d M T
0
-3 -1 2
Run 5 0.9lm 9.OxlO m 1. 799xlO kg .m. s 70s
-2 -1 -2
Run 114 0.9lm 2.8xlO m 1.899xlO kg.m.s. 7ls
~oth runs refer to the turbulent jet regime, Data - 3, see

~ppendix 3.
Table 13. Mixing times for the same magnitude of jet momentum
On the basis of lower jet power consumption, the large-diameter,

low-velocity jet should be used in preference to the small-diameter,
high_velocity jet. This is because jet power has a greater dependence
on jet velocity than On the jet diameter,as Ilosl illustrates:
-125-
2
P. = pQ.V
J )
-..',.2
This equation may be expanded to:
2 3
P. = p ... d V
J ('-~8
2 3
=> P. d V
J
Cl
1105 1
Unlike jet momentum no relationship could be found between jet
power and mixing time. A commonly proposed idea for mixer scale-
up is to use power per unit volume data. This method was tried with
the data from the tests on the two sizes of tank D = 0.31m & 0.9lm
It was not found to be a very accurate method. Therefore for any
scale-up application the mixing time equation 1681 should be used.
!
5.5 Alternative techniques for measuring mixing time.
The purpose of this short series of tests was to compare

and therefore to relate the mixing times by two alternative techniques to
those produced by the conductivity technique,which was used to
develop equation 1681.
5.5.1 Results and analysis for the acid-base indicator technique.
Mixing times for both the acidification (T2) and the neutrali-
sation (T3) indicator change were measured. For each experimental
run the mixing time given by a conductivity technique (Tl) was
calculated by 1681 . Fig. 39 is a plot of the mixing times measured
using the indicator techniques against those produced by the
conductivity method. A linear regression technique was used to plot
the respective lines and from these the following relationships were
found:
T~· = 0.88 Tl 11061

T3.= 1.56 Tl 1107 1
These relationships apply to the turbulent jet regime only.
5.5.2 Results and analysis for the temperature technique.
A range of mixing times was measured in the turbulent jet

regime using a temperature technique (T4). For each time measured
experimentally the corresponding mixing time for a conductivity
-126-
technique (Tl) was calculated by 1681. Fig. 40 summarises the two

sets of data (Tl) & (T4). A linear regression technique was used to
plot the correlation line in Fig. 40 and the following relationship
was found from it:
T4 = 1.90 Tl 11 08 1
This relationship only applies to the turbulent jet regime.
5.5.3 Discussion.
The mixing times given by the acidification endpoint were

found to correspond more closely with those produced by the
conductivity technique than those produced by the neutralisation
endpoint, as Fig. 39 illustrates.
The mixing times calculated by 1681were for a 95% degree of

mixing. If a first order exponential decay technique,as outlined
in 5.3.2.is applied to 11061 and II07l,then the colour change
endpoints observed correspond to the degrees of mixing shown in
Table 14.
Acidification endpoint 92.84%

Conductivity technique 95%
Neutralisation endpoint 99.07%
Table 14. Degree of mixing associated with indicator endpoint.
The difference in the mixing times given by the two indicator

methods can be attributed to three possible reasons. First, after
further investigation it was found that the water which was used to
fill the tank was slightly acidic. After the addition of 100mls of
+
2M hydrochloric acid there was a greater concentration of H ions
which affected the acidification colour change, than there were
OH radicals after the equivalent alkali addition affecting the
neutralisation colour change. Consequently the lower concentration
of OH radicals caused the neutralisation step to be protracted.
A second possibility lies in the viscosity difference between the
liquid in the tank and the tracer liquid. 2M aqueous hydrochloric
-127-
200
T2 = 0.88 Tl
175
T3 = 1. 56 Tl
150
T(s)
125
100 NEUTRAL ATION

T3
E OINT
75
•
•
50
ENDPOINT
"
•
25
"
o
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Tl (s)
Fig. 39. plot of mixing times given by the indicator techniques

against those given by the conductivity method.
-128-
200
175
T4 = 1. 90 T1
T4 (s)
150
125
"
100
•
75
"
"
50
• "
25 ..
• "
o 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
T1 (s)
Fig. 40. Plot of mixing times given by a temperature technique

against those given by a conductivity method.
-129-
acid has the same viscosity as water, whereas 2M aqueous sodium

hydroxide has a viscosity 1.5 times that of water. The effect of
the greater viscosity of the alkali was to lengthen the neutralisation
+
process. Finally a third possibility was that the H ions were
more mobile than the OH radicals resulting in a faster colour change
for the acidification step.
A drawback to the use of a visual indicator method is indicated

by the relative amounts of data scatter on Figs. 39 and 40. The
subjectivity of visually assessing the exact endpoint of an indicator
colour change leads to much greater scatter as illustrated in Fig.39.
The continuous 'picture' of the mixing process provided by the
temperature trace On the chart recorder allowed a much more reliable
and consistent endpoint to be identified.
The mixing times measured using the temperature technique were

for the same degree (95%) of mixing as those given by 1681 although
as Fig. 40 shows, the temperature values were 1.90 times greater
than the conductivity values. This was because of the relative probe
sizes. The volume of the temperature probe in the liquid 3 x 10
-7m,
3
was much lesS than the volume of liquid in the conductivity cell,
1 x 10-6m3. Equation 131J by Thyn et al. (136) illustrates that the
temperature probe was able to pick up smaller scale tracer fluctuations
than the cell which tended to average out these fluctuations,thus
indicating a shorter mixing time. A much greater volume of tracer
liquid was used for the temperature tests than for the conductivity
tests. This may have been another contributory factor which led to
longer mixing times being measured by the temperature technique.
Practically, both the temperature and indicator techniques were

simple to operate. However the endpoints with the indicator
technique were too subjective to assess accurately.
-130-
OlAPTER SIX
Jet Mixing in a Flat Base Cylindrical Tank with

an Axial Vertical Jet.
-131-
6.1 Introduction.
Jet mixing of miscible single phase liquids with an inclined

side entry jet was proposed by Fossett & Prosser (7) in 1949. It
was not until 1974 that a full study of an alternative design was
published.
This study, by Racz & Wassink (148), proposed a design

incorporating an axial downaard jet in a flat base cylindrical tank,
Fig.l2. Their investigation only covered the turbulent jet regime
and indicated that mixing time was independent of the jet Reynolds No.
T = 1.10 D2 . 75 Y = D 1521
V.d1.75
T 2.60 D2 • 00 Y = O.5D
= 153 1
V.d
Subsequently Hiby & Modigell (149) suggested a design with an axial
upward jet in a flat base cylindrical tank, Fig.13. Recognising that
the behaviour of liquid in the bulk of the tank plays an important
role in characterising performance, they correlated their mixing time
data in terms of a tank Reynolds No. 1551 They proposed a dimen~
sionless mixing time:
T* T.V.d.
D2
T* 2.3 for 95% homogeneity when the tank Reynolds No. 1S greater
than 1 x 10 6 • I t is dependent on the tank Reynolds No. when the
tank Reynolds No. is less than 1 x 10 6 •
These are the only two major studies on this design of liquid
jet mixing. No work has been carried out since they were published
to broaden the range of experimental variables covered; nor has
there ever been a comparison made of the performance of the upward
and downward jet designs.
The purpose of this investigation was to carry out a series

of mixing time tests in both the laminar and turbulent jet regimes
using the same experimental procedure and technique for the two
designs; thus enabling mixing time correlations to be developed and
a valid quantitative comparison to be made.
-132-
6.2 Results and Analysis.
6.2.1 Introduction.
The analysis presented in this section is exactly the same as

was detailed in Chapter Five. Suitably modified forms of the
program 'Tank-I' were used to calculate for each experimental run:-
jet velocity, jet Reynolds No., mixing time factor, jet momentum
and jet power, for both the upward and downward jet designs. CMC.
solutions used were assumed to have the same rheological·properties
as outlined in 5.2.1.
6.2.2 Small tank testing with an upward jet.
All the testing carried out by Hiby & Modigell (149) was done
at a constant liquid height to tank diameter ratio of 0.5 as recom-
mended by Racz & Wassink (148). In the present investigation a
comprehensive series of tests "as done including a range of liquid-
height to tank-diameter ratios, resulting in the formulation of an
expression for mixing time.
Tank diameter 0.3lm

Jet diameter 3.0 x 10- 3-1.5 x 10-2 m
-1
Jet velocity 0.187 - 16.974 m.S
6 5
Kinematic viscosity of liquid l200Qlx 10- -4.009 x 10-
m .s
Height of liquid in tank 0.25 - 0.5Om
Table 15. Range of experimental variables covered by the

small tank testing with an upward jet, (Hiby & Modigell
design ).
Below Re. = 100 no expression could be formulated to correlate

J
the mixing times. The correlation of results Re. > 100 indicates
J
that two mixing regimes exist corresponding to the jet being either
laminar or turbulent.
-133-
0.506 Da 1.302
T = Cs Y v Laminar 1109 1
VI. 940 d1. 942 gb
0.510 Da 0.150 Turbulent

T = C l:: v
6
VO.S04 dO.796 gb
These equations can be approximated to:-

0.50 Da 1.30
y v Lamina'r Illll
y
0.50 Da v 0.15 Turbulent
T 11121
Algebraically rearranging 11111 &11121, allows a jet Reynolds No.

term to be included in the equations:-
T = yo.so Da Laminar
Cs
(R~.)1.30(V.d)0.6S gb
J
T = C l:: 0.50 Da Turbulent

6
(Re.)0.lS(V.d)0.6S gb
J
If the Reynolds No. group is removed from 11131 & 1114\ the equations
are identical. ExpressionlllSI can be related to the laminar and
turbulent jet regimes
0.50 Da
T = F3 l:: 11151
(V.d)0.6S gb
where
F3 = Cs Laminar
1.30
Re.
J
F3 = C
6 Turbulent 11171
Re.O. IS
J
11151 can be rewritten as
T (V.d)0.6S gb
F3 =
0.50 a
I 11S \
y D
-134-
• •
••
Re.
J
Fig. 41. plot of mixing time factor against jet Reynolds No. using
data from the small tank testing, of the upward jet design.
-135-
A technique,illustrated in 5.2.3, of trial and error was used to

fix the values of a & b, (a ~ 0.975 and b ~ 0.175).
~ T (V.d)0.65 gO.175 11191
yO.50 D 0.975
Using 11191 to process the mixing time results a graph of mixing

time factor against jet Reynolds No., Fig. 41 was plotted. As
a ~ 0.975 and b ~ 0.175, 11151 becomes:
T 11201
(V.d)0.65 gO.175
6.2.3 Larger tank testing with an upward jet.
A comprehensive set of testing was completed to verify the

mixing time expression 11201 and to confirm the· plot of the mixing
time factor graph, Fig.4l.
Tank diameter. 0.573m

-3 -2
Jet diameter. 4. x 10 - 1. 2 x 10 m
Jet velocity.
°
0.558 - 17.58 m.s .
-1
-6 -5 2 -1
Kinematic viscosity of liquid. 1.000 x 10 - 6.004 x 10 m.s
Height of liquid in tank. 0.25 - 0.75m
Table 16. Range of experimental variables covered by the larger

tank testing with an upward jet (Hiby & Modige11 design).
In contrast to the system D ~ 0.31Om which had a max. volume of

40 litres, this system was much larger with a max. volume of 198 litres.
0.503 a 1.294
T ~
C 'i D v Laminar 11211
5
VI. 948 d1. 950 gb
0.495 a 0.155
T ~
C 'i D v Turbulent 11221
6
VO. 805 dO. 80 gb
-136-
• D ; 0.310 m
D 0.573 m
" "" .. , .
using data from the small and larger tank testing
of the upward jet design.
-137-
The exponents in 1121\ &11221can be approximated to:-
0.50 a 1.30
T = C l D v Laminar 11231
5
V1.95 1.95 b
d g
0.50 a 0.15
T C l D v Turbulent 11241
6
VO.80 dO.80 gb
These equations are exactly the same as those formulated from the
small tank tests 11111 &11l2~. A plot of mixing time factor 11191
against jet Reynolds No. was made using data from the larger tank
tests. This confirms Fig.41 which verifies the exponent on the
variable D (0.975) and illustrates that scale effects do not modify
the mixing time correlation.
Data from both tanks D = 0.31m & D = 0.573 m was subsequently

used to plot the correlation graph, Fig.42. The mixing time for this
design of liquid jet mixer working under known conditions can be
predicted by using Fig. 42 and
=
yO.50 DO.975
T \120\
(V.d)0.6\0.175
6.2.4 High jet r~ynolds No. testing with an upward jet.
In order to extend the applicability of 1120\ tests were carried

out to incorporate the jet Reynolds No. regime up to 134,000.
1he range of liquid-height to tank-diameter ratios covered
(0.44:1 - 1.61:1) was also increased.
Tank diameter. 0.31 m 0.573m

-3 -2 -3 -2
Jet diameter. 6.0 x 10 -l.OxlO m 8.0xlO -1.5xlO m
Kinematic viscosity of -6 2 -1
liquid. 1.00xlO m.S 1.000xlO-6m2.s -1
Height of liquid in tank. 0.8Orn 1.5m
Liquid height to tank
diameter ratio. 2.58:1 2.62:1
Jet Reynolds No. 32,158-87,100 . 55,267-134,012-
Table 17. Range of experimental variables covered by trehigh

jet Reynolds No. testing with an upward jet, (Hiby &
Modigell design).
-138-
The results of this study were plotted on the correlation graph

(Fig.42) as illustrated by Fig.43. This shows that the data falls
along the correlation line, confirming the relationship T a yo.sO
over the range of liquid height to tank diameter ratios,O.44:l -
2.62: 1.
Fig. 43 verifies mixing time dependence on the jet Reynolds No.

~n the turbulent jet regime up to Re. = 100,000.
J
0.15
Re.
J
T
0.50 DO.97s
y
For the region Re. > 100,000 mixing times are independent of the jet
J
Reynolds No.
15.10
T = 15.10 yo.sO DO• 97s

(V.d)0.6s g0.l7s
In the turbulent jet regime the correlation line has two distinct
slopes which illustrate the change in mixing behaviour.· Up to
Re. = 100,000 the slope is -0.15; thereafter the line has zero slope
J
and the value of F3is constant.
6.2.5 Larger tank testing with a down~ard jet.
The only paper dealing with an axial downward jet in a flat

base cylindrical tank was published by Racz & Wassink (148) who
proposed two mixing time equations 1521 & \531 for use with specific
sizes of tank. In contrast to this a series of tests was carried
out by this investigation to develop a mixing time expression
applicable to tanks for a range of liquid height to tank diameter
ratios.
-139-
30 .-----------------------~----------------_.
"D 0.310 m
• D = 0.573 J':1
20
10
Re,
J
Fig, 43. Graph of mixing time factor against jet Reyno1ds Ho.
using data from the high jet Reynolds No, range
testing of,the upward jet design.
-140-
Tank diame ter. 0.573 m

Jet diameter. 4.0 x 10- 3 - 1.2 x 10-2 m
Jet velocity. 0.558 - 17.58 m. s-l
Kinematic viscosity of liquid. 1.000 x 10- 6 -6.004 x 10- 5
2 -1
m .s
Height of liquid 1n tank. 0.25· - 0.75 m
Table 18. Range of experimental variables covered by larger

design) .
As with the upward jet design two mixing regimes were discovered
to exist - laminar and turbulent.
0.505 Da 1. 315
Y v Laminar 11271
y 0.492 Da v 0.160 Turbulent 1128 1
These equations may be approximated to:-
T C yO.50 Da v l • 30 Laminar 1 129 1

7 V1.90 d1.90 gb
0.50 Da 0.15 Turbulent 1130 1

T = C Y v
8
VO.75 dO.75 gb
and can be rearranged algebraically:-

0.50 Da
T = y Laminar 11311
0.50 Da
T = C y Turbulent 1132 \
8
-141-
If the Reynolds No. group is removed from 11311 & 11321 the equations
are identical.
T = F4 :t 0.50 Da
(V.d)0.60 gb
F4 = C
7 Laminar
. Re.l. 3O
J
F4 = Cs Turbulent
Re.O. 15
J
Equation 11331 can be rearranged:
= 11361
The values of a & b were found by dimensionless analysis as

illustrated in 5.2.3:
a = 0.90 b = 0.20
0.20
F4 = T (V.d)0.60 g
yO.50 DO.9O
This equation was used to produce a graph of mixing time factor

against jet Reynolds No. i.e. Fig.44. 11331can be rewritten as:
0.50 DO.90
:t l13 s l
(V.d)0.60 gO.20
6.2.6 Small tank testing with a downward jet.
To verify the proposed correlation graph Fig.44, and the mixing

time expression 113s1 , further tes ting was carried out.
-142-
F
4
:-•
-.
• ..
Re,
)
using the data from the larger tank testing of the
downward jet design.
-143-
Tank diameter. 0.310

-2
Jet diameter. 3.0 x x 10 m
-1
Jet velocity. 0.359 - 14.71 m. s
Kinematic viscosity of liquid. 1.000 x 10- 6-3.562 x 10- 5
2 -1
m .s
Height of liquid 1n tank. 0.5m
Je t Reyno lds No. 101 - 54615
Table 19. Range of experimental variables covered by small

design) •
The max volume of this sytem was 40 litres which was much less
than that of the previous system,19S litres. The effect of this
change in volume was to test if 113S\ was subject to any scale
effects.
The results of these tests were:
; C 0.510 na1.311
T y v Laminar 11391
7
Vl.90B dl.920 gb
0.501 na 0.159
T y v Turbulent 11401
Having approximated the exponents, these equations become:-
T ;
C yO.50 n a v 1. 30 Laminar 11411
7
V1.90 d1.90 gb
0.50 a 0.15
T ;
Cs l n v Turbulent 11421
VO• 75 dO. 75 gb
A comparison of these equations with those formulated from the

larger tank tests, 11291 &11301 shows them to be identical. A plot
of mixing time factor 11371 against jet Reynolds No. was drawn. using
the data from the small tank testing. This confirmed Fig.44,
thus verifying the exponent on the variable n (0.900) and illustrating
that scale effects do not affect the mixing time correlation.
-144-
4
10
0.50 0090
T = F4 Y D
(V.d) 0060g 0.20
F4
" D 0.31 m
• D = 0.573 ID
3
10
• . .
"" ~.JI,.
x
..
1
10
2 3 4 . 5
10 10 10 10
Re,
J
(Correlation graph illustrating two mixing regimes of
an axial downward jet in a flat base cylindrical tank).
-145-
Data from the large and small tank testing was used to plot
the correlation graph, Fig.45. This graph and 11381 enable the
mixing time to be predicted for a downward jet design working under
known conditions.
0.50 DO.90
T = F 4 LY_--;;:=-r-:c:-~;;-;:
(V.d)0.60 gO.20
6.2.7 Accuracy of the mixing time correlations.
The accuracy of mixing time prediction given by 11201 and

11381 was assessed. Modified forms of the program 'ASMG-l~
Appendix - 2 were systematically converted to suit the upward and

then the downward jet results.
Prediction accuracy was calculated in terms of:-
i) Average absolute error 1921

ii) Maximum error 193 1
The results were as follows:
Section Testing Jet flow regime i) ii)
6.22 Small tank tests Laminar + 7.356% + 15.194%

with an upward jet Turbulent + 3.976% 11.396%
6.2.3 Larger tank tests Laminar + 7.586% 19.510%
with an upward jet Turbulent + 3.405% + 8. 305%
5
6.2.4 High jet Reynolds No. Re. > 10 + 3.929% +11.984%
J 5
tests with an upward jet Re.dO + 2.129% -4.615%
J
6.2.5 Larger tank tests Laminar + 7.295% +15.929%
with a downward jet Turbulent + 3.372% +17.609%
6.2.6 Small tank tests Laminar + 7.901% +11.974%
with a downward jet Turbulent + 3.123% +6.821%
Table 20. Accuracy of mixing time prediction by 11201 &11381.

-146-
An identical technique was employed to assess the prediction accuracy

of the equations suggested by Hiby & Modigell 1541 and Racz & Wassink
1531; using the data from this investigation. It was assumed that:-
a) Equationl531 refers to a 95% degree of mixing. This assumption

was made on the grounds that 1531& 154 I are of the same 'order' when
T* = 2.3 in 1541 (ie. for 95% mixing).
b) If a correction factor L of magnitude (L 1531 = 2.54, L 1541= 3.24)

is included in 1531 &1541 respectively the mixing times given by the
two equations are the longest throughout the tank for a given degree
of homogeneity. This factor is included given that 1531 & 1541were
originally formulated from times which were not the longest throughout
the tank:
ie.T
Jet flow regime i) ii)
Racz & Wassink 1531. Turbulent + 26.67% + 61. 74%

Hiby & Modigell 1541. -Turbulent + 21. 93% + 42.29%
,
Table 21. Accuracy of mixing time prediction by 1531 & 1541.
6.2.8 Jet momentum.
In equations, 11131 andl1141for the upward jet design and

equations 11291and 11301 for the downward jet design, it was shown
earlier in this chapter that;
T a (V.d.)-1.95 Laminar 11131

T a (V.d)-0.80 Turbulent 11141
T a (V. d) -1. 90 Laminar 11291
T a (V.d)-O.75 Turbulent 1130 1
so that from 1951 it can be proposed for:
UEward jet desisn
T a (M ) -0:975 Laminar
0
-147-
Ta ~l -0.975
o
T (s)
D = 0.573 m
-1 o
10 -2-
10
M (Kg.m.s . . )
o
Fig. 46a. Plot of mixing time against jet momentum for the
lam~nar jet regime with an upward jet design.
3
10
-0.40
T a 11
o
T (s)
-1
10 .
M (Kg.m.s. -< )
o
Fig. 46b. Plot of mixing time against jet momentum for the
turbulent jet regime with an upward jet design.
-148-
T (s)
T et M
o
d = 8 mm
D = 0.573 m
o
10 -1.
1I (Kg.m.s. )
o
Fig. 47a. Plot of mixing time against jet momentum for the
laminar jet regime with a downward jet.
3
10 -0.375
T a M
o
T (s)
d = 8 mm
D = 0.573 m
1
10
10
-1 o
10 -1.
M (Kg.m.s. )
o
turbulent jet regime with a downward jet.
-149-
T Cl (M ) -0.40 Turbulent 5
o
(Re. < lxlO )
J
Downward jet design
T Cl (M )-0.95 Laminar
o
T Cl (M )-0.375 Turbulent
o
Figs. 46 & 47 illustrate that all these relationships were found to
be valid.
6.2.9 Jet power.
For both designs plots were made of mixing time against jet
power, and attempts were made to find a power number to correlate
the data. Neither method proved to be successful.
The technique of using power per unit volume data for mixer
scale-up, as outlined in 5.2.8 was tried for both designs. As with
the results from the hemispherical base jet mixer this method was
found to be inaccurate and thus inadvisable for scale-up.
6.3 Application of mixing time correlations.
6.3.1 Determination of mixing time.
The following equations relate to axial jet mixing in a flat

base cylindrical tank. Equation 11201 is for an upward
jet design whereas 11381 applies to the downward jet design.
T = F3 yO.50 0°·975
(V.d)0.65 gO.175
yO.50 0°.90
11381
( V.d ) 0.60 0.20
g
The conditions over which 11201 & 11381 apply, and the method
of determining mixing time from them are the same as was outlined in
5.3.1. The above equations are appropriate over the following jet
Reynolds No. ranges (11201 1.00 x 10 - 1.34 x 10~ 11381 1.00 x 10 2 -
2
4
7.03 x 10). The appropriate value of mixing time factor to be
. -150-
·0.50 0.975
F T ;::: F3 y D
3 (V.d)0.65 gO.175
K D 0.310 m
• D = 0.573 m
Fig. 48. plot of mixing time factor against jet Reynolds

No. (Correlation graph illustrating three
~~ regimes of·anaxial upward jet in a flat
base cylindrical tank)
-151-
employed in the above equations should be obtained from one of the
correlation-graphs, Fig. 45 & 48. Besides the S.l. system,any
consistent convention of units may be used with these graphs and
equations.

A 95% degree of mixing can
be achieved using mixing times calculated by 1120/ & 1138/ • However,
as illustrated in section 5.3.2, these equations can be modified

to evaluate the mixing time for any degree of mixing.
The appropriate value of J must be included in 11201 & 11381

te calculate the time needed to produce the required degree of
mixing.
Upward jet design.
(V.d)0.65 gO.175
Downward jet design
0.50 D 0.90
T y / 144b l
6.4. Discussion.
All mixing conditions being the same,a shorter mixing time was
exhibited by the upward jet design, as illustrated in Table 22.
Mixing system parameters

-2
d = 1 x 10-2ffi D = 1.0 m y = loOm g = 9.81 m. s
5 2 -1 -3
Laminar jet flow regime " =
1 x 10- m .s p = 1010 kg.m
-1
V (m.s ) 0.5 1.0 1.5
Re. 500 1000 1500
J
Upward jet 11201 T(s) 3128 819 370
DowrMard iet /138/ T (s) 3667 976 449
1 x 10- 6 m2 .s -1 -3
Turbulent jet flow regime " = p = 1000 kg.m
-1
V (m.s ) 0.5 1.0 2.0
Upward jet 11201 T (s) 522 296 169
-152-
Downward jet 11381 T(s) 584 345 204
Table22. Comparison of mixing times given by upward and downward

j et designs.
The similar performance of the upward and downward jet designs

is reflected in equations 11201 & 11381, which are almost identical.
However the difference in the mixing times of the two designs can be
attributed to two possible causes. Firstly, over the range of liquid
height to tank diameter ratios tested, the downward jet design could
be more prone to poorly mixed regions than the upward jet design. This
may have been caused by the existence of a'free' liquid surface at the
top of the tank in the upward jet design, whereas it was at the 'base'
in the downward jet design, (FigH. 24 & 25) resulting in different flow
patterns. As a result of this mixing times were increased in the
downward jet design.
Secondly, it could be due to the different points at which the salt

tracer was added. For the upward jet design salt solution was added
into the top of the tank. It was physically impossible to repeat this
addition at the same position in the downward jet design without causing
disruption to the flow in the tank. Consequently the addition was
made in the line to the jet. Although an identical volume and con-
centration of tracer was used the difference in mixing times recorded
may be attributed to the effect of adding the tracer at different points.
It is noticeable that equations 11201 and 11381 are both

dependent on the jet Reynolds No. in both the laminar and turbulent
jet regimes. Figs. 45 & 48 show that this dependence is strong in the
·
1aIlll.nar .
Jet .
regl.me (T .Q Re. -1.30) b ut on 1y s 1·l.gh t l.n
. t he tur b u1 ent
.
Jet .
regl.me (T CRe l . -0.15) Jup to Re. = 100 , 000 •
J J
Fig. 48 illustrates that four mixing regimes were found to exist
for the upward jet design:
1. Re. < 100
J
2. Re. 100 - 2000
J
3. Re. 2000 - 100,000
J
4. Re. > 100,000
J
-153-
These four regimes were also present over the same ranges for the
hemispherical base jet mixer as discussed in Chapter 5. The
existence of the four regimes is explained in Table 12,(5.4). Time
did not permit a similar full range of tests to be carried out with
the downward jet design. However as Fig. 45 suggests the same
trends are present up to Re. = 70,000. Thus it is to be expected that
J
four mixing regimes will also exist for this design.
A comparison between the results of this investigation and

those of Hiby & Modigell (149) is possible as both investigations used
a conductivity technique to measure mixing times to a specified
degree of liquid homogeneity.

d=lxlO- 2m D=1.0m -2
Y = 1.0 m g = 9.81 m. s
Turbulent jet flow regime \J = 1 X 10- 6 m2 .s -1 p = 1000kg.m- 3
V (m.s -1) 1.0 2.0 3.0
Re. 10,000 20,000 30,000
J
This investigation T(s) 296 169 121
1120 I 95% mixing
Hiby & Modigell (149) T(s) 230 115 77
1541 95% mixing
Table 23. Comparison of m~xLng times g~ven by the results of this

investigation and those of Hiby & Modigell (149) for an
upward jet.
The difference in mixing times can be attributed to the fact

that mixing time was measured at a different point in the tank ~n
the two studies. Hiby & Modigell measured mixing times in the
outlet line from the tank; whereas those recorded by this investi-
gation were at the point at which mixing time was longest throughout
the tank. Therefore, it is to be expected that the times given by
this investigation are longer than those of Hiby & Modigell.
A comparison with the mixing times of Racz & Wassink (148), 1531
is of little use 'as these investigators do not state at what point
they measured mixing times, and to what degree of mixing their
resul ts relate.
Tables 20 & 21 illustrate that equations of the form of

-154-
11201 & 11381 should be used in preference to those of Hiby & Modigell
(149) and Racz & Wassink (148) as a lower data scatter results from
the use of the former equations. This can be attributed to the
inclusion of the gravitational parameter, and the recognition that
in the turbulent jet regime up to Re. = 100,000 mixing time is
J
dependent upon a Reynolds No. term.
In their analysis Hiby & Modigell (149) correlated their results

in terms of a tank Reynolds No. as it was believed that the mixing
characteristics of an axial jet mixer are dominated by the properties
of the jet, although it was recognised that the liquid behaviour
~n the bulk of the tank is important.
The assertion by Hiby & Modigell (149) that 99% mixing is

complete after 6 internal circulations, was found to be only very
approximate. Conductivity traces recorded in this investigation
indicated that between 5 to 7 internal circulations were required
to achieve this degree of homogeneity when the jet was turbulent.
These findings agree with those of Voncken (214) and Khang &
Levenspiel (116).
No problems were encountered in dealing with scale for either

design of axial jet mixer. Equation 1120/ was initially formulated
from tests on the tank D = 0.3lOm and 11381from tests on the tank
D = 0.573m. Subsequent results for 11201 D = 0.573 m and 1138/
D = 0.3lOm, confirmed the initial findings. The largest tank
D 0.573m used in the formulation of the mixing time expressions
had a maximum mixing volume of 393 litres. This was comparable
with a small scale pilot plant. Up to this size the expressions
can be used with confidence. However before they can be used
commercially, tests must be carried out to verify.that they are
applicable to industrial size equipment.
As suggested by the terms in equations /1201 & 1138/ mixing time

increases with higher liquid kinematic viscosity and liquid height
in the tank, ie.jet submergence. A higher jet velocity and a smaller
jet diameter cause the mixing time to be shorter. Mixing time was
found to be proportional to jet momentum as Figs. 46 & 47 show.
Provided the momentum produced at the jet was the same, a low velocity,
large diameter jet was found to mix just as quickly as a high speed,
small diameter jet. Unlike jet momentum no relationship could be
-155-
found between jet power and mixing time. The commonly proposed
technique for mixer scale_up of using power per unit volume data
also did not prove to be very accurate. Thus for any scale up
application the respective mixing time equations Il201 & 11381
should be used.
6.5 Effect of jet protrusion into the tank.
6.5.1 Results and analysis.
All the testing was done with the upward jet design of mixer
in the turbulent jet regime. Exactly the same technique was used
for measuring the mixing times as was used for the main investigation.
The only change made to the mixer was that the jet was moved to a
position O.Osm above the tank floor.Three sizes of jet (5 x 10-3m,
-2 -2
1.0 x 10 m, 1.5 x 10 m) were used so that the effect of raising
the jet 3.33, 5.0 & 10 jet diameters could be assessed.

-3 -2
Je t diame ter. 5.0 x 10 111, 1.0 x ·10 m,
1.5 x 10-2m
1.000 x 10- 6
2 -1
Liquid kinematic viscosity. m .s
Liquid height. O.sm
Table 24. Range of experimental variables covered ·in the

investigation of the effect of jet protrusion into
the tank.
These new times TA were compared with those measured previously
with the jet flush with the base of the tank TB' In each case the
effect of the protrusion was to increase the mixing times.
-156-
Protrusion in terms of Average ratio of

jet diameters TA/TB
3.33 2.19
5.0 2.93
10 3.02
Table 25. Effect of jet protrusion on mixing time~
6.5.2 Discussion.
These results confirm the conclusions arrived at by Hiby &

Hodigell (149) that the jet should be kept flush with the wall of
a tank. If it is not, then the liquid near the base of a tank is
not subject to the very strong mixing action of the jet. Consequently
mixing times in this region of a-tank are greatly increased. Mixing
times are also prolonged by the fact that the effective jet length
ie.that distance from the orifice to the liquid surface, is shortened
by the protrusion.
The results illustrate that the greater the relative protrusion

the longer the mixing times.
For the maximum volume of liquid to be mixed in the shortest

time the jet should not protrude into the .tank.
-157-
CHAPTER SEVEN
Jet Mixing in a Flat Base Cylindrical Tank

with an Inclined Side Entry Jet.
-158-
7.1 Introduction.
The original design proposed for liquid jet mixing by Fossett

& Prosser (7),(142) was of an inclined side entry jet in a flat
base cylindrical tank. This design is widely used today. In 1978
Coldrey (150) proposed a modified design for incli.ned side entry
jet mixing, utilising the longest possible jet length. This longer
length, it was hoped, would produce a more effective mixing action
and thus reduce mixing times.
To date, none of the mixing time expressions formulated for

inclined side entry jet mixing stipulate to what degree of mixing
they are applicable. Investigators seem agreed that mixing time is
dependent on the jet Reynolds No. in the laminar jet regime but
doubts exist if this dependence carries over into the turbulent jet
regime.
Various investigators have used a range of techniques to measure

mixing times and therefore formulate mixing time expressions. Thus
it seems sensible to quantitatively compare the two designs by testing
both in the same experimental environment to a fixed degree of
homogeneiti·
7.2.1 Introduction.
The method and presentation of the analysis given in this section

is identical to that in 5.2. Datafrom each experimental run was used
in an appropriately modified form of the program 'Tank-I' to
calculate:- jet velocity, jet Reynolds No., mixing time factor, jet
momentum and jet power. In order to vary viscosity CMC.solutions
were again used. These were assumed to have the same properties
as outlined in 5.2.1.
The design recommendations of Fossett· & Prosser (7) & (142)

and Coldrey (150) were closely followed and for all tests the jet
0
was angled at 45 to the horizontal. With this jet inclination,
liquid height was two-thirds of the tank diameter for the FOB sett
& Prosser design; whereas liquid height was equivalent to the tank
diameter in the Coldrey design.
-159-
7.2.2 Small tank testing, (Fossett & Prosser design).
A comprehensive series of tests was carried out to formulate

a mixing time expression for this design.
Tank diameter. 0.31Om

Jet diameter. 3.0 x 10- 3 - 1.0 x 10-2m
Jet velocity. 0.489 - 7.766 ~s-l
1
Kinematic viscosity of liquid. 1.000 x 10-6 - 4.023 x 10-5rr2s-
Height of liquid in tank. 0.207m
Jet Reynolds No. 279 - 2~297
Table 26. Range of-experimental variables covered by small

tank testing (Fossett & Prosser design).
Two mixing regimes were found to-exist dependent on whether

the jet was laminar or turbulent. As the liquid level in this
design should be kept constant it was impossible to find the value
experimentally.of the exponent of the variable 'y'.
a Db 1.356
T = C y \J
9 Laminar
V2.021d2.015gC
Db \J 0.181
a
T = C Y Turbulent 11461
lO
VO.852dO.837 gC
The exponents in these equations can be approximated to:-
T ya Db \J
1. 333 _Laminar 11471
a Db 0.166 Turbulent
T Y \J 11481
These equations When rearranged algebraically to include jet

Reynolds No. as a term become:
a b
T Y 0 Laminar 11491
(Re.)1.333(V.d)0.667 g c
J
-160-
T Turbulent I 1501
11491 & 1150lare the same if the Reyno1ds No. group is eliminated.
An expression summarising the 1aminar and turbulent jet regimes can
be written.
T = F a Db 115 1 1
5 Y
where
F5 = C Laminar
9 115 2 1
-"--...,--,=
Re. 1.333
J
F5 C10
---'=-''-:::-;;-;-;c
Turbulent 1153 1
0.166
Re.
J
Equation 11511 can be rewritten as:
T (V.d)0.667 gC
= 1154 1
ya Db
A trial and error technique, illustrated in 5.2.3 was used to fix

the values of a, b & c, (a = 0.50 b = 1.00 c = 0.166).
0.166
g 11551
Using this equation to process the mixing time data, a graph of

mixing time factor against jet Reyno1ds No.,Fig. 49 was plotted.
As a = 0.50 b = 1.00 and c = 0.166, 11511 becomes:
0.50 D1.00
T Y 11561
(V.d)0.667 gO.166
7.2.3 Larger tank testing,(Fossett & Prosser design).
To verify the exponents on each" of the variables in the mixing

time expression 11561 and to confirm the plot of mixing time factor
Fig. 49 a further set of mixing time tests was carried out.
-161-
Re,
J
for the Fossett & 'Prosser design using data from the
small tank testing.
-162-

-3 -2
Jet diameter. 6.0xlO - 1.2 x 10 m
-1
Jet velocity. 0.558 - 6.701 m.s
Kinematic viscosity of liquid. 1.00 x 10- 6 -
Height of liquid in tank. 0.382 m

tank testing (Fossett & Prosser design).
The effect of scale on 11561 ,was simultaneously investigated

by this testing as the larger system D = 0.573m had a volume of
102 litres, which was much greater than that of the smaller system
D = 0.310 rn, volume 18 litres.
a b 1.347
T = Cg :t D v Laminar
V2 . OO7 d2.022 gC
0.177
T = C ya b D v Turbulent
10 VO. 849 dO.839 gC
The exponents in these equations can be approximated to:
a Db 1.333
T :t v Laminar 11591
T = y
a Db- v 0.166 Turbulent 11 601
These equations are identical to those formulated from the small

tank tests 11471 & 11481. A plot of mixing time factor 11551 against
jet Reynolds No. was made using data from the larger tank testing.,
This served to confirm the smaller tank graph Fig. 49.It also verified
the exponents on each of the variables in 11551 and illustrated'that
scale effects do not influence the mixing time correlation.
Data from both tanks D = 0.31 m & D = 0.573 m was subsequently

used to plot the correlation graph, Fig. 50 .
•
-163-
104r-----------------------------------------------------~
0.50 Dl.OO
T = Y
)( D 0.31 m
D=0.573m
•
.. •
Fig. 50. Graph of mixing time.factor against jet Reynolds No.

cylindrical tank, Fossett & Prosser design) .
-164-
For this design of liquid jet mixer working under known conditions,
mixing time can be predicted using Fig. 50 and:
0.50 D1.00
Y / 1561
(V.d)0.667 gO.166
•
7.2.4 Small tank testing,(Coldrey design).
The same test procedure was carried out for this design as
for the Fossett & Prosser design:

Jet diameter. 3.0 x 10- 3 - 1.0 x 10-2m
-1
Kinematic viscosity of liquid. 1.00 x 10- 6 - 4.023 x 10-5m~s-1
Height of liquid in tank. 0.310 m
Table 28. Range of experimental variables covered by smaller

tank testing (Coldrey design).
Once again similar to the other jet mixer designs studied, two
mixing regimes were found to exist - laminar or turbulent. It was
not possible to vary the liquid level as a fixed liquid level is
implicit in the design. Thus the exponent on the variable 'y'
could not be found experimentally.
a Db 1.351
T = Cll Y. \J Laminar /1611
V2 • 032 i·006gC
a 0.176
T = C12 y Db \J Turbulent /1621
VO.840dO.841 gC
The exponents in these equa tions may be approximated to:-
a Db 1.333
T Cll y. \J Laminar 11631
V2.000d2.000 gC
-165-
a b 0.166
y D \! Turbulent
Algebraically rearranging 11631 & I 1641, allows a jet Reynolds

No. term to be included in these equations:-
a b
T = y D Turbulent
CRe.)0.166 CV • d )0.667 g c
J
Extracting the Reynolds No. group from 11651 andl 1661 the equations
become equivalent. Therefore an expression for the laminar and
turbulent jet regimes can be written:
11671
where:
Laminar
Re. 1. 333
J
=
Turbulent
Re. O • 166
J
Equation 11671 can be rewritten as:
T CV.d)0.667 gC
= 1170 1
ya Db
The values of a, b & c were found by a trial and error method

illustrated in 5.2.3 Ca = 0.50, b = 1.00, c = 0.166).
0.166
g 1 1711
-166-
F
6
lOl~--~--~~~~~----~~~~~~u-____~~~~~~
2
10
Fig. 51. Plot of mixing time factor against jet Reynolds No ..

for the Coldrey design, using data from the small
tank testing.
-167-
This equation was used to process the mixing time results and a
graph of mixing time factor against jet Reynolds No., Fig. 51, was
drawn. As the values of a, ·b & c are known 11671 becomes:
0.50 Dl.OO
Y
(V.d)0.667 gO.166
7.2.5 Larger tank testing,(Coldrey design).
A second·set of tests was carried out to verify the exponents

on each of the variables in the mixing time expression 11721 and
to confirm Fig. 51.

Jet diameter. 6. ° x 10
-3 - 1.2 x 1O-2
-1
m
Kinematic viscosity of liquid. 1.000 x 10- 6 - 6.004 x 10-5m~s-1
Height of liquid in tank. 0.573m

tank testing (Coldrey design).
Using a much larger mixing system (D ~ 0.573m,volume ~ 152

litres) in comparison to the previous system (D ~ 0.310 m,volume =
26 litres) allowed a check to be made as to whether 11721was affected
by scale.
, a Db 1.340
T ~
C Y \I Laminar
ll
V2.Ol5 d2.020 gC
a Db 0.171
T ~
C y \I Turbulent
12
VO.844 dO.836 gC
The exponents in these equations can be approximated to:

-168-
0.50 1.00
T = y D
"D 0.310 m
• D = 0.573 m
•
•
. .
Re.
J
Fig. 52. Graph of mixing time factor against jet Reynolds Ho.
cylindrical tank, Coldrey design).
-169-
a b 1.333
T = C y D v Laminar 11751
ll
y2.000 d2.000 gC
0.166
T e12 ya Db v Turbulent 11761
yO.833 dO.833 gC
As these equations are the same as 11631 & 11641 ) a plot of mixing
time factor 11711 against jet Reynolds No. was drawn using data
from the larger tank testing. This confirmed the smaller tank
graph, Fig. 51 which verifies the exponents on each of the variables
in 11721 and shows that scale effects do not modify the mixing
time correlation.
Data from both tanks tested was used to plot the correlation
graph, Fig. 52. For this design of liquid jet mixer working .under
known conditions mixing time can be predicted using Fig. 52 and:
T = F
6
7.2.6 Accuracy of the mi"ing time correlations.
It may be noticed that although the mixing time expressions

1156/ & /1721 are different, (in that, at a constant value of jet
Reynolds No, the value of the mixing time factor is not the same in
both equations), they do have a similar form.
For each series of experimental tests the prediction accuracy

of equations 11561 & 11721 was assessed using a modified form of the
program 'ASMG -1', (Appendix 2) to calculate:
i) Average absolute error 192 I

ii) Maximum error 193 I
The results were:-
Section Testing Jet flow regime i) ii)

7.2.2 Small tank tests Laminar + 5.651 + 9.763
(Fossett & Prosser Turbulent + 2.533 + 6.922
design)
7.2.3 Larger tank tests Laminar + 5.978 + 12.494
(Fossett & Prosser Turbulent + 2.603 + 7.177
design)
-170-
7.2.4 Small tank tests Laminar + 5.940 - 10.314

(Coldrey design) Turbulent + 3.112 + 16.431
7.2.5 Larger tank tests Laminar + 6.529 + 24.951
(Coldrey design) Turbulent + 3.404 - 8.804
Table 30. Accuracy of mixing time prediction by 11561 &11721.
An identical technique was used to assess the mixing time pred~tion
accuracy of Fossett & Prosser's 1411 and Coldrey's 1611 equations

on the results from their respective mixer designs. Fossett &
Prosser's equa·tion 1411 was chosen as representative of the published
mixing time equations for their design; as the equations by Van de Vusse
(145), and Okita & Oyama (146) are basically the same.
A correction factor L of magnitude) (L 1411 = 1.23, L 1611
= 1.78)was included in the mixing time equations.
It was thus fair to assume .that:-
a) They referred to 95% mixing.

b) The mixing times given by the two equations were for the
longest time in a tank. (see also 6.2.7).
Je t flow regime i) ii)
Fossett & Prosser 1411 Turbulent + 18.32% - 35.67%

Coldrey 1611 Turbulent + 16.62% - 35.80%
Table 31. Accuracy of mixing time prediction by 1411 & 1611.
7.2.7 Variation of liquid level.
Both designs of inclined side entry jet mixer are intended

for constant liquid height operation. However in some circumstances
operation may be necessary outside the recommended design conditions.
A series of tests was carried out for both designs over a range
+ 25% of the recommended design height to check the applicability
of the respective mixing time equations 11561 &11721.
-171-
Heights tested, -25% -20% -15% -10%

(% of recommended uesign + 10% + 15% + 20% + 25%
heights).
Fossett & Prosser design
Tank diameter 0.573 m

Recommended liquid height 0.382 m
Range of heights tested 0.286 - 0.478 m
Ratio of liquid height 0.5:1 - 0.835:1
: tank diameter
Coldrey design
Tank diameter 0.573 m

Recommended liquid height 0.573 m
Range of heights tested 0.430 - 0.716 m
Ratio of liquid height 0.75:1 - 1.25:1
: tank diameter
Table 32. Range of liquid levels studied to establish the

range of applicability of 11561and11721.
The prediction accuracy of equations 11561 and 11721 for each of

the liquid levels tested was assessed in the same way as in the
last section, and again accuracy was calculated in terms of .
i) Average absolute error 1921

ii) Maximum error 1931
The results were:-

-172-
Fossett & Prosser Co1drey design

design 11561 11721
Laminar jet regime. D 0.573 m D 0.573 m
% of recommended design y i) ii) y i) ii)
height.
- 25% 0.287m +13.199 -18.334 0.43Om!14.676 -19.714
- 20% O. 306m ~1O.144 -13.334 0.458m~12.431 -'18.857
- 15% O. 325m ~ 6.797 -10.280 0.487m±12.387 -17.896
- 10% O. 344m ~ 6.125 - 7.940 0.516m t7.272 -13.459
+ 10% 0.42Om~ 5.882 + 12.424 0.630m~6.066 -12.110
+ 15% 0.439m~ 5.798 ~ 10.746 0.659m~9.301 -13.077
+ 20% 0.458m~ 6.444 ~ 11.759 0.688m!11.467 -15.142
+ 25% 0.478m~ 8.235 ~ 12.818 0.716m!13.79 -23.604
Turbulent jet regime.
- 25% 0.287m + 8.905 -9.436 0.43Om ~7 .118 - 9.978

- 20% O. 306m ~ 7.451 -8.530 0.458m ~6.300 - 9.113
- 15% 0.325m ~ 5.157 -6.094 0.487m ~4.479 + 5.771
- 10% O. 344m ~ 3.744 -4.067 0.516m :!:2.487 - 3.034
+ 10% 0.42Om ~ 2.157 -3.116 0.63Om :!:2.984 - 3.855
+ 15% 0.439m ~ 3.146 ~ 3.408 O.659m !5.664 - 8.843
+ 20% 0.458m ~ 4.550 ~ 6.055 0.688m :!:6.251 - 9.811
+ 25% 0.478m ~ 5.875 ~ 7.177 0.716m !:9.354 -13.627
Table 33. Accuracy of mixing time prediction by 11561 & 117210ver a

range of liquid levels.
These results show that equations 11561 &11721 can be used

accurately over the range ~ 10% of the recommended liquid level
for the respective designs.
7.2.8 Jet momentum.
In equations 11471 & 11481 for the Fossett & Prosser design
and 11631 & 11641 for the Co1drey design, it was shown that:
(V.d)-2.00 Laminar 11471 & 11631

T "
-0.833
T " <V.d) Turbulent 11481 & 11641
-173-
4
10
-1.00
T Cl M
0
T (s)
d 10 mm
D 0.573 m
3
10
o
10 -2-
M (Kg.m.s )
o
Fig. 53 a. Plot of mixing time against jet momentun for the laminar
jet regime Fossett & Prosser design.
3
10
M -0.417
T Cl
0
T (s)
d 10 mm
D = 0.573 m
2
10
10
-1-
M (Kg.m.s. )
o
Fig. 53b. Plot of mixing time against jet momentum for the turbulent
jet regime Fossett & Prosser design.
-174-
Ta~: -1.00
T (s)
o
d = 10 mm
D=0.573m
-1
10 100
-1.
11 (Kg.m.so .)
o
Fig. 54a.. plot of mlxlng time against jet momentum for the
laminar jet regime. Coldrey design.
3
10
~
• a M -0.417
o
T (s)
d 10 mm
D = 0.573 m
-1
10 100 101
-l.
M (Kg.m.s. )
o
turbulent jet regime. Coldrey design.
-175-
Thus from 1951 it can be proposed that for both designs of inclined
side entry jet mixer
T a (M )-1.00 Laminar
o
T a (M )0.417 Turbulent
o
These equations were found to be correct as Figs. 53 & 54 show.
7.2.9 Jet power.
Analysis of the power data in order:-
i) to relate mixing time to jet power.

ii) to develop a suitable power number
iii) to use the power per unit volume concept for mixer scale-up
proved unsuccessful for both designs.
7.3 Application of mixing time correlations.
7.3.1. Determination of mixing time.
The equation below is applicable to both the Fossett & Prosser

and Coldrey designs of inclined side entry jet mixing in a flat
base cylindrical tank:
T =F yO.50 Dl . OO 11561 & 11721

(V.d)0.667 g0.166
F = F5 for 1156bFosse~t & Prosser design. F = F6 for 11721,Coldrey design.

11561 & 11721can be applied to determine mixing times using the method
outlined in 5.3.1. The equations notated above relate to the. following
2 2
range of jet Reynolds Nos. (11561 2 x 10 - 4.02 x 10 4 11721 2 x 10
4
- 6.03 x 10 ). Correlation graphs Figs. 50 & 52 should be examined
and utilised in order to obtain the correct value of mixing time
factor for use in calculating equations 11561 & 11721. These graphs
and equations are relevant not only for the S.l. system but any
consistent system of units.
-176-
The mixing times calculated by 11561' & 11721 are for a 95%
degree of mixing; however as illustrated in section 5.3.2 these
equations can be modified to determine the time for any degree of
mixing.
F = F5 for 11561, F = F6 for 11721·
7.4 Discussion.
Any attempt to compare the mixing times for the two designs
by using formulae from any of the published investigations can lead
to widespread discrepancies ~n the results obtained. Investigators
have tended to use a number of different experimental techniques
to determine mixing times to unspecified degrees of homogeneity.
This investigation has tried to avoid this approach and tested
both designs in the same experimental environment to an identical
degree of homogeneity. Thus a valid quantitative comparison can
be made more readily.
The mixing time equations developed for the Fossett & Prosser
design 11561 and the Coldrey design 11721 have the same form
although the mixing time factor does not have the same value in
both equations. All mixing conditions being the same a shorter
mixing time is given by the Coldrey design.
This is illustrated by a comparison of mixing time factors:
LAMINAR TURBULENT
Re. 500 1000 2000 5000 10,000, 20,000
J
Fossett &
Prosser F , 236 92.6 36.4 30.4 26.9 23.8
5
Coldrey F6 · 181 71.3 28.1 23.6 21.0 18.6
% decrease in mixing time factor and therefore mixing time (all

other conditions being the same), shown by the Coldrey design.
23.31 23.00 22.80 22.37 21.93 21.85

Table 34. Comparison of mixing time factors given by Figs. 50 & 52.
-177-
The superior performance of the Coldrey design can be attributed

to the fact that the maximum effective jet length is utilised as
the jet acts over the longest tank dimension. This cannot be said
of Fossett & Prosser's design where the jet acts over a relatively
0
much shorter distance. With the jet inclined at 45 to the
horizontal the effective jet length in the Fossett & Prosser design
is only two-thirds that of the Coldrey design. See Figs. 1,13,26&27.
The longer jet length in the Coldrey design allows the jet to have
a much larger entrainment capacity and hence a much greater mixing
ability. As Revill (4) states, if a jet is directed above or below
the path of the longest tank dimension, then its mixing effect
will be reduced.
This analysis of the performance of the two designs and the

results of this investigation, contradict the suggestions made by
Okita & Oyarna (146) that the angle of the jet (relative to the base
of the tank) does not affect the mixing time. Were this suggestion
correct, then the mixing times given by the two designs would have
been identical. For a fixed height of liquid in a tank, ·varying
the angle of the jet will affect the effective mixing length of
the jet and. thus its performance. Although equations 11561 and /1721
are identical, for a set height of liquid the: different jet .inclinations
and thus effective jet lengths in the two designs are accounted for
in the mixing time factor term.
Figures 50 & 52 illustrate that two mixing regimes are to be

expected. This is further confirmed by the change from laminar
to turbulent behaviour occurring at a jet Reynolds Number of 2000. The
slope of the lines on these graphs indicate that mixing time is
strongly dependent on jet Reynolds No. in the laminar regime
l 333
(T a Re.- • ) and only slightly dependent in the turbulent jet
•
reg1me J( T a Re. -0.166) • Th'1S con1rms
f' t h at ( at 1east up to an
J
Re. of 6.00 x 10 4 ), a term for jet Reynolds No. should be included
J
1n an expression to predict mixing time.
The form of the mixing time expressions 11561 &11721 arrived

at by this investigation are the same as those developed by Fox &
Gex (80). In their paper Fox & Gex do not state which design of
jet mixer they employed. The magnitude.of the mixing time factors
produced by this investigation suggests that they must have been working
-178-
with an inclined side entry mixer of the Fossett & Prosser design.
Tables 30 & 31 illustrate that equations of the form of 11561

& 11721 should be used in preference to those of Fossett & Prosser
(7), Van de Vusse (145), Okita & Oyama (146) and Coldrey (150).
A lower data scatter results from the USe of 11561· & 11721.
These equations contain all the correct controlling variables and
inherent in them is a recognition that in the turbulent jet regime
( a t 1 eas t up t 0 Re. = 6 • 00 x 104) ffilx1ng
.. .
t1me . dependent upon a
1S
J
jet Reynolds No. term.
In comparison to the data scatter of Fox & Gex's results

(80) (average absolute error + 24% in the turbulent jet regime)
that exhibited by this analysis is much reduced. This may be
attributed to the choice of a better technique to measure mixing
times. In this investigation mixing times were accurately measured
to a 95% degree of liquid homogeneity. Fox & Gex did not follow this
procedure. In their testing, mixing time was not measured to a fixed
degree of !;omogenei ty, as the techniques they employed only specified
mixing had been achieved within a range of homogeneity. Their method
of testing homogeneity was also discontinuous. Thus their techniques
induced error in measuring mixing time and increased the magnitude of
data scatter.
Calculation of mixing time by the use of a jet Reynolds No. is

the key to the accuracy of this investigation's correlations.
Inclusion of a jet Reynolds No. group in equations 11561 & 11721 helps
in the selection of the appropriate mixing regime and thus aids the
equations in dealing with scale-up. Equations 11561 & 11721 were
originally developed from the results on the smaller size tank D =
0.31Om. The exponents of the parameters D, g, & Y in the equations
were evaluated by dimensional analysis. Subsequent tests on the
larger tank D = 0.573m did not reveal any scale effects for either
design and confirmed the exponents on D, y, & g. Equally important
in dealing with scale-up, kinematic and geometric similarity were
maintained when the larger tank testing was done.
Although both designs are meant to be used at a constant

liquid height, in industrial applications some variation in liquid
height around the recommended design height may be required. Thus
in the investigation of both designs, the liquid height was varied
over the range ~ 25% of the recommended design level.
-179-
It was found that these equations applied over the range

+ 10% of the recommended height. Outside this range, data scatter
becomes much larger. However, over the range + 10,"of the design
height the equations function equally well as for the actual
design height, allowing some variation in liquid level to be
accounted for.
As suggested by the terms in equations 11561 & 11721mixing

time increases with higher liquid kinematic viscosity and liquid
height in the tank, i.e. jet submergence. A higher jet velocity
and a smaller jet diameter cause the mixing time to be shorter.
Mixing time was found to be proportional to jet momentum as Figs.
53 & 54 show. Provided the momentum produced at the jet was the
same, a low velocity, large diameter jet was found to mix as quickly
as a high speed, small diameter jet. Unlike jet momentum, no
relationship could be found between jet power and mixing time.
The commonly proposed technique for mixer scale-up of using power
per unit volume data also did not prove to be very accurate. Thus
for any scale-up application the respective mixing time equations
11561 & 11721 should be used.
,",
-180-
CHAPTER EIGHT
A Flow Characterisation Study of Liquid Jet Mixers.

-181-
8.1 Introduction.
Two. types of flow describe the character of liquid issuing

from a submerged liquid jet:-
1) Laminar
2) Turbulent
Which of these regimes exists depends on the value of the Reynolds

No. parameter of the flow. These definitions give an indication
of the physical process occurring in a jet mixer. However the
fundamental processes of jet mixing cannot be fully understood
unless a practical picture of these mixing processes can be related
to a theoretical description.
A comprehensive range of literature has been published on

liquid into liquid jets in open systems, but in contrast to this
very little exists about submerged bounded jets in closed systems.
One of the main recommendations made by Pearce (21) was that further
study was required on this subject.
Consequently a more detailed study was made of the liquid flow

behaviour in the three main designs of jet mixer. A photographic
investigation was carried out to look at both .the liquid flow
patterns within a mixer and to study the jet's characteristics
such as:- the transition from laminer to turbulent flow, the turbulent
jet cone angle and the laminar length of a jet. Combined with this
work a Laser-Doppler study was carried out to investigate liquid
velocities within the tank. It was hoped to build up a qualitative
picture of the jet and mixer behaviour which could be used to explain
the mixing time results of the various designs.
8.2 Photographic investigation.
8.2.1 Experimental apparatus.
All the testing was carried out in 0.3lm diameter glass tanks,
over a range of liquid height to tank diameter ratios (0.667:1 -
1.500:1). Three designs of mixer were photographed:-
i) An axial upward jet in a hemispherical base cylindrical tank.

ii) An axial upward jet in a flat base cylindrical tank.
iii) An inclined side entry jet in a flat base cylindrical tank.
-182-
The arrangement of the experimental apparatus was as shown

in Fig. 21. This was exactly the same as the set up for the
quantitative testing. The peristaltic pump previously used for
sampling was employed in this case to help prime the recirculation
line to the centrifugal pump. The jet was a :thi~k_r~unded-'- " ,
,
.'.
GC!geJ orifice,at the end of a long length of straight tubing. The
tubing was 2S.4mm.bore and the range of jets used was 7-lSmm.diameter.
Great care was taken positioning the mixing tanks. This was
to ensure the tanks were truly level so that the mixing patterns
observed were not distorted by the tanks being tilted at ,an angle.
Care was also taken to ensure that each orifice was in the exact
centre of the jet head.
8.2.2 Flow follower.
To follow the flow patterns a dye injection technique was

chosen. The dye used was methyl blue,whieh had a purpl.e./blue colour, in
solution. This particular dye was chosen because:-
1) It was dense enough in colour that once diluted it had a

sufficient ,colour intensity to clearly illustrate the liquid
behaviour.
2) It could be easily dissolved into the liquid in the tank.
Thus it ,had a similar density to the process liquid and
was not subject to any buoyancy effects.
3) It was readily available.
8.2.3 Process liquids.
For each design of mixer it was necessary to cover both the

turbulent and the laminar mixing regimes. As a result, water and
-S 2 -1
extremely weak CMC.solutions (ie.max.v = 1.S21 x 10 m.s ) were
used as the process liquids. As noted previously these cellulose
solutions were approximately Newtonian in behaviour, see 4.3.2.
8.2.4 Lighting.
The technique of a dark colour dye acting as a flow follower

required R, light coloured screen' to be'placed behind the tank to give
-183-
sufficient contrast on the film. White cardboard was used for this
purpose. It was considered sufficient to light the apparatus with
two 500 H. photoflood lights. For each tank and filming view, these
lights were repositioned to give maximum light intensity. Each time
the lights were put in a new position, before any runs were
recorded, dye was injected into the tank to check there were no
reflections affecting the picture.
8.2.5 Photography technique.
Before any photographic runs were carried out, the jet was
allowed to run for 20 mins. to allow conditions in the tank to
become steady.
Injection of the tracer was made 0.2m upstream from the jet.
The tracer was a solution of 25 ppm.of the methyl violet dye in
the appropriate process liquid. It was found that density and
viscosity differences between the tracer and the process liquids
were negligible. 4cm.3 of dye was injected for each run. The injection
was made with a syringe in a steady fashion to give the jetted
.liquid a uniform intensity of tracer.
A cine photography method was used to follow the pr·ogress of

the tracer. To give maximum contrast for clear measurements from
the films, aperture settings of(f' 1.9 - f' 16.0) were used for a
range of film speeds,12 - 64 frames/sec. Kodak 7276 Plus-X 16mm.
cine film was used in a Bolex H16RX camera.
Side and plan view pictures were taken of each tank,Fig.55.

Side views were easy to take provided a sufficiently large white
screen was used to 'back' a tank. To take the plan view pictures,
a mirror was positioned directly above a tank. The mirror was
0
inclined at 45 to the horizontal axis, as shown in Fig. 55. A tripod
extension allowed the camera lens to look horizontally into the
mirror, which permitted viewing of the whole of the plan view of the
vessel. A white cardboard screen was placed underneath a tank and
the tank illuminated by the two lights shining upwards at the tank
across the screen.
Optical distortion due to the air/glass/process liquid interface

was negligible. Once a full roll of film had been completed the
film was developed before any further work was done.
-184-
1'.1
....._ _ _ C2
\
\ I
.-- spl
\
\
\
, I
I
I
~ \ • Cl
SP2 \ I
\ I
\
\ I
\ I
\ I
P3 \
\ I
\ , I SP4
SCl SC2
DIl
1.75 m
KEY
Cl Camera position for side view

C2 Camera position for plan view
SP1,SP2 Spotlights for side view
SP3,sp4 Spotlights for plan view
SCl Screen for side view
SC2 Screen for plan view
Ml Mirror
DIl Dye injection point
Fig" 55. Position and direction of equipment for photography.

-185-
The purpose of this was to check the quality of the runs recorded,
so allowing a repeat of a poor run to be done before another set of
tests was started. \~hen filming a long time span mixing run, a
time lapse" technique was used. This was to avoid wasting film and
to condense the highlights of a run, making viewing of the run much
easier and ensuring that the whole of the run was covered.
Filming was started just before the first dye arrived 1n the
tank. After each run, the mixing system was completely drained of
dyed liquid. Subsequently the system was flushed three times with
clean water before being refilled with fresh process liquid.
8.2.6 Axial upward jet in a hemispherical base cylindrical tank.
Few problems were encountered in filming this tank. Even

though the base of the tank had a totally curved surface no
distortion effects were seen on the picture. Care was taken that
any reflections on the glass surface were minimised.
8.2.7 Axial upward jet in a flat base cylindrical tank.
Exactly the same technique was used for the side view filming
for this tank as was used for the hemispherical base tank". However
a comple tely ne" lighting technique had to be developed for the plan view
work. Two layers of translucent paper were put in the base of the
tank and the two lamps were placed directly underneath the vessel.
These were placed at such a distance as to eliminate any hot-spots
and to prevent any shadows occurring.
After completing all the variations of side and plan view

filming, a set of side view runS was taken with the jet raised above
the floor of the tank. Three different heights were filmed: 3.333,
5.0 and 10.0 jet diameters above the floor. As a result of raising
the jet, dead zones 1n the base of the tank were accentuated. To
encompass the whole of the runs, time lapse photography became very
important.
8.2.8 Inclined side entry jet flat base cylindrical tank.
Once aga1n no problems were encountered with the side view

pictures. For the plan view investigation, the method detailed in
the last section was again used. There was only one slight change in
-'186-
for cine filming.

-187-
that the lights under the tank were angled differently. The purpose
of this was to get sufficient illumination around the jet.
Besides the standard set of runs filmed an alternative set of

side views was taken. This was to look at the liquid flow behaviour,
head on to the jet. Both the Fossett & Prosser (7) and Coldrey (150)
designs were filmed.
8.3.1 Introduction.
The jet Reynolds No. range covered was 80 - 20,000 see Appendix
3. A Spec to, Mark 3 motion analysis projector was used for studying
the films. This was used for analysing the films both qualitatively
and quantitatively.
Where appropriate, frames from a run were enlarged onto a

squared paper screen and measurements made of:-
1. Length of non-turbulent zone

(Laminar length). •
(1)
2. Turbulent COne angle. (Cl )
o
also the position of the tracer 'front' on successive frames was

measured so that data was obtained of:-
3. The axial centreline velocity of the jet. (V )

x
4. Liquid recirculation velocity near the walls of
the tank.
The "results are given in full by Tables 46 - 49, and are

plotted in Figs. 56 - 59.
8.3.2 Laminar length.
It is apparent from Fig 56a that the jet became fully turbulent
when Re. = 2000. If the results from Fig. 56 a) are replotted on
J
a log-log basis, Fig. 56 b) indicates that
l'/d Cl" Re. -1.86
J
-188-
40
36
0
32
20
l'
24
d
KEY
20
• Axial upward
16 jet, hemisph-
erical base
12 cylindrical
tank.
8
+ + Axial upward
4 jet,flat base
A cylindrical
0 tank.
0 1000 2000 3000 4000- Inclined side
Re. eritry jet,
) flat base
cylindrical
Fig. 56 a. Plot of laminar length against jet tank.
Reynolds No. (Linear plot). o Pearce (21).
102r-------------~----------------~, 4 Un gate et. al.
( 42).
l'
d
10°L------------L------------~-Z~------~
1 2
10- 10 10 3 104
Re.
)
Fig. 56b. plot of laminar length against jet Reynolds

110. (Log - Log plot).
-189-
Below Re. = 100 it was not possible to measure the length of the non-
J
turbulent zone as the jet was completely laminar. Over the range
Re.=lOO - 2000, as the jet Reynolds No. increases, the laminar
J
length decreases.
8.3.3 Turbulent cone angle.
Fig. 57 illustrates that when the jet is fully turbulent

(Re. > 2000) the turbulent cone angle of the jet is virtually constant
J 0
at 22.25 • For Re. > 2000 the slope of the line is very small, indeed
J
it can be considered negligible. However when the jet is semi-
turbulent the cone angle increases with a decreasing value of jet
Reynolds No.
Re .=100 - 2000
J
(1.975 x 10- 3 • Re.)P

0
« = 26.20 -
o J
Re. > 2000

J
~
o
=
8.3.4 Axial centreline jet velocity.
The plot of axial velocity along the jet axis, Fig. 58,
indicates a clear relationship.
V X
= 0.163 1179al
V
X
d
=> V d
x = 6.13 •
X
Re. > 2000 1179b I
V J
This equation agrees with the general form of equation reported by

Revill (4).
8.3.5 Liquid re circulation velocity.
No equation has ever been formulated for the liquid recirculation

velocity near the walls of a jet mixer.
To correlate the measured recirculation velocities, an equation

-190-
30
28
"
0 ~
26
."
24 r .1
.-
D
+
D
• ,...
+ ,
. +
D
22
•
t- o a
"
"
+
.
• T
~
+ • • D
•
20 -
18 ~
16 I I I I I
o 2000. 4000 6000 8000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000
Re,
J
KEY
Axial upward jet, hemispherical base cyl{ndrical tank.

+ Axial upward jet, flat base cylindrical tank.
• Inclined side entry jet, flat base cylindrical tank.
o Pearce (21),
.... Ungate et. al. (42),
Fig. 57. Plot of turbulent cone angle against jet Reynolds No.
-191-
14
12
10 ••
v
+
Vx 8
o
o 10 20 30 40 so 60
x
d
KEY
• Axial upward jet, hemispherical base cylindrical tank.

+ Axial upward jet, flat base cylindrical tank.
o Roseler & Bankoff (58).
Fig. 58. Plot of axial jet velocity along the

jet axis.
-192-
50r---------------------------------------~
KEY
40
: • Axial
upward
hemis-
pherical
base
30 cylin-
v
V
drical
re tank.
+ Axial
20 upward
jet,
flat
base
cylind-
10 rical
+
• tank .
o
40 50 60 70 80 90 loo 110 120 130 140
X
r
d
Fig. 59a. Plot of recirculation velocity against distance along the
liquid flowpath from the jet orifice
C B B C
X (A B)
r
+ (B - C)
+ (C - D)
Fig. 59b. Illustration of the oarameter X (Distance along the liquid

- r
flowpath from the jet orifice).
-193-
of the form of \179 alwas used. However 1n order to USe this equation
a new variable X was introduced. This variable is similar to one
r
suggested by McManemy (214) for his work on impeller mixing. X is
r
defined as the distance the liquid has travelled from the jet along
the jet axis, liquid surface and vessel walls (see Fig. 59a).
Equation 1180\ developed from Fig. 59b, allows the recirculation
velocity to be related to the jet velocity.
1\
(
\.~ =
0.285. Xr '__ ..
-d _0
1:~l(Re.J
I
> 2000) 1180 1
. J
Ire
8.3.6 Tank Reynolds Number.
The normal definition of the Reynolds No., at the jet is!
Re. = VA 1701
JV-
but a Reynolds No. characterising the jet flow in the tank can be
written as:
= V.r
x
v
These parameters can be related to those at the jet by:
= Ku· _.
d V
1 182 1
x
From 1179bl, K
u
= 6.13
r = K x
r
=>
For Re. > 2000, oc = from

J o
2
so that K = 0.197.
r
By rearrangement of equations 1701 , 11811 , 11821 and11831,
= > Re
T
= 1.208 Re .
J
(Re. > 2000)
J
Equation 1186\ allows the flow characteristics of the liquid at the

-194-
jet to be related to that of the liquid moving within the jet COne
in the bulk of the tank.
8.3.7 Entrainment capability of the jet.
If it is assumed that the turbulent cone angle of a jet is

constant (Re. > 2000), then an equation can be written to quantify"
J
the increase in mass flux and therefore the entrainment capability
of the jet. Donald & Singer (44) showed that:
= (2 x tan '"o ) Id
2
o
This investigation has found that '" o = 11.125 so that equation
1187 I can be wri t ten as: "2
x Re. > 2000

0.393 J
d
8.4 Discussion.
Observations of the jet and the results shown in Fig. 56 indicate

agreement with the sUlllIllaries of Ungate et al. (42) & McNaughton &
Sinclair" (28) concerning the characteristics of a submerged jet.

Where the conclusions of these studies differ from this inves tigation
is in the jet Reynolds No. range over which the various characteri-
stics exist. A spasmodic jet breakdown and thus the existence of
turbulence was noted down to Re. = 100. At this value of jet
J
Reynolds No. inertia forces were just overcoming the viscous
forces as the turbulence was extremely weak. Below Re. = 100 the
J
jet did not break down. Thus the various characteristics of the jet
can be briefly summarised as:-
Re. < 100

J
Jet is laminar. Any instabilities are dampened.
Re. 100 - 2000

J
At some distance from the orifice the jet becomes unstable and
breaks down into turbulent eddies. As the jet Reynolds No, increases
the laminar length decreases, as does the turbulent Cone angle.
-195-
Re. > 2000
J
The laminar length is zero and the jet has a fully turbulent
0
structure. The cone angle is constant at 22.25 0
This brief summary of jet characteristics helps to explain

the findings of this investigation's mixing time studies and that of
Lane & Rice (213) who reported that an axial upward jet in a
hemispherical base cylindrical tank gave 'reasonable' mixing times
down to Re. = 100. Below Re. = 100 mixing times became very long
J J
since the jet was fully 1aminar.
The progressive still pictures, (plates 5-30) describe visually

what Bush (60) stated in words, that the mixing process can be
considered on three 1eve1s:-
1) The bulk transport of fresh liquid from the inlet to other

parts of a vessel. (This is shown by the jet of liquid emitted
from the jet orifice in a cone shape, carrying dyed liquid
into the bulk of ·the tank).
2) The first stage of dispersal of this material into its

immediate surroundings accomplished by turbulent dispersion.
(Dyed liquid is dispersed throughout the tank).
3) The final mixing on the molecular scale accomplished by

molecular dispersion. (Dye is seen to be distributed
uniformly throughout a tank).
In brief the side view pictures show:-
10 The initial jet core.

2. The cone of jetted liquid decreasing in velocity but spreading
out the nearer it approaches the surface of the liquid.
30 A roll over of the jetted liquid at the surface.
4. Liquid recirculating back into the lower parts of the tank.
5. Turbulent eddies at the outer edges of the turbulent jet
cone.
6. Entrainment of re circulating liquid back into the jet.
7. Repetition of stages 1-7.
-196-
------------
pictures taken after: 1
Plates 5-B.Axial upward jet in a

hemispherical base cylindrical;L' JI
tank, side view, Run 11. .
-197-
Pictures taken after: 2.5 (s), 6 "Cs),

10 (s), 20 (s).
plates 9-l2.Axial upward jet in a

hemispherical base cylindrical
tank, . plan view, Run 17.
(Mixing conditions the same as
L-""_. _ _ _~~~==.!..!_-'---_ _ _ _ _ _ _ .~
-198-
-
1
!'
I.
:.+
I, .
"
I
I,
I
"
_____ .L ___ _
Pictures taJ,en after: 1 (5), -,'6: 5-Ts);--l

16.5 (5), 36 (5), '
, I
Plates 13-16, Axial upward jet in a flat
base cylindrical tank, side,
view, Run 26.
-199-
24 (s) ,
Pictures.taken after: ,6.5 (s), , ,
40 (s).
Plates l7-l9.Axial upward jet in a flat base.

'L1'_ cylindrical tan!:, . side view,
Run 53. 1
(Jet protruding 3.333d above the ,I
floor. ) 'I
, I
-200-
Pictures taken after: 92 (s),. 197 (s), . ,I
370 .;s;: ;' :1

-201-
[
r_e_s_t_a~k_e_n_,a_f_t_e_r_:_ _3_ (s), ,13 (s), .' _ 1
-:-__- __P_-i_-ctu__
2l(s)_'l2.·~~!'_~
'Plates 23-26,-Inclined side. entry jet in- a:"f.,-'l

flat base cylindrical tank, -- - >I,T
Coldrey desig~, side v:iew,:' ";.;' I
Run 57.
-202-
pictures taken after: 5 (s), 18 (s);

32 05 (§),!.0_ _-1
Plates 27-30.Inclined side entry jet incta

flat base cylindrical tank,
Coldrey design, plan view, .
Run 750 (!~ixing conditions the
-203-
Plan V1ew pictures of the mixing process clarify this explanation,
as they illustrate mixing in the horizontal plane. A noticeable
pattern in the pic,tnres is:-
1. An initial jet core.

2. Roll over of the jetted liquid at the ·surface.
3. Dye distributed throughout most of the tank, but patches of
clear liquid still remaining.
4. A uniform distribution of dye throughout the tank, once
turbulent eddies and entrainment have managed to spread the
dye evenly.
This process of progressively achieving a uniform dispersion

is the reason why an oscillatory response was obtained on the
conductivity traces. These oscillations died away with time to
give a final steady state value.
The turbulent cone angle of the jet was found to be constant

0
at 22.25 when the jet was fully turbulent (Re. > 2000). This value
0
J
is much larger than the original values of 14 by Donald & Singer
0
(44) and 17-18 by Binnie (45) but closely agrees with those given
in recent studies by Pearce (21) and Ungate et al.(42). For the
region Re.=lOO - 2000 the cone angle becomes progressively larger
J
with decreasing values of the jet Reynolds No. A similar trend was
also found by Pearce (21).
Equation 1179bl illustrates the relationship found to describe

the axial centreline velocity of the jet.
vx d
= 6.13
x 1179b l
v
Revill (4) reported that a number of investigators have proposed a
similar equation for this relationship, but that the value of the
constant had varied between 5.5 and 6.5. The above equation agrees
with these findings and has a constant within the range of the
reported values. As the turbulent cone angle was constant for
Re. > 2000 the axial centreline velocity equation 116blby Rushton (216)
J
was not found to be suitable for correlating the results.
The increase in mass flux and thus entrainment capability of

the jet is shown by 11871 • If this equation is compared with that
produced by Donald & Singer (44) for a free jet in an open system
it illustrates that a bounded jet in a closed system has a greater
-204-
entrainment capability, due to the effect of significant recirculating
flow.
The technique of using a dye to follow the liquid circulation

patterns was very good and any poorly mixed regions within a tank
were highlighted by the absence of the dye. In this way the relative
merits of the various designs were seen. The inclined side entry
jet design and the flat base cylindrical tank design with an axial
upward jet were both found to have 'dead zones' near the base of
the tank. By raising the jet above the tank floor in the latter
design,the dead zones were magnified. However,for the design proposed
by this investigation and Lane & Rice (213),a quick and efficient
dispersal of dye throughout the tank was observed with no poorly
mixed regions,illustrating the merits of this design.
On both the cine films and the still pictures the clarity of
detail is very good and clearly illustrates the existence of
turbulence, recirculation and the process of liquid entrainment into
the jet. The dye injection technique was found to be an easy and
practical method to use.
Photography using tracer particles to look at both the liquid

flow patterns and to illustrate the poorly mixed zones was.considered.
A special lighting device was designed for it. However, suitable
particles to give representative pictures could not be found,and
as the dye injection method proved so successful it was not continued
with. The suspension of solids though is an area where jet mixing
may have a lllajor use, and therefore could be looked at in greater
depth in the future.
8.5 Laser - Doppler Study.
. 805.1 Introduction.
To gain more information about liquid velocities throughout

the tank and to confirm the data obtained from the cine photography,
a Laser-Doppler study was undertaken.
The advantage of this technique is that no disturbance is

caused to the liquid flow while measurements are being taken. At
present no published literature exists on the application of a
Laser-Doppler technique for a velocity profile study in a liquid
-205-
jet mixer. Consequently all these reasons suggested that a study

should be carried out.
The objectives of the work were:-
i) To produce both transverse and longitudinal velocity profiles

covering the whole of the tank.
ii) To quantify the turbulence intensity throughout the tank.
iii) To evaluate the Laser-Doppler technique as a meanS of
characterising liquid flow behaviour in a mixer.
8.5.2 Experimental technique.
The design of jet mixer studied had an axial upward jet in a

hemispherical base cylindrical tank. It was a glass vessel of
diameter D = 0.3lm. Water was used as the process liquid.
The Laser-Doppler was arranged as shown in Fig. 60. The laser

beam was produced by an RCA Helium Cadmium Laser & Exciter N188 - 173.
Light scattered by the moving particles in the mixer was picked up
by a photo-detector with a Soliger lens attaclment 1:2.8 f~'=105nnn.
Connected to the photo-detectar was a photo-multiplier with a 1.5

KV.power source. The signal sent from the photo multiplier was
received by a Malvern Electronics digital auto-correlator. This had
96 data storage channels and was able to sample information at
-8
intervals ranging from 5 x 10 to 1.00 sec. The signal from the
correlator was displayed on an Advance Instruments Oscilloscope
05l000A and a hard copy made of the results if required on a Data
Dynamics type 33TCU teletype.
A perspex target board was made to enable the cross-over

point of the laser beams:-
i) to be known.
ii) to be accurately positioned. This also allowed the photo-
detector to be focused on the same point in the tank.
As the laser was a potentially dangerous instrument, a guard

was put around the laser to stop anyone looking directly at the beams
and black screens were put around the tank to soak up the light not
scattered by the particles 1n the tank and that scattered away from
the photodetector. To enable the laser and the photo-detector to
test in every part of the tank, both pieces of equipment were
mounted on moveable stands.
-206-
\ {
\ I
\ I
\ I
I
J I 1
\ I Laser Exciter
\ I Cross-over
\ I point
\ I
\ I
\I
Black
Jet
Screen
Screens
0.6 m
•
~
Laser Exciter
L
1 m
.-
\,.
Oscilloscope
Photo detector
and photo
High Voltage Auto correlator
multiplier
power source
'Il
D-
Teletype-
interface Teletype
Fig. 60. Arrangement of Laser - Doppler equipment.

-207-
Initially a back scatter arrangement was tried. This involved

the photo-detector being placed just above the laser on the same stand.
No recognisable signal could be seen with this arrangement. Con-
sequently the photo-detector was repositioned in a side scatter mode
as shown in Figo 60. In this position the photo-detector received
plenty of scattered light but the signal displayed on the oscilloscope
screen was of very poor quality.
To improve the signal quality a number of actions were taken.

The photodetector was moved further away from th.e tank to approximately
lm. from the tank wall, to improve the focusing· on the laser beam
cross-over point. To minimise the refraction effect of the curved
glass tank wall,a microscope slide was stuck on to the wall and
water put between the slide and the wall. This it was hoped would
allow the laser beams to go straight into the tank without being
refracted at all..
Water was used as the process liquid and it was noticed that
the water supplied to the tank contained some unwanted material.
To combat this and supply clean water to the vessel,a filter was put
in the mains water line. Originally it was hoped that the particles
in the mains water would scatter the laser beams but having cleaned
the water, some solids particles had to be introduced to do this job.
A range of solid particles as shown in Table 35 were tried.
Particle size
Titanium Dioxide· (1 - 2) x 1O'-6m

A.C. Dust (0 5) x 10-6m ·
PVC powder 15 x 10-6m
Glass balatini 40 x 10-6m
PVC powder 105 x 10-6m
Table 35. Range of particle sizes tried for scattering laser

beam light.
-6
The smaller size particles (~ 40 x 10 m.)made no difference
at all to the quality of the trace. However with the larger PVC.
particles (105 x 10-6m.)an improvement was noticeable. This was possibly
due to their having a greater bulk and thus not being quite so
-208-
subject to the turbulent motion in and around the jet. Nevertheless
the same problems were encountered as clear signals were only received
occasionally. Normally a very vague signal was seen and this
changed in shape all the time.
An observation by eye of the passage of light scattering

particles passing through the laser beams indicated why these results
were being obtained. Turbulence intensity in the tank was high and
therefore the movement of the particles was very irregular. It was
not surprising that a confused and constantly changing picture was
observed on the oscilloscope screen.
To overcome this it was suggested that the auto-correlator

could be adjusted to sample the signal from the photo-multiplier
at very short time intervals. The idea of this was to go hunting
for the occas ional good traces. This idea though was discarded as
the traces caught in such a way were not representative and were not
repeatable.
Finally to try and get some useful information out of the

system'- i) the cross-over point was fixed on the jet axis where
it was thought the most uniform flow was,ii) the mixer was run only
just into the turbulent jet regime (Re.= 2500), iii) the width of the
J
eyepiece in the photo detector was progressively increased from
200 ~.to 400 ~.to 3000~. Having done all this no improvement
was seen in the signal quality. Therefore the investigation was
terminated.
8.5.3 Discussion.
To study the liquid flow behaviour in a jet mixer the Laser-

Dopplertechnique is not suitable. This is because the signal received
from the light scattering does not have any discernable stable
pattern, because the turbulence intensity in the tank is high. As a
result of this the auto-correlator cannot produce a signal from
which any useful information can be derived.
Until such a time as an electronic signal interpretation

device can be developed which can resolve a signal from a medium
of high turbulence, a technique of hot wire anemometry seems to be
best to study such a system. This technique is well documented
although it does suffer from the disadvantage of requiring a probe
to be placed in the flow.
-209-
CHAPTER NINE
Selection and Design of Liquid Jet ~fixing Systems.

-210-
9.1 Introduction.
The preceding four chapters have given a quantitative and

qualitative assessment of the performance of the existing designs for
jet mixing. Using these findings, this chapter is intended to give
guidance in the selection and design of liquid jet mixers.
In order to make the selection easier a comparative assessment

has been made of the mixing time behaviour of the three main designs.
Following on from this, a computer - aided design procedure has been
developed to produce an optimum design for the best two designs of
liquid jet mixer.
9.2 A comparative assessment of the performance of the designs

for liquid jet mixing.
9.2.1 Introduction.
Jet mixing of miscible liquids was originally proposed by

Fossett & Prosser (7) in 1949, who suggested an inclined side entry
jet design. Since then alternative designs have been proposed by
Hiby & Modigell (149), Racz & Wassink (148), Coldrey (150) and Lane
& Rice (213).
Mixing time correlations have been developed for each of these

designs. However all of these correlations have been formulated
from investigations in different experimental environments using
various techniques to monitor and measure mixing times. It was not
until the recent investigations by Hiby & Modigell (148) and Lane
& Rice (213) that a specified degree of mixing was used to define
their respective mixing time correlations.
Any attempt to compare mixing times from the published

correlations can lead to widespread discrepancies in the results
obtained. This is as a result of the variety of experimental
techniques and approaches used to formulate· the correlations. A
valid quantitative comparison of the various designs of liquid jet.
mixing system is only possible if they are all studied using the
same experimental technique to the same degree of liquid homogeneity.
This approach has been followed in this investigation; The

mixing time correlations developed enable a comparative assessment
to be made of the mixing time performance of each of the designs.
-211-
9.2.2 Mixing time correlations.
Three-designs exist for liquid jet mixing:
i) An axial upward jet in a hemispherical base cylindrical tank.

ii) An axial vertical jet in a flat base cylindrical tank.
iii) An inclined side entry jet in a flat base cylindrical tank.
These designs were covered in Chapters 5, 6,& 7.
i) The mixing time performance of this design is described by.

equation 1681.
= F
yO.50 DO.75
T
2
(V.d)0.50 g0.25
F is defined by Figo 38. F = fn (Re.) for Re. 100-100,000.

2 2 J J
This is tbe design proposed by this investigation and Lane & Rice (213).
ii) This design was covered in Chapter 6, where it was shown that
the design proposed by Hiby & Modigell (149) with an upward jet mixed
more quickly than that by Racz & Was sink (148) with a downward jet.
Equation 11201 is for the Hiby & Modigell design.
yO.50 DO.975
T =F
3 112 °1
(V.d)0.65 g0.l75
F3 is defined by Fig. 48. F3 = fn (Re ) for Re j 100 - 100,000.

j
iii) Two designs exist for the inclined side entry jet mixer.
As was shown in Chapter 7, the modified design by Coldrey (150)
utilising the longest possible jet length, had the best performance.
Equation 11721 describes the mixing time behaviour of this design.
T 1172 I
(V.d)0.667 g 0.166
F 6 is defined by Fig. 52. F6 = fn (Re j ) for 200 - 60,0000
The .equations shown represent the designs for the respective types
of jet mixing systems which exhibit the shortest mixing times.
As Equations 1681, 11201,1 172 lillustrate,mixing time is a function
of a jet Reynolds No. effect. This applies to all three designs of
jet mixer and each of them shows the same general trend, that of a
strong dependence on the jet Reynolds No. in the laminar jet regime
but only a weak dependence in the turbulent jet regime up to a jet
-212-
Reynolds No. of 100,000.
9.2.3 Comparison of mixing times.
All other conditions being the same, a comparison of the

relative performances of each design is made in terms of mixing time.
The results of this are shown in Table 36. All times relate to a
95% degree of mixing.

-2
d = 1 x 10 m D = l.Om y=1.Om g = 9.81 m.s
-2
-5 2 -1 -3
Laminar jet regime v =1 x 10 m. s p = 1010 Kg.m
-1
V (m. s ) 0.5 1.0 1.5
Re. 500 1000 1500
J
i) (a) T(s) 895 263 129
i) (b) T(s) 980 288 141
ii) T(s) 3128 819 370
iii) T(s) 4245 1071 471
-6 2 -1 -3
Turbulent jet regime v = 1 x 10 m .s p = 1000 Kg.m
-1
V (m.s ) 0.5 1.0 2.0
Re. 5000 10,000 20,000
J
i) (a) T(s) 160 103 67
i) (b) T(s) 175 113 73
ii) T(s) 522 296 169
iii) T(s) 563 313 175
Note: i) (a) refers to a hemispherical base cylindrical tank of

dimensions y = 1.Om, D = 1.Om, (volume 0.655 m3 ).
i) (b) is also a hemispherical base cylindrical tank but of

3
dimensions y = 1.2m, D = 1.Om, (volume of 0.785m ).
ii) & iii) refer to a flat base cylindrical tank of dimensions

y = 1.Om, D = 1.0, (volume 0.785 m3 ).
Table 36.A comparison of mixing times for the three designs for liquid
jet mixing.
-213-
This table shows a distinct order of merit for mixing performance in

both the laminar and turbulent jet regimes. For the shortest mixing
time a design incorporating an axial upward jet in a hemispherical
base cylindrical tank should be used. If a flat base cylindrical
tank has to be used for liquid mixing, then a design with an axial
upward jet should be employed in preference to an inclined side
entry jet.
9.2,4 Discussion.
The superior performance of the hemispherical base design

proposed by Lane & Rice (213) can be attributed to the fact that
the jet produces liquid 'flow' throughout the tank. The convective
motion initiated by the jet extends throughout the whole tank, so
that all the liquid is subject to the turbulent mixing action of the
jet, The shape of the tank with this type of jet mixer eliminates
the possibility of any stagnant volumes of liquid existing.
This is not the case with the other two designs in which poorly
mixed volumes cause the mixing times to be lengthened. These
relatively dead mixing regions exist around the walls of the tank,
as illustrated in Figs. 12 & 13. When compared with the Coldrey
(150) design. that proposed by Hiby & Modigell (149) is less prone
to these slowly mixed zones, but its mixing time performance is poor
in comparison to the design by Lane & Rice.
In order to minimise mixing times the design with an axial

upward jet in a hemispherical base cylindrical tank was formulated
with the objective of avoiding the possible existence of any poorly
mixed regions. The concept of the hemispherical base is to
constantly direct liquid from the outer edges of the tank, back to
the jet. To achieve this the jet should always be kept flush with
the base of the vessel. Thus the convective mixing action caused
by the jet affects all the liquid in the tank.
These ideas were supported by the cine films taken during the
flow characterisation study, (Chapter 8) and the dye injection tests
(Chapter 2.6.4).
\
-214-
9.3 A computer-aided design procedure for liquid jet mixing.
9.3.1 Introduction.
The comparative assessment of mixing time performance indicates

that the shortest mixing time is given by the design with an axial
upward jet in a hemispherical base cylindrical tank. In some cases
though it may not be possible to use this shape of tank •. If a flat
base cylindrical tank has to be used then the design suggested
by Hiby & Modigell (149) with an axial upward jet is most suitable.
The results of this investigation have been used to develop a

design procedure for these two types of liquid jet mixer. To make its
use much faster and more effective, the design procedure has been
written as a computer program, into which only the basic pieces of
information need to be supplied to produce an optimum design.
9.3.2 Design assumptions.
1. The design procedure refers to a batch wise mixing operation.
2. Conditions in the proposed jet mixing systems are similar

to those in the systems te.sted in this investigation.
3. Two designs are included in the design program. These are

the designs for the shortest possible mixing times and therefore
minimum energy consumption. They are:-
i) For any design of tank. An axial upward jet in a hemispherical

base cylind.ical tank.
ii) For a flat base cylindrical tank. A design incorporating an

axial upward jet.
4. Having chosen which of the two designs is to be used the

program starts from one of two possibilities. Either
i) Existing equipment is to be used, or

ii) A new plant is to be designed.
s. Liquids to be mixed should have similar densities and viscosities,

and should be Newtonian. The values quoted in the program for
liquid density and viscosity should be those for the final
mixture.
-215-
6. The recycle pipeline should be as short as possible and the

pipe diameter as large as possible to minimise head losses.
7. As the jet spreads out at a narrow angle .(jet half angle

0
measured as 11.125 Re. > 2000), it is assumed that to make
J
the best use of an axial upward jet a tank should be relatively
tall and thin rather than short and fat. Such a design will also
help to eliminate any possible dead zones in a tank. However
a tank should not be so narrow as to let the vessel's walls
interfere with the jet. An optimum design of liquid height
to tank diameter yID of 2.0 is suggested. Such a design would
maximise the volume of liquid to be mixed without allowing the
jet to be interfered with by the wall or effects caused by the
wall Le. a disruptive recirculating flow. In a new plant design
when the only data supplied is of the volume to be mixed,the
program automatically assumes that the optimum design of
yID = 2.0 is required.
An acceptable working range of y./D of 0.5 to 2.5 is assumed.

This range is the minimum tested to a value.at which the effect
of the wall will become appreciable. The program will not
accept anything outside this range.
8. . A jet is said to become weak when the jet centreline velocity

has dropped to 4-6% of its efflux velocity. This investigation
has found that equation 1179bl descripes the jet centre line
velocity.
vx
6.13
d I 179bl
V x
If the relationship y = 150 d is assumed, then the jet centre-

line velocity will have dropped to 4% of its'efflux velocity
at the liquid surface. This relationship was chosen in
preference to allowing the velocity to be even lower for two
reasons:- i) if the velocity at the surface is lower, then
the recirculation velocities will become very slow encouraging
dead zones to develop, ii)as larg~ a jet diameter as possible
is preferable as it will minimise power consumption at the jet.
9. The jet centreline velocity should not be greater than 0.5 m.s- l
at the liquid surface, or unnecessary energy will be wasted in
disturbing the surface.~f the velocity is greater than this
-216-
the program is terminated.
10. The outlet pipe should be placed away from the jet in order not
to reduce the mixing ac tion of the jet.
11. Fresh feed should be added directly into the top of

rhe tank.
12. Mixing times are predicted for a constant height of liquid in the
tank. For a varying liquid level, the jet diameter should be
sized on the greatest depth of liquid and the mixing time should
also be calculated for this depth.
13. The mixer is always assumed to be working in the turbulent jet

regime. If initial conditions specified indicate operation in
the laminar jet regime, then the program is terminated and the
operator asked to provide data suitable for operation in the
turbulent jet regime.
The mixing time expressions in the program COver the range Re.=
J
2000 - 135,000. The program will not accept conditions outside
this range.
14. For optimum operation, to balance as short a mixing time as

possible with the lowest possible energy consumption the mixer
should be operated just into the turbulent jet regime ie.Re. =
J
2500.
0 15
In the turbulent jet regime for both designs of mixer ,(T a Re.- • ),
J
an increase in velocity and therefore the jet Reynolds No. has only
a minimal effect on mixing time, but has a major effect on the
jet's _power which- varies_ proportionally with the velocity
3
cubed, ( P. ~ V ). If however the velocity is so low that
J
the mixer is operating in the lami~ar jet regime then mixing times
W1.11 become extremely long, (T-a1Re.j3 0 ) •
Therefore operation just into the turbulent jet regime minimises

mixing time and the jet's energy consumption.
15. The time for the addition of the second liquid component, ie.
that to be mixed, is T(l).Mixing time is the time after the
addition to reach the required homogeneity T(2).TherefQre the
total running time is T(l) + T(2)- = T(3).
-217-
- .---- ....-·-.,·--1
, c c· ••
,~.
I
I
16. For a primed system the static head requirement normally ,,,ill
be zero. In some circumstances though there may be a static
head to account for. Thus a static head variable has been
included in the equation for the pump head requirement.
l~ In the calculation of the head requirement for the mixing system

a safety factor of an extra 33% has been included to account for
blockages,corrosion and any mishap in construction.
IS"" If the pump cannot cope with the head required, the jet diameter
and thus the jet velocity is decreased to reduce the head
requirement. An upper limit of d = y /100 is put on the jet
diameter.
9.3.3 Nomenclature for design procedure.
Symbol Units
-1
A Jet centreline velocity at the liquid surface m.s
B Tank diameter m
3
C Tank volume m
D Jet diameter m
E Pump efficiency Dimensionless

F Mixing time factor Dimensionless
G Gravity
-2
m.s
H(l) Static head m
H(2) Velocity head of jet· , m

·c
H(3) Recirculation line head loss m

H(4) Head required from pump m
H(5) Head provided by pump m
I Counting character Dimensionless
-3
J Liquid density Kg.m
2 -1
K Liquid kinematic viscosity m .s
L Pump rating w
M Degree of liquid homogeneity Dimensiouless
N Numerical constant Dimensionless
o Counting character Dimensionless
P Power of pump w
-218-
3 -1
Q Volumetric throughput m .s
R Jet Reyno1ds Noo Dimensionless
S Counting character Dimensionless
Tel) Addition time s
T(2) Mixing time s
T(3) Running time s
U Numerical constant Dimensionless
-1
V Jet velocity m.s
W Energy consumed during running J
X Numerical constant Dimension1ess

Y Height of liquid in tank m.
Z Thrust N
9.3.4 Flowcharts for the design procedure.
A summary of the various design options is given by Fig. 61.

A designer is faced with the basic choice of using either existing
equipment or designing a new plant. Depending on the conditions
specified for the design a number of options exist.
Detailed flowcharts giving the logic of each of these options

are given in Figs 62-64.
9.3.5 Listing of the computer-aided design procedure.
A listing of the computer program written from the flowcharts

is included following Fig. 64.
•
The program LIQJET MIX is a
•
computer-aided design procedure. Details of the required input
variables for options A-F are given on the flowcharts. The output
from each of the options is exactly the same. A complete design
specification is provided by the output. Details are given of:-
1. Volume to be mixed.
2. Degree of mixing.
3. Running time for mixing.
4. Tank dimensions.
5. Jet properties.
6. Pump requirements.
7. Liquid properties.
-219-
START
YES Is existing equipment NO

to be used ?
l'Ihat is specified vlhat is specified

in the design ? in the design ?
Just the Just the

volume to
sions ? be mixed?
Option A Option D
Tank
dimensions
ixing time
?
Option B Tank dim- & mixing

ensions pu- time?
mp specific
ation ?
Option C Option E
Fig. 61 Summary flowchart for the design procedure.

-220-
OPTION A OPTION D
Input Data Input Data

B,H(l~J,K, C,J,K,M,
H,T(l) ,Y. T(l) ,H(l).
Determine tank
diameter
B = (0.694.C)0.333 (1)
B (O.637.C)0.333 (2)
Tank not suitable

YES
Fix valve of
Y so that Liquid height
Y = 2.5B
Y = 2B
Determine tank volume

2
nB 1 3
C 4·(Y-loB)+ 12 nB (1)
2
nB
C = .Y (2)
4
x = 150
Determine jet
diameter
D = Y/X
-221-
Determine jet
Velocity
v = Re .• K 2500.K
)
D D
Design
conditions
unsuitable
YES
Determine H(2)
and thus head
Input H(3) needed from pump NO
recirculation r---~
line head H(4) 1.333
(H (1) +H (2) +H (3»
YES
Determine jet
throughput
Conditions
2 unsuitable
Q = V.n.D
4 for
operation
Increase jet
diameter
x = X - 5
'!ES
-222-
Determine mixing time
T (2) = F y O . 50 B O . 75
2 (1)
0.500.25
( V.D ) G
T (2) = F3 yO.50 BO. 975

(2)
0.65 0.175
( V.D ) G
Determine m~xlng
Does time for degree M
NO
I 100-M
M = 95% T(2)=T(2) n-1~
In 0.05
?
YES
YES
Determine running time
T(3) = T(1)+T(2)
. Determine power needed

from pump
I
/ Input E
Pump
efficiency
P = J.Q.H(4).G
& thus pump rating
L =
100.p
E
-223-
Determine energy
consumed by pump
w; T(3).P.lOO
E
Determine jet thrust
Z ; J.Q.V.
\ Data
Output
\
KEY
(1) Axial upward jet, hemispherical base cylindrical tank.
(2) Axial upward jet, flat base cylindrical tank.
Fig. 62. Flowchart for options A and D.

-224-
OPTION B OPTION E
Input Data Input Data

B,H(l) ,J,K,M, C,H(l) ,J,K,!-i,
T(l) ,T(2) ,Y T(l), T(2).
Determine tank
diameter
B ; (0.694.C)0.333(1)
B ; (0.637.C)0.333(2)
YES
Tank not sui tabl
Fix valve of Y
so that
Liquid height
Y ; 2.5 B
Y ; 2B

2
1IB 1 3
C ;
(Y-"B)+-rrB (1)
4 12
2
1IB
C .Y (2)
4
X 150
Determine jet
diameter
D ; y/X
-225-
Determine running
time
T(3) = T(l) + T(2)
Determine appropriate
constant for mixing
time expressions
NO
100-M
UM=U 95 In 100
--~'-
In 0.05
YES
Determine jet velocity
V
= r
l
Y
0.5 BO.75 ,,0.15 .
O 65 GO . 25
T (2) D .
0.50.975 0.15]
r 1.25
(1)
Y B "
V = [U 2 (2)
DO.SO GO . 175
T (2)
NO
Design conditions
unsuitable
YES
-226-
Determine jet
Reynolds No.
V.D
Re. =
J K
YES
Conditions unsuitable
for operation in
turbulent jet regime
Shorter mixing time
required
YES
NO
Conditions not
covered by program
Determine appropriate
~ixing time factor
for mixing time
NO
expression
100 - M
100
YES
In 0.05
F2 = 13.05 (1
F3 = 15.10 (2
-227-
Determine jet velocity
2
V ; y0.5• B 0.75 1 (1)
[F2 0.50 0.25
T(2). D G
1.538
0.5 0.975
V ;
Y B
[F 3 (2)
O 65
T (2) D . G"" 1
Determine H(2) and

Input H (3)
thus head needed from
recirculation
pump
line head
loss H(4) 1. 333
Determine pump
throughput
2
Q ; VlTD
T
NO
Operator must re-run
program and respecify
a longer mixing time
T (2). This will reduce
the jet velocity and
therefore the pump
YES
duty.
Determine power
needed from pump
Input E
P ; J.Q.H(4) .G.
Pump
efficiency & this pump rating
L ; lOO.P
E
-228-
Determine energy
consumed by pump
W=T(3). P. 100
E
Z = J.Q.V.
\ Data
Output
\
KEY
(1) Axial upward jet,hemispherical base cylindrical tank.
(2) Axial upward jet,flat base cylindrical tank.
Fig. 63. Flowchart for options Band E.

-229-
OPTION C OPTION F
Input data
Input data
C,E,J,K,M,Q,
B,E,J,K,M,Q,
T(l) ,H(l) ,H(5).
T(l) ,H(l) ,Y,H(5).
Determine tank
diameter
B = (0.694.C)0.333 (1)
NO
B (0.637.C)0.333 (2)
YES Tank not sui table
Fix valve of
Y so that
Liquid height
Y = 2.5 B
Y = 2B

2
l1B 1 3
C= -4-· (y-J,B) + 12 l1B (1)
C= (2)
x 150
Determine jet
diameter
D = Y/X
-230-
Determine jet
velocity
v = ~
2
rrD
NO
Design
conditions
YES unsuitable
Determine H(2) and

thus head needed from
pump
Input H(3) Conditions
Recirculation I--..-t unsuitable
H(4) = 1.333
line head for
(H(1)+H(2)+H(3)
loss
operation
Increase jet
diameter
X = X - 5
YES
Determine the jet

Reynolds No.
V.D
Re. ;;
) K
-231-
NO
Conditions
not covered
by program
YES
F 13.05 (1)
YES ,
F 15.10 (2)
Determine mixing time
0.5 0.75
T (2) = F2 Y B (1)
0.50-0.25
( V.D ) G
0.5 0.975
T (2) F3 Y B (2)
0.65 0.175
( V.D ) . G
Determine mixing
NO time for degree M
100-M
T(2)=T(2) In"'"l'O()
In 0.05
YES
Determine running
time
T(3) = T(l) + T(2)

-232-
Determine power
needed from pump
P = J.Q.H(4) .G·
& thus pump rating
lOO.P
L = E
Determine energy
consumed by pump
W = T(3). p.lOO
E
Z = J.Q.V.
\ \
Data
Output
KEY
(1) Axial upward jet, hemispherical base cylindrical tank.
(2) Axial upward jet, flat base cylindrical tank.
Fig. 64. Flowchart for options C and F.

-233-
LIQJETMIX
I L) RI::::1 P'{OGKA.'i TO ul::S IGN ,\ JH :in!::K wTi'II A:~ A.{lAL VI::KTlCAL Jt.T
LU P~l:-;T r.U(,!U).·.~H':::;lG:.l PK0GKA."I FuK. Jt:T ~IH.l;-';G·
JU t'i{l:'\I rA.~t.!u)." •
41..1 PR[.'! Ll~(.!).·r~O~N"ft\l~~~l>NS.nU: Fl,l.ST of HiSE,'
)U pK.!:;r ·Ui::SIG:;-I.l:i FOH. Ai .. AXIAL VI::i(TlCAL JET [;.j A rl~'1ISPIII:::KICAL'
bU I;>Kl;-.;r 'ISA5t: Li'I..'Ll.\'UKICA.L T4.NK.USt: UF TnIS LlE.!:illiN Is ~VISEU'
7U t'RDT' .\$ ALl. OT!Il::K CWWITlONS tiEl~G Trl£. SA.'1E TIUS :-n:u:t<:
dO PKl:iT 'GPv'£'S T:U: SI{Ultn:ST :-IL<ING TI:-tE AND !)1t:K£FORE CUNSUMES'
90 PKIsr" LESS t: .... EitGY IHA-... ,\Jiy UTHEK Dt:SiGN Of Jt::r :-U:U:~.·
luu l'iU~T TH.1-: uTHt:R l'ROGRA:{.UESlt:N-2.IS t-"UR US!::'
IliJ PRUT ·I.'HE~ TH.E ;HXISG V!::SSEL IS A fLAT I5ASE CYLl~URICAL'
1.l0 nl:~'T 'TA... K.THIS Ut-SIGN rlAS AN AXiAL UPI.'AiU) J£.T WHICH'
13U PRtH' HL..:t:S FASTilt TliAt' AN lSCLINEU SIUE t::NTK'i JET.'
1.:.0 PKt;;T • ...H1CH Ut;;SI"':N [5 REIWBEU,DESI"':N-':
13U [:'PUT 1
IoU IF 1-2 TH~N GOTO 200
170 PK1:n l.l,'i(l),'THl:i Pt{OGRA.'i IS FOR AN AXIAL UPIoIARD JET I!i A'
1 dU PRIl-OT' nt:}IlSPiiEdCAL IiAS!:: CYl.INDiUCAL TANK'
190 GUrU no
lOO PKI~T l.I~(l),'THIS PROGk~'i IS FUR AN ~IAL UPIoIARD JET I~ A'
21J PRI~T 'fLAT IiASE CYl.I~URICAl. T~K'
220 R~~ I~PUT DESIGN OUNUITIONS
'l)U Pil.I~T l.IS( ~) , • DES I~N curW ITlONS'
24U PRI;.., _ _ _ • ,l.I;':O)
lSO Plu:n' IS E.XISTI:-;:C PLAUT TO BE ust::u OR IS THI::; TO 8E A ,DESICN'
lbU PiU:,T' FOR A Nl"'W PLANT'
270 PIU~T'IF t:XIsn:\<,; t'1..f..:'T IS TO 8E USED·PLEASE TM.E .u.T£iL'IlATIVE I'
IdU PKIXT' IF IT IS ro liE A ~EW D£.SIGN t'Lt:A5E T.v:.E Al.n:IL'iAHVE Z'
2':lU PRI:n' ..u.TER.'IlATIVt::':
JOO IWlJT 0
HU PlUST LIS( 1), '!"'HAT CON1HTlONS All SP£CIFl~U'
32U If 0-1 THE!i GOTO J40
J)U IF ~2 TriE."i GOTO 400
J':'U t'RIn Lt'i(l),'V..:..1< DI:1.WSIQUS OSLY.TnE~ T.-\I(E SPE.CIfICATIoN I'
3SU !-'R[ST' TA,.'oIK· UI;.tE:'SWSS .\.:10 ~l1XI~G Tl:1.E. T.v:.1:: SPECUtCArtUN 2'
3bO PRIST 'TANK UL'iDlstONS A.!W P,mtP CAPAalLtTl~S.TAKE SPECIFlCArtOS J'
370 PRI~T 'SPECIfICATION':
J8U I:'plJI' 5
390 O~ S GOTo 410.1220,2)70
':'0..10 Pin~T LIS(l),'YULUME TO SE :ll:U:D O::LY.THE~ TUE SP5:CIflCATlQ,i I'
410 PRCH 'VOLl.i"!'i£ TO Be :-1UEU A.'iU !'1l.(lSG Tl!'1E,TME Si'!;:cIFlc.... nU!-ol 2'
420 !-':U:iT' \'ULU!iE TO BE. :-1UEO A,.'1U PL~ CA?AiHl..ITl::S. T..v.E SP£CliICATlIlS J~
4)0 t'1t1~T 'SPJ::CIfICATItJN':
44U l~PlIT:i
4S0 GOTO 3120
460 R~~ ISOIVIUUAL DESIGN PROGRA.~S
470 RE:-i ALTI::R.'lATlVI:: 1 SPECIt'1CATlON
4dO PRDIT L[S(2).'ALL DATA SHOUl.O 8E GI'JI:::i I~ 5.1. t.::HTS'
4')0 JL'1 T(LtJ),H(lO),;.J(lO)
5uo PRI~T LI;';( 2).' DATA'
SIO PRIST ' ,LI:-l( 1)
5;[1) PRINT'TANK I>lAHETER (M) .':
SJO I~UT 8
S40 PRI:~T 'TANK HEIGHT (H.) . ' :
5S0 L'iPII1' '(
5bU PRI~T 'Lr~UID KINEMATIC VISCOSITY (M--2/S) .~
S 70 l~PII1' It
5dO t'RI.'1T 'LH~UIU DENSITY (.:.g/I1-"'3) . ' :
S'JO l:iPII1' J
bUO PRt:-lT' DEGREE of :HXINC KE!lUUED (t) . '
blU l.'lPII1' ,"I.
b2tl PRI:iT , UU ECT ION TIME (5) . ' :
&]0 I:';PlIT T( 1)
b40 PRI:,'!' STATIC HEAD (1'1) . ' :
/:ISU lWUTti(l)
bbU G-9.81
b70 IF '(/d<O.S THEN I,;OTO 7UO
bijO IF Y/d>2.5 THE~ I,;OTO 720
b'JO '~OTO 1)0
7uu i'KWT 'TAI'lK IS UUSUITASLI:: FUR A JET ~lXING OPERATION·
7 h) STOP'
7IU '1-2. S*B
7jU (r 1-2 TH£N GoTU 760
7100 C-( (). 142·( B"'- 3) )/Il)+« (].142·(8--2»/4)*('1-(0. 5-B»)
7 ~u (;OTO 770
}bU C·(0.7~S*(~-"2)-Y
770 1(-1 ~U
]JU U-Y/X
Nu Y-( lSUU-K)/D
tWU A-( b.Il-0-V)/Y
-234-
dl0 IF A<u.5 THEN Goro 050
BZO t'KI:oT L[~(2).·UI::S[GN cor;olTLOUS U~SUITABL£ AS JET CESTKELI:-lt:"
d30 PRcn 'VELOCITY IS )0.5 (11/,:) AT 'CrlE LUJUH.l SUKFACI:: ..
ti4U STUP
liSu· H(l)·(V~~2)/(2...0.G)
dou I'Kl:"T U:-;(I);AS THE JI::T V£l.OCITY IS':V:'(H/S) AN!) THE JET UIAMETt::R I,,':D:'(!1)'
a70 PRI~T 'PLEASE SPt:C[f'l THE Ht:.:AU LOSS IN TH!!: tU:;ClRCULATLON l'l?ELINt: (!1) . ' :
380 l:\PUT ri( j)
J90 H(4)-1.))3~(H(1)+H(2)+H(J))
9UO f..l-( 3. L.42: ..... *( CA 2) )/4
A
910 PRl;';! LI.~(l),· Pill'1P REIJUIKI::.'iI::NTS·

920 1-'&1.-.;r L1N(l).'THROUGIiPUT ··:Q:·(I1 ...... 3/S)'
'J3Q PRUT 'Ht:AD ·':H(4):'(M)·
940 PRI~T LIS(l).'CAN THE PUMP MEET THES£ KEQUI~~~£~TS':
95u "1:'1'UT IS
9&0 IF 1$-' 'it:s' rHES GOTO 11))0
970 ~~ IF IS-NO THt:N THE J£T DIAMETER HUST SE INCREASED
91::10 X-:<-5
990 Uo' X-95 THEN GOTO 1010
wou Goru no
101u Plun Ll.~( 2}.' DI::SIGN CONUITlONS UNSUITABLE FOR PUMP TO OPERATE'
102u STUP
1030 R-( V*D)/K
1040 S-(LOG(R»/2.)0)
1050 IF [-2 Till::N GOTO 1090
IObO F·1O .... (l.8U:~44-(O.1403*N})
1070 T(I)-(f*(Y--O_~)*(S--O.7~»/«(V*D)-·0.~)*(G--0.2~»
1080 GOTO Ilia
IO~O F-IU .... (1.98368-(O.15~b*N})
llllU T( 2)-( r* (Y" "0.» * (S" "0. 97 5»/ «(
V*D)" "0. b5)*( C" "0. 1 7 5»
1110 IF .'i-~ 5 nU'::-i <":OTO 1130
1120 T( 2)-T( 2 )*( (LOG( ( 1O(}-") /100) )/ LOG( O.O~»
1130 T(3)-T(I)+T(2)
1140 P-J*Q*H(4)*G
1150 PRI:-OT L 1.0.;0.) • ' PL.t:ASE SPl::CIFY THE PUMP I::fFICI£SC'i (.t)-';
1160 lSPUT I::
1170 L"( IUO*P)/E
!l80 \.I(l)-(I()*P*lOO)/E
11':10 Z-J*Q*V
1200 Gum )560
1210 Kt:-{ PIUiiT OUT OF RESULTS
Il20 R~ ALTI::KNAT[VE I SPECIFICATION 2
IlJU PRDT LlN(2).'ALL DATA SHOULD SE GIVEN U 5.1. t;SITS'
1240 DIM T(IU),H(IO).;j(iO)
1250 PRI:-lT LIN( 2).' DATA'
1260 PRl:iT' , .LI~( l)
1270 PRI~T'TANK DI~~TER (~) .;;
1280 [:iPUT 8
Il~a PRI~I 'TANK HEIGHT (H) . ' :
1300 LWUT 'I.
1310 P;U:lT 'LIC1UlL) KINEMATIC ViSCOSIt'y (H .... Z/.:i) . ' :
1320 I~':··.!·'· K
1no' PRI~'f , Ll1lUID DENSITY. (ICC/H..... ) .;:
1340 a,PUT J
1350 PRI~ 'DI::GREE Of MiXiNG REQUiRED (t) . '
1360 l:-lPUT M
1)70 PRUT 'INJECT(ON TIXE (S) . ' :
1380 INPUT T(1)
1390 PRI:-lT' MIXiNG TL'1E (S) .';
1400 l~PUT T(Z}
1410 PRI~T 'STATiC HEAD (M) .;:
1420 ISPUT tI( 1)
1430 .,;-9.01
1440 IF Y/d(O.5 THEN GOTO 1470
1450 IF Y/d)Z.5 THEN GOTO 1490
1460 GOTO 1500
1470 PRI~T LIS(2).'TANK IS UNSUITASLE FOR A J~T ~IXISG OPE~TiON'
1480 STOP
1490 '1.-2. 5·S
1500 IF ["2 THEN GOTO 1530
1>10 C-( ().142*(.-') )/12)+( « ).142*(S'·2) )/4)*(Y-(0. ~*S»)
1 510 COTU 1540
1530 o-(~.785*(~~"2»*Y
1540 X-150
1550 ~y/x
"oD T(j)-T(I)+T(l)
1570 If [-2 Trl£N ooro 1600
1580 U-7:l.2
1590 GOro 1610
1 ';'00 lJ-dS
-235-
l,)IU [)-" \A~~ T~lr:S t,;uto 163u

1.,.!U Li-":* « L,,:",;( ( I UU-:I) 11UU) ) I LOG( O.v5) )
I tdU IF l-2 7niS t,;UT'J Ib7U
lo4U ~-0·(Y--U.S)·(~-·U.7S)*('-·U.15)
1.,')11 ....... ( v/(T( 1. ).( u" "U.05)-(;;--U.25» ) .... I.SJd
lhbU GUru iol:lU
1.,,0 ,,'.L:* (Y""O. 5)· (Ii" "U.9 75).( K" "0.15)
100U V-( II/(T( .!).(U.... U.d)*(;,; .... U.175») .... 1.25
169U H.-(V*u)""
I lOU U' K);!UUU THt:::i Goro 11&0
1710 PRiST Ll:-;{J.) ,'THt:: Jc.T :1.IXI::H. CAll~mT UPI:::IVr.Tt:: [S T:n:: TUKdULENT'
172u P~I~T 'JI::T KI::~l:1.E ~lTH TrlE CUSDIT10~S St::Pt::ClFliO.OP~~TuR·
ITJU P/{I~T 'MUST KE-KUN to'KOGKA.'i \HTH HIHER A ::iHORTEH. MIXL-;G TL'!.E·
l]:tu PRIST' OR A Luwt;;k UEGREr: oF' :1L{[NC'
175u STUP
tHO IF IOluUOOU THES Goro 192.0
177u N-(LUG(R»/l.)O)
1780 IF' t-2 Tnl:::~ GOTD ISIU
1 790 ~'-l
0" -(I.d 1~44-( O. I:'03*N»
I dOU GOlD ld:.!Q
1&10 ~-IO--(1.9~3b8-(O.159b.N»
IdlO U-F· <tt'" "'0. 15)
Id30 IF ~~5 TH£N GOTO 1350
IJ40 U.U.«L~«10o-M)/loU»/LOG(O.05»
1ij5U IF 1-2 TncN ~OTJ 1d90
1 ;:ibO V-V· ('1'--0.5)· (S'" "'0.75) *( K--U. I 5)
1 ij 7u V.. ( V/ (T( 2)'*( D--O .b5)*( G- "'u. 2) » - "'1.538'
1860 GOTU 1';110
1390 V.U. ('{'" "'0. 5). (Sa "'0. 9 7 5).( Ka-O. 15)
I~UO V-(V/(T{l)·(O-"'O.8).(G--u.175»)--1.25
1YIO GOTU 10)0
1'120 IF K)134000 THE~ GOTO HOO
1930 IF 1-2 Trl£N GOTO 1990
1';140 IF :-l-<J5 TH.I::~ ..··13.05
I<JSU IF ~l-Y5 THI:::i GOTO 1';170
I YbO ~""'l J .05· « LOG( ( lOO-a) 1100»)f (Loe( O.OS» )
1~70 V-«F'*(y"'·O.5)-(S"'·0.7S»/(T(Z)*CO-"'O.5)'*(G",aO.25»)·-2
1';180 Goro 2030
1990 IF ~95 THI::~ F-IS.}
2000 IF ~t-95 T!iI::N GOTO 1020
2010 "-15.1'«LOG«(luo-~)1100»/(LOG(O.05») .
2010 V-( (F'*( '(- -0. 5)'*{B"''''O.97S) )f(T( 2)-(0- -O.tJ5)'*(G--0.175» )a-1. 538
2030 A-(b.U'*O·V)/Y
2U40 IF .,<0.
S THi:::N GOTO 20aO
2050 P~l~T LIS(l),'OESIGN CONDIT[ONS USSUITAHLE AS JET CLNTREL[SE'
2UbO P!U~'T ·VJ::l.OCIT't IS )0.5 (~/:i) AT THE UQUlil Sl;itFACE'
2070 STap
20dO K-( V-O)/K
2090 GaIO 213u
llOO PRIn L1S(2).'CONDITIONS $PI::CIFIED,:iOT COVEREO SY ?ROGRA.'i'
2110 PRI:fr 'JeT KEYNULOS NO. >134000'
2120 STOP
2110 II(2)-(V""2)1(2.0'G)
2Jl10 PKI~T L1S(L).'AS THE JET VI::LOCITY IS':V:'(I1/S) .\.'10 TrlE JET OlA.'tETER 15':0:'(1)'
2150 PRINT 'PLEASE SPECIfY THE HEAD LOSS l~ TH~ ~ECI~CULATION PIPELI~E (M) . ' :
2160 1:,pUT H( J)
2110 H( 4)-1. ))3'(H(l)+ll<2)+H(l))
211m ~(3.142-V*(O"''''2»14
21YO PRIST LI.'i(l) •.'PUMP RE'JUIKE."1EtITS·
2200 t'RI:iT LI.'i(l),'THOROUGHPUT ·':Q:'(H"''''3/S)''
2210 t'Rl:rT 'HEAD ·':1t(4):'(:i)·
2220 PltUT LIS( 1). 'CAN THE PUMP :iEET THESE KEQUIitE.-iE.'·iTS":-
2210 I:;PUT [$
2140 H- ls-'n:s' TH.E~ GoTa 2290
2HO PRI;"'! 'OPt::KATUR MUST RE-RUN PROGRAM UITH A LOIIGI::R '
2260 PRINT '~IXI";G Tl:11:: IolHICH WI1.L REDUCE TtlE HEAD AND'
2270 PRI~T 'TttROUGHPUT Rl:)~UIREHENTS ON THE PUMP'
2280 STOP
22':10 P"J.fJ'*U(4)-G
2)uO 1·ltl:lT 1.IN(2),'I'Lf.A!H: SPECH'Y TtiE PUMP EfFICII::NCY Cl) . '
2)IU t.;plJT E
llW l.-(li)U*P)/E
2110 U(I)-(T(J)·P'*IUU)/E
2 H.O l_J'*QOIIV
], J ,;u <;OTO ) '>"0
2JbO Kt::-1 I'H.UT OUT 'Jf KE:,ULTS
l Hu KE:1 }J.TI::IU'MTl\fJ:: I :;PI::CIFICA!lON 3
lMO i-'}u:rr LI~(l).'ALJ. UAT" ,jUUU1.0 BE G(VI::N l.i 5.1. UNITS'
2WU O~ T(lf),II(lO),~(I\)
24L10 PKl.'lT Ll.'i(l),'UAT'"
-236-
1:.10 Pi(l:\T' ·.LI.... (I)

14,!U i'rU:>!' r,\.\jK tll.\:-tETl::K (:'1) •
24jU 1. ... 1'1.:1 ~
.!"4\.J PIH~T' T.-\-"..,. til::11..:1I1 (.'1) . ' :
14)u U~UT 't
L 4 0U pH-I;>;r 'l.ltlUlJ 1([Z'lt:.:.'1ATU; vl::;l:OSl"rr (.'1--US) . ' :
247u [:a'UT I(
14dU !'RI:iT 'LLQUIJ uE:-lSITY (KG/M.... ) .':
l4~O [SPUT J
15iJO t'K[:a' Lli::GKI:':E Of :UXING Rl::\.lUl:{EI> (.t) . '
l')lu t:lpUT ~
2520 P;{l.'H 'INJt::CTION nH~ (5) . ' :
1530 ViPU! r(o
2540 P~l~T 'STATtC HEAD (H) .':
2.Hu l.'liPUTt1(l)
2560 pK,[:.. r 'PU~P TrlUH.OUGHPUT (W-)/S),Ht::AD (M),EfFICIENCY (Z;)'
2570 1:.put ~.H(5).E
25&0 G-'J.31
25'JO If ~/d<O.S THEN GorO 2620
1600 IF 1/0>l.5 THEN GOIu 2640
2010 GUru lb50
2020 PK.l~l l.[S(l).·T~~K IS UNSUITABLE FOR A JET ~lXISG OPERATIUN'
2630 STut'
1640 Y-2.S*B
165U If 1-2 Trll::N GOTO 2680
2000 C-( (3.142"'( Ii--) )/1l)+( « 3.142*(6" -2»/ ~).( Y-(O. 5.3»)
207U COTO ~6'10 .
lb8U ~_(u.7~5*(saal»*Y
Inl}O X-1;0
:Uuo ~y/X.
2710 V-(4*Q)/(3.1~2*(D_al»
2720 A-( b.13"O*V)/Y
2730 If A(u.5 THE~ GOTD 1770
214u PRI:-lT 1.I~(!).'lJt:::H~N CU!i::nTIONS u~SUn."nLE AS J:;r Ct.STilEl.ISE'
275u PRl:-lT' Vi:::LOCITY IS >0.5 (!if:;) .\T THE Ll'lUIJ SL:iU"ACl::'
27bU STop
1.77U H( 2)-( V- a 2)f(2 .O*G)
17dO PRI~T LIN(l),'AS THE Jt::T VELOCITY lS':V:'('~/S) A."oI!) 7:tE JET )L\.~n:J( 15':0:'00'
21'JO PKI~T' PLEASE SPE;CI~'y THE HEAl) LOSS IS tHE ll£CBCUU.TlOS Ptr>£LtSE C... ) . ' :
2800 I:oii-'UT H( 3)
2810 1I(4)-I.)J3*(H( l)+:;(lhH())
2820 IF H(5»H(4) THEN GOTO 2910
28)0 PRIST LlS(2), 'HEAD KEQUIIlEU IS :-t:)R£ TriA.'i Pl.~ CA.'4 ~'i....cE.'
2840 Plun' THUS THE. Jt::T UL\.'1ETER ,",ILL BE L-,CKEASED'
285U X-X-~
2B60 IF x-95 THES GUTU 2B90
287U ~Y/X
2ddO GOTO 2710
2H90 PKI:-iT LIS(2),'OESIGN Cut;DlTIONS US-SUITABl.E FOR PlP.1P TO OPSaATI::'
2'JOO ST01-'
2910 K-(V*U)/K
2920 U' 1« 200U THEN GOTO 3020
29)U IF 1«10UOOO THEN GOTO 3060
2940 IF [-2 TflEN GOTO 2910
295U IF KO]4000 THEN F-13.0S
29bO IF RO )4000 THEN CUTa 3090
2970 IF K(1340UO T!iEN £1-15.1
2980 IF K(134UUU TrtEN GUTO 3120
2990 PKI;.jT 'CON1HTIOrlS SPECIFIED,Nor COVERED BY PROGRAlir .
3000 PKINT 'JET KE1~ULDS NO. )134000'
3010 STUk'
3020 1-'R (:iT L IN( 1) • ' JET IS NOT TUK8ULENT. THUS PROGRAH SHOULD BE kE-RUN \Il TH r
)0)0 t>KUT' All INCkf.A!ii::U PUMP THRDUGHt>UT OH. A 5.'1A1.l.£R JET LHAH:ETEK'
)040 PH.I....T 'BY CrlANG(~G THE VALUE OF X, IN LI:-4E 2220'
)OSO STUP
)ObO :j-(LOG(R»/Zo)03
3010 IF 1-2 THEN GOTD )110
3UijU F-IU a &(1.8Id44-(O.140J*N»
)U90 1( l )-( Fill (Y- -0. S) *( Ba "0.1 5»1 «( (V*O) - ao. 5)*(Ca "0. 2S»
) I UO (;010 31]0
3110 F·IU:'''(J.qtBbB-(0.159b*~»
)12U T(l)-(F*(ya"U.5)*(B-·O.975»/«(V.D)--0.b5)*(C·"0.17S»
)130 IF :1-115 THE:-C GfJTO )150
j 140 T( 1 )-r( 2} * « LOG( ( 1Ut)-~I) 1100) )/LOG( O. 05»
3150 T( ))-T( I )+T{ l)
)11)0 P-J*Q"'II(4)*C
)170 L-( IUO"'i-')/E"
31aO I.I(I)-(T()*P*UJU)/E
)190 Z-J*:J*V
nuU t;UTO )').,0
-237-
Uli) 1Q.'i PiU:iT OllT KESUI.T:i
Hlu Kt}\ Al.TER."lATlVt:: 2 sPt:C[~·l~ATlONS l/2/)
)230 pl{[:n LL-;(2),'ALL lIArA SHOLiLD BE GIVI;::-l l:ol S. t. u:urs'
Jl40 tlL'1. T(10) ,H(lu) .",.I( lil)
)250 PKUT Li:'(l).· DATA'
3260 PKl~T' • ,LI.'-;(l}
.l27u PK1:H' Vu LUM(:; TO IU:; :-HXEO (M .... 3) .,-:
3280 (:\pur c
32'h) Pi{l:n' LI'JUW KIN8iATlC VISCUS1T'{ 0" .... 2/5) . ' :
])00 l:-OPUT t<
DlU PR(:-lT' LI'~U[J DENSITY (KG/~""3) . ' :
))20 I.WUT J
3)JO PR1~T 'DEGREE Of ~lXISG REQUIRED (%) .'
3340 [~PUT:i
3350 PKl~T 'INJECTIO~ TI~E (S) .';
))60 I:-:pur T( 1)
3J70 PR1~T ':iTATlC HEAD (M) .':
)380 I~n'UT H(l)
3390 G-~;l.i:H
)4UO IF 1-2 THEN GOrD 3430
3410 Iio-(O.694*C) .... O.331
3420 Goru 3440
)4)0 B-(O.637"'C) .... O.333
3440 Y-2""ij
3450 O~ S corD 3460,3430,3520·
)460 ~~ ALTE&>.jATIVE 2 SPECIFICATION
)470 Guro 770
3480 RE.'i AI. Tt:KNATlV£ 2 SPEClfICATlON 2
3490 PKDIT' !'1l.<lNG TL'tE (S) . ' :
350U I;~PljT T(2)
3510 GOTO 1540
3Sl0 ~~ ALTLRNAT[VE 2 SPECIFICATION)
3530 PRI~ 'PUMP THKOU~HPUT (MaA3/S),~EAD (~).EFFICI~CY (X)'
3540 ISPur Q.H(S).E
)55u GUTO Ib90
3560 REM PRI~T OUT OF THE DESIGN ~SULTS
»70 PRUT LI~(5).TA5(20).'DESIGN RESI,;LTS'
)5HO PKUT TA.Ii(20),' , ,L[~(2)
3590 PKI~T LI~(L).'I:-voLL~--ro-iE :1IXLU .';C:'(MaA 3)'
)600 PRI;.;T LlN(L),'2. DEGREE OF :U:«SG .'::1:'(.t)'
36tO PRI;';T LIN(1),'3. Rll.!;::nX Tl)1.E FOR :1lXING'
3620 PRl:-;T' I:UI:::CTluN TL'iE .':T(1):'(S)'
3630 PRI:IT' !'1IXING TL'iE .':T(2):'(S)'
3640 PRINT' TOTAL RUN!iI:iG TL"tE ·':T(3):'(S),
3650 PRINT LI~(I).'4. TANK DL'iENSIONS'
3660 PRI;';!' TANK DIA:-u:n:R .. ':B:'(M)'
3670 PRINT' HEIGHT OF LIIJUID IN TANK .':Y:'(li)'
3680 PRINT LI~(I).'5. JET PROPERTIes'
3690 PRIH' JET IHA.'1ETER·' :D:'(Ii)'
37UO PRI;"'!' JLT VELOCITY .. ':V:'(M/S)'
3710 PRINT' JET KE'iNOLDS NO. ·':R
3710 PRINT' JET THRUST . ' :Z:'(N)'
)7)0 PRINT LIN(I),'6. PUMP REQUIREMENTS'
37:'0 PRINT' PUMP THllOUGKPUT .. ':Q:'(MaA)/S)'
3750 PRI:-lT' STATlC HEAD .. ' :H(l):'(H)'
3760 PRINT' VELOCITY HEAD ·':H(2):'(H)'
3770 PRINT' PIPELINE FRICTION HEAD .':H(3):'(H)'
3730 PRI:-lT' TOTAL HEAD REQUIRED FROM PUMP .':H(4):'(H)'
3790 PRINT PUMP EFFICIENCY .. ':E:'(%)'
3800 PRINT PUMP POYER REQUIRED .':L:'(W)'
3810 PRINT EN~KGY CONSUME!} BY PlRiP .':w{l):'(J)'
3820 PRINT LlN( I).' 7. LlqUIJ PROPERTIES'
38)0 PIU.'lT' aa
LIt~Ulll KINt-JiATIC VISCOSITY .. ' :K:'(H 2lS)'
aa
3840 PRINT' LIQUII> DENSITY .. ' :J:'(KG/!-I 3)'
3850 END
BOTTOM
-238-
9.3.6 Examples of the computer-aided design procedure in operation.
Two sets of data were run for options A-F to test that consistent
results were obtained for both designs. The data used was for
designs of the same size as those tested in this investigation.
Table 37 illustrates a data input sequence to option A and tables
38-41· give the design results for options A & B with the first set of
data and for options E & F with the second set of data.
Industrial scale data was used to test the design procedure

for co~ercial size applications. This data illustrates the use of
options C & D.
1. Option C. An axial upward jet in a hemispherical base cylindrical

tank; the dimensions are specified of a tank to mix 200 tonnes
of lubricating oils. An existing pump is to be used. The
details of this design are given in Table 42.
2. Option D. Tetraethyl lead is to be blended into gasoline.
The only specification given is that the tank must hold 3500
barrels of gasoline. The design of jet mixer chosen is an
axial upward jet in a flat base cylindrical tank. The
specification of the finished design is shown in Table 43.
-239-
m:s [\;N ~KOGH.Al1 FUR JET :1IXING
------
TlilS PROGKAH CUNTAI;-';S 'NO DESIGNS. THE FUST OF HIES!::,
llES(C:'<-I, IS FUN. AN .-\:\1A1. VI::I<TlCAl. JET IN A HE."IISPHEIUCAL
HAS!:; CYCL(:-OUKIC.o\l. fMK.USI:: OF THIS UESIGN IS ADVISEU
AS ALL OTIIEI< CO:WITlONS tU::ISG THE SAME THIS MIXER
GIVt::S Till:: SHORT!::ST m;(I~G TI~E A.'m THERI:::FOtU: CONSUHES
LESS E:-;I::KGY TriA.~ A.W OTHI::R OESIt;N OF JET :-UXEH..
THE OTHER PROt;N.A."\,DESIG~2 .15 FOR USE
.....HE~ THE :1lXWG VESSEL 15 A Fl.AT HASE CYl.I~OH.ICAL
T,t'\K,THIS UESIGN HAS A.~ A.'HAL Up\.IARD JET \.IlIlCH
:-t1:<'I::S fAST!::K THAN A,"i I;';CLISIW SIDE i::NTN.'i JET.
_HICH u~SIGN IS REQUIRED,DESIGN- 11
T~IS PROGRA.~ IS FOR AN AXIAl. UPWARD.JET I~ A
HE:1ISPHEKICAL KASE CYLINDRICAL tANK
OESL~N CUNUITlONS
~STIXt; PLAST TO HE USED OR IS THIS TO BE'A DESIGN
IF E..'Usn:-;G pJ..A.,.'n IS TO BE USED Pl.EASE ruE AL TE~ATlVE

IF' IT IS TO BE A NEW DESIGN PLEASE TM.E ALTER..."ATIVE 2
A1.TE~~ATI""E !I
..liAT CU!~l)tTIONS ARE SPECIFIED
TA:,K IH~E:~SIONS m'LY,THES T.o\I(l:: SPECIFICATION 1

TA.'iK DL'tENSIO:-'S A.ND !1t:<ING TUiE. TAKE SPECIFICATII)S 2
T"\'~K Dl:·1l:::-iSIONS A.:W PUXP CAPABtLlTlES, T.~ SPECIFICATIO!ol )
SPECIfiCATION tl
ALL DATA SHOULD BE GIVEN I~ S.I. UNlTS
DATA
~ DlA.'iEtEK (!'t) - !I
T~'~ HEIGKT (M) - !2
LIQUID KI~EMATIC VISCOSITY (~-2IS) - 11E-06
LItlUI:J OENSITI (Kg/:-l-) - !1000
D~GREE OF XIXING REQUIRED (%) - 199
l:iJ I::CTION T l~ (S) - ! 30
STATIC HEAD (!'t) - !O
AS TH.E JET VELOCITY IS 0.1875 (H./S) AND THE JET DIAMETER IS 0·,0133333
(M)
?LE;\SE SPECIFY THE HEAD LOSS IN THE REClN.OJLATION PIPELINE (!'t) - !0.1
PUMP KECJUIRI::ME:rrs
THROUGHPUT - 2.61833£-05 (HAllS)

llEAD .. O.1372Bl (K)
CAN THE Plr.1P MEET THESI:: REQUIRF."1ENTS ! YES
PLEASE SPECIfy THE PUMP EFFICIENCY (X)- !50
Table 37. Data input sequence for Option A.

OPTION-A -240-
I. \'uLL'!l£ TO tSl-; ~lXt::u • 1.44008 (:'t~)
;.!. iJEGtt,i::l:: Of :1l.{l~G .. 99 (t)
3. I{UNNl~G Tl'il:: FUR :ll.'UNC

I ru ECTIIJN Tl:'1.E .. 10 (S)
:'1.1~[~G Tl~E .. 539.716 (5)
TOTAL RU~NISG tL"iE .. 569.716 (5)
4. T~~K UI~t::NSIONS
T .o\!'K l) L\!'iETl::k" 1 (~)
dElGH.T Of LIQUlJ l:-l B ••'I,lK .. 2 (~)
s. JET PROPERTIES
JET OIA~n:H." 0.0133333 (!oI)
JET VELOCITY .. O.1\i75 Ot/S)
Jt::T KE'OIOLDS tlo ... 2500
JET tHIWST .. 0.004'10937 (N)
6. PUMP REQUIRF.."lENTS
Pl1:iP THKOUGI'lPUt .. 2.61833£-05 (Wl/S)
STATIC Ht:AD .. 0 (~)
VELOCtT't itEM) .. 0.001191% 00
t'I[lELlSE FIUCTlllN HEAD .. 0.1 on
TOTA!. Hf.AD REQUIKEll FROM Ptr.1P .. O.13~ ~.l1)
Ptr.1P £~'FICH;NC'l .. so (%.)
flUMp fOlIEN. R1:::QUIREIJ .. 0.oQ9:705 (W)
r:SEH.GY CONSU!1Eu BY ?IniP .. 3q:7r1.·I:~ (J)
7. LlqUlLJ t'IWPERTlt:S
LIQUlu KI'OJ::.'1ATlC VISCOSITY .. 1.E-Ob (:1'"'215)
LltlUl'J 1lC:~SIn .. luOO (KG/~a 1)
Table 38. Design results for Option A.
OPTION-B
DESIGN RESULTS
1. VOLUXE TO BE MIXED - [.44008 (H-)
2. DEGREE OF ~IXING - 99 (t)
). RUN~ING Tl:01E FUR :1t:<ING

INJ!::CTlON TUiE • '30 (S)
MIXING TL'1r: • ')40 (S)
TOTAL RUNN [:-IG Tl:-1.E • S70 (S)
4. TANK OL'1EUSIONS
TANK UL-\."ffiTEH. - I (H)
HEIGHT OF LlQUID IN TANK - 2 (H)
s. JET ~ROPEKTtKS
JET OLAHETER - 0.01l3333 (H)
JET VELOCITY - 0.187511 (H/S)
JET KE'CiOLDS tlO • • 2500.15
JET T.-IRUST - O.004':10!J9t) (N)
6. PUMP REqUIRE1"U:NTS
PUMp TliROUGHl-'UT • 2.61849£-05 (W3/S)
STATIC ~F.AD • 0 (H)
VELOCITY HEAD· o.l)on9.co (H)
PIPELINE FKICTWN HEAD· 0.1 (H)
TUTAL HEAD R~:!)UIKEO FKOH PUMp· O.lJSb89 (H)
PUMP E~~F'ICH;tOCY • (X) so
PUMp POWEH. 'KEIJUIRI::I) • U.009709 (W)
ENEMG't' CO:jSU~EU BY PUMP· 39",3*1 (1)
7. Ll!JUID PROPElfrlES
L IrJU 1L> KI N£.'1ATlC VISCOSITY • 1. E-Ob Cia 2/ S)
LIQUlll OE:iSIT'X • 1000 (KG/!'la)
Table 39. Design results for Option B.

-241-
OPT! ON-E
UESl~N RESULTS
1. liOLl.JHE TO 8E ;{I:\.t::l) ... O.1~b3 (H."')
2. UEGK~E Of ~IXING ... 99 (l)
3. RUtlNl:-oG iI~E t'OK ~IXlNG

I~t:C'(LUN TIME'" )0 (S)
:-tlXING TIME" 713 (S)
TIlTAL RU:~Nl:-:G TlMe ... 743 (S)
4. TAh1:. tH~IEt'OS[ONS
T.~K IHA.."U:::Ti::K" 0.500404 (:1)
HEIGH'f OF LlI.JUlLl IS T.\l'o'K. .. I.U0081 (H.)
S. JET ~KOPERTlI:::S
JEt lH.AMf.TEI{ .. 0.00661205 (H)
JET VELOCITY .. O.)7~708 (:1/5)
JET KLY~OLOS NO ... 2500.07
JET TKKUST .. 0.004909&5 (N)
6. PUMP REQUIR~ENTS
t'U!1P TtiROUGHPUT" 1.3102&E-05 (M-J/S) .
STATIC HEAD .. 0 (:1)
VI::LOCI'N HEAl.) .. a.OOlI5bl.(H)
PlPELl~E nUCTION HEAD .. O. I. (M) •
TuTAL HEAD KEQUIKEll fROM PUMP .. 0.142.839 (H.)
PUMP EFFIC[~SCY .. 50 (t)
PU'!"tP PO\,'EH. RE(JUIRED .. O.03&7~1· (W)
~:-it::w.;y CONSU!iEU BY PUMP .. 17.16~a (J)
7. LlQUI!) PROPERTIES
LI~UIJ KIN~~ATIC VISCOSITY .. 1.E-06
A
(H 2/S)
LIQUlLJ DE~SIT'i • 1000 (KG/:1~J)
Table 40. Design results for Option E.
OPTlON-F
DESIGN RESUl.TS
I. VOLUKE TO dE HIXED .. 0.1963 (H-3)
2. DEGREE OF :11XING .. 99 (X)
3. RUliNI:iG TIHE FOR !'!.IXING

I~ECTlON TL'iE .. 30 (S)
MIXING TIME" 712.873 (5)
TOTAL RUNNING TL'i.E .. 742.873 (S)
4. TANK l>L"tENSIONS
TANK IHAtfETEH. .. 0.500404 (M)
HEIGKT OF LIQUID IN TANK .. 1.00081 (H)
5. JET PROPERTIES
JET Dl~~TER • 0.00667205 (H)
JET VELOCITY .. 0.374705 (MI5)
JET REYNOLDS f10. - 2500.05
JET TKKUST .. 0.00490957 (N)
6. PlIXP RElJU!Kt1iWTS
PU':iP TKROUGHPUT" 1.31025E-05 (W3/S)
STATIC riEAD • 0 (M)
VELOCIT'i HEAD .. o.o01.lSbt (M)
PIPELl~E FKICTION HEAD .. 0.1 (H)
TOTAl. riEAD RE!JUIKEU fROM PUMP" 0.142i39 (M)
PUMP EFFICIENCY" 50 (X)
PUMP PUWER REQUIRED .. O.03bl~1 (W)
t:::U:KGY' QlNSUH.EU IlY PUMP .. 2J·2:-:791.(J)
1. LlqUl:l PROPERTIES
Ll!JUIJ KINEMATIC VISCOSITY .. 1.£-06 (~~21S)
L11~Uli> DENSITI .. 1000 (KG/:i~)
Table 41. Design results for "Option F.

-242-
OPTlON-C
DESIGt-O RESCLIS
I. \J01.Um: TO BE mx.£o .. 222.295 (". l)
2 • OEGRH. OF ~lltlSC .. 97.~ (t)
3. . RUSSING TIME FOR ~1:<ING

TlHE .. lbO (S)
l~J::CTIO:-l
HUING TU-lE" 251.069 (5)
TOTAL RUS:HNG TL'iE .. bll.Ob9 ( S)
4. TANK OL'i[!l$IONS
TA.~K DIA.'1ETER .. b.05 (H)
HEIGHT OF LIQUID IN TA.~K .. 8.74 (M)
5. JET ~ROPERTIES
JET ULA:iETER .. 0.0582&67 on
JET VEl.OCITY .. 5.69977 (HIS)
JJ::T REYNOLDS NO. - 9434.84
JET THRUST" 77.9128 (N)
b. PUMP REQUIREMENTS
PUMP THKOliGHPUT .. 0.0152 (~1"3/S)
STATIC HEAD .. 0 (~)
VELOCITY "EAD • cl.b~5!01' (")
PIPLLIS[ rRleTIOS HEAD .. &.78 (H) •
. TOTAL HEAD REl,JUlRED FRml Pill1P .. 1,1.").459 (M)
'PU:1P EFfiCIENCY" 55 (t)
PUMP PO',.l£R REQUIRED .. 214~.80 (U)
E:-iERGY CO:-;SU:-LED BY Pl.~ .. 1.676~+Ob (J')
7. LIQUID PROPERTIES
LIQUID Kl~~'iATlC VISCOSITY .. 3.52£-05 (:1"2/S)
LqUID DE:-;"SITY .. 900 (KG/.,,"3)
Table 42. Design results for Option C
OPTION-D
DESICt-; RESULTS
I. VOLuxt TO SE ~IXED - 667.38 (". l)

•
2. DEGREE OF ~IXI~G - 99.5 (l)
3. RUNNING TlJ1E FOR MIXING

UJECTION TIME .. 360 (S)
MIXING TIME .. 4184.2 (S)
TOTAL RUN:HNG TL"lE - 4544.2 ( S)
4. T~~~ DLHENSIONS
TA.'iK OIA.'1ETER .. 7.;040) (H)
HEIGHT OF LIQUID IN TA.VK .. 15.0081 (M)
5. JET PROPERTIES
JET DIA~[J::TER .. 0.100054 (M)
JET VELOCITY. 0.94949 (~/S)
J£T REYNOLDS NO. - 2500
JET THRUST - 6.53618 (:1)
6. PmtP REqUIRE.'1ENTS
PUMP TilROUCHPUI - 0.00746625 (~IA3/S)
ST,\TIC tiit\l) • 0 (~1)
VELOCITY IIEAD • 0.0459'1-9' (")
PIPELINE FKICT[ON HEAD .. 5.86 (M)
TOTAL HEAD REQUIRED FKO!1 PUMp· 7. '01lb3 (M)
PUMP EfnCIEf.:CY .. 60 ut·
PUMP PO\JER REQUIttE!) .. 8&6.081.(\1)
ENERGY CO:-'SllMED BY PUMP • 4.01~?.3f+06 (J)
7. LIqUID PROPERTIES
LIQUID KINE.'iAtlC VISCOSITY .. 3.8£-05 (W2/S)
LIQUID DEtlSITY .. 9'22 (KGIWJ)
Table 43. Des'ign resul ts for Option D.

-243-
CHAPTER TEN
Conclusions and Recommendations for

Further Work.
-244-
10.1 Conclusions.
1. The mixing time equations developed by this investigation are

applicable to the jet mixing of miscible single phase Newtonian
liquids or approximately Newtonian pseudoplastic liquids which
have similar densities and viscosities.
2. Mixing time is strongly dependent on the jet Reynolds No. in

the laminar jet regime and slightly dependent in the turbulent
jet regime.
3. For an axial upward jet in both a hemispherical and a flat base

cylindrical tank,mixing time becomes independent of the jet
Reynolds No. at Re, = 100,000.
J
4. The proposal that mixing time is a function of the jet Reynolds

No. even when the jet is strongly turbulent can be explained
by observing that the recirculating flow in the tank still shows
laminar-like behaviour.
5. It is only when both the jet and the recirculating flow are
strongly turbulent that mixing time is independent of the jet
Reynolds No.
6. For the greatest accuracy of mixing time prediction, terms

for liquid viscosity,liquid density and gravity should be
included in mixing time expressions.
7. If the mixing time equations developed'by this investigation

are used outside the recommended ranges their accuracy will be
impaired.
8. Although liquid hehaviour in the bulk of a tank is important,

(as it explains why mixing time is dependent on a jet Reynolds
. No. term even when the jet is strongly turbulent) mixing time
data should be correlated in terms of a jet rather than a tank
Reynolds No. This is because the jet is the dominant influence
on the mixing ability of a jet mixer.
-245-
9. Use of a jet Reynolds No. 1n the m1x1ng time equations helps
to deal accurately with scale-up.
10. It is important to maintain kinematic and geometric similarity

for these equations to be successfully used in a scale-up
application.
11. A comparison of m1x1ng times with those already published reveals

that unless identical techniques are used to study a jet mixer,
then widespread discrepancies in mixing times will occur.
12. Since this investigation has used the same experimental technique
to compare all the proposed designs for jet mixing to an identical
degree of liquid homogeneity, a valid quantitative comparison
can be made of the mixing time performance of all the designs.
13. The design incorporating an axial upward jet in a hemispherical

base cylindrical tank is superior to all others due to the
elimination of poorly mixed regions in the tank.
14. For jet mixing 1n a flat base cY.1indrical tank the Hiby & Modigell
(149) design with an axial upward jet should be preferred to the
best type of inclined side entry jet mixer, 1e. the Coldrey (150)
design, as it is less prone to poorly mixed regions.
15. The similar performance of an axial upward and downward jet in a

flat base cylindrical tank 1S illustrated by' their respective
mixing time equations which are almost identical. However the
difference in the recorded mixing times of these two designs can
be attributed to two possible causes. Firstly, the downward jet
design may have been more prone to poorly mixed regions due to
the existence of a 'free' liquid surface at its 'base'. Alternatively
the difference could have been caused by the different points.at
which tlu! salt tracer was added during the investigation of the
two designs.
16. With an axial vertical jet the optimum position for the jet is
flush with the wall of the vessel.
-246-
17. The superior performance of the Coldrey (150) to the Fossett.&
Prosser (7) design is attributable to the longer jet length ~n
the former design. This enables the jet to have a larger

entrainment capacity and hence a greater mixing ability.
18. The mixing time equations developed by this investigation can be

used to predict mixing times for a 95% degree of liquid homogeneity.
Mixing time for any other degree can also be predicted by these
equations if a first order exponential decay of segregation is
assumed to model the mixing process.
19. The assertion made by Hiby & Modigell (149) that 99% mixing is
complete after 6 internal circulations is only very approximate.
This investigation agrees with the suggestion made by Voncken
(214) and Khang & Levenspiel (116) that 99% mixing is complete
after 5 - 7 internal circulations.
20. It is possible to correlate mixing times down to Re. = 100.

J
Below this the jet is thought to be completely laminar and any
mixing will be due to natural diffusion.
21. Above Re. = 2000 the rurbu1ent cone angle of the jet is constant
J
at 22.25 0 • Below Re. = 2000, the turbulent cone angle increases
J 0
as the jet Reyno1ds No. decreases, up to a maximum of 26.00 at
Re. = 100.
J
22. The laminar length of a jet is zero at Re. = 2000. Above this
J
value, a jet is strongly turbulent.
23. The equation formulated for the axial centre line jet velocity
is similar to that found by previous investigators (4).
24. It is possible to correlate the velocities of the liquid

re circulating in the bulk of a tank.
25. A bounded jet in a closed system has a greater entrainment

capability than a free jet in an open system.
10.2 Recommendations for further work
1. Before any of the proposed mixing time equations can be used

-247-
commercially, they should be thoroughly tested on large scale

industrial tanks. These tests would check the validity of the
designs produced by the computer-aided design procedure as
well as the accuracy of the mixing time correlations.
2. Further mixing time tests can be carried out to extend the

range of jet Reynolds No. over which the proposed correlations
apply.
3. Mixing time is independent of the jet Reynolds No. in the region

Re. > 100,000 for the designs incorporating an axial upward jet
J
in ·both a flat and a hemispherical base cylindrical tank.
Tests can be carried out to investigate if this independence

occurs at the same value of jet Reynolds No. for the inclined
side entry jet designs and the axial downward jet design.
4. A study could be made for inclined side entry jet mixers as

to the optimum position for the jet relative to the wall and base
of a tank. The objective of this testing·would be to find a
position which maximises the effective jet length and minimises
any poorly mixed regions.
5. In the tests carried out by this investigation the jet inclination

0
was kept constant at 45 to the horizontal. Further tests
could be done to investigate if the angle, which has a bearing
on the effective jet length, has any effect on mixing times for
both the Coldrey (150) and Fossett & Prosser (7) designs.
6. An initial study was made in Chapter 5 to· relate the mixing

times measured using a conductivity technique to those made
with colorimetric and temperature methods. This study should
be extended by using tanks of different sizes and by looking
at other techniques for measuring mixing time.
7. The effect of the size of the measured sample volume on mixing

time is a subject which requires further study. Combined with
this the effect On mixing time of the ratios between the tank,
tracer, and measured sample volume could also be looked at.
-248-
8. Further analysis could be carried out to establish a

correlation of the power data for jet mixing.
9. A direct comparison of mixing times and energy consumption can

be made using the same experimental equipment and techniques
to study the performance of jet and mechanical mixers.
10. Further cine photography and dye injection tests could be

carried out to study the flow patterns and turbulence in a tank
especially at high jet Reynolds N6s o ie. Re. > 100,000.
J
11. An in-depth investigation of liquid velocities throughout a

jet mixed tank could be attempted using hot wire anemometry.
The purpose of this would be to establish the velocity profiles
throughout a tank. This study would generate more information
about the entrainment capabilities of a jet and provide a
better understanding of the mixing process.
12. In this investigation, jet mixer performance has been analysed

~n terms of mixing time. Alternative "methods for anlaysing
the performance could be tried Such as the tanks-in-series
theory for calculating the number of ideally stirred tanks.
13. If the design incorporating an axial upward jet in a

hemispherical base cylindrical tank were to be enclosed, the
effect of "usi!lg a hemispherical instead of a flat top could
be examined. The hemispherical top would help to turn the
liquid over and aid the liquid recirculation.
14. Alternative shapes to the circular jet orifice can be investigated

to evaluate their effect on mixing times.
15. A design incorporating flow guides as suggested by Marquart (151)

should be studied to examine the influence of the guides on
the mixing process and On mixing times.
16. Jet mixers are normally used for batch wise operation. Hiby &
Modigell (149) have illustrated their use for continuous flow
-249-
systems. This application can be developed as more and more
processes are becoming continuous.
17. This investigation has looked at the mixing of liquids of

similar density and viscosity. Very little information is
available about the jet mixing of liquids having dissimilar
densities and viscosities.
18. The mixing time correlations proposed by this investigation

are for Newtonian liquids and approximately Newtonian
pseudoplastic liquids. Further work can be done to examine
how well these equations can be adapted to the mixing of Non-
Newtonian liquids.
190 An evaluation could be made of the use of j-et agitation for

the enhancement of heat transfer for heating or cooling liquids.
20. A major potential use of jet mixing could be for the suspension
of solids. The feasibility of this method could be examined.
-250-
REFERENCES.
-251-
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-252-
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-253-
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-254-
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-255-
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-256-
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-257-
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-265-
APPENDICES.
-266-
Appendix One
A Theoretical Analysis of Mixing Times In A Jet Hixer.
This analysis, based on the original work by Bush (60) is used

to calculate the time needed for a pulse of tracer material to be
dispersed through a jet mixed tank.
An analysis can be carried out if consideration is given not

to the conservation of matter within an infinitesimal liquid element
at (x,r) but to the transfer of material across a plane moving with
the centre of mass of the liquid, i.e. a plane xl moving at right
angles to the j et axis.
If the velocity of the plane xl is Vm
IAII
and the net flow of tracer across plane xl in the direction of xl

increasing is Qx , thus the net flow across a fixed plane x is;
l
2
Q = QXI + Vm.fm . TIb.1 IA21
where f is the mean composition along a radius given by

m
fm (x, t) = ~i2 . Jib

i
2r.f.ar IA3j
2 0
& Qxl. = -TIb . K.[afm/aJ<]
i
jA4j
p
where it is assumed that KD = K. Re.
J
JAGj
jA71
The value of K may be estimated if:-
a) The velocity distribution V (x,r) and the diffusivity D (x,r)

F
found with a free jet also apply to a system where the jet is cont"ined.
b) The diffusivity, DF is sufficiently large that a partial moving.

equilibrium in the transfer of material across the plane xl is
maintained.
-267-
For this analysis, nb is arbitrarily taken as 0.2 corresponding to
the radial point where in the velocity distribution data of Hinze
and Van Der Hegge Zijnen (5l),the velocity Vr has fallen to approximately
5% of the centre line velocity V • Implicit in this assumption of a
x
constant value for ~ is the assumption that the jet spreads out at
. 0
a constant ang 1e - Jet hal f angle 1 1 equivalent to tan -1 0.2.
o
A jet half angle of 11.125 (Re.> 2000) was found experi-
J
mentally by this investigation, which agrees with this value.
It was also found by Hinze & Van Der Hegge Zijnen (51) that after
approximately 10 nozzle diameters, the transverse velocity profile
has the self preserving form:
V
r 1
V
jASj
x
For the axial velocity profile this investigation has found that:
Vx = 6.13 V. (d/x) i.e. j179bl jA9j

The mean velocity across the jet is given by:
V
m
= V
x
J _.=:2...~_
llb
O
an2n
llb.1
2 2 2
(l+An)
2
(l+Anb )
IAlOl
By definition:
-
_b· 2K
1 ;fm) = 2I1x2
( Xl Jrbr(f
~
-f )(V -V )-
m r m
DF • (~I]ndTi
a{
I All I
0 x
If the variation of f with r is not large, the second term on the

right hand side of the equation is given by:
2
- I1.h. IA121
1
For the estimation of the difference(f - fm),the basic conservation

equation is transformed so that it applies to the plane Xl moving.
with velocity V. Under assumption b), we make the assertion that
m
a moving equilibrium exists with respect to radial variations of
(f-f) so that the conservation equation becomes:
m
jA13j
-268-
As the analysis is limited to first order effects:
(V _ V ) af
r m
m I a IAl41
r ar
The two approximations made ~n order to develop an expression for

the radial deviation f - f are precisely analogous to those made
m
to the Boltzmann equations in kinetic theory in order to estimate
the deviation of the velocity distribution as a result of molecular
collisions.
Substituting for V & V in the previous equation:

r m
2
r DFaf = x V
- x
ar
IAISI
where this equation automatically satisfies the boundary conditions.
af
ar =0 at n = 0 Note n = r/x for IA161
Evaluating this equation and taking an averaged value for D :

F
I+A~2
af xV Of
-ar= x m IA161
2DFm aX [
I
Hence:
f f Of
co m
note substitution x = (b/~) has been made. In the steady state,

for a fully developed jet:
af = f and f f
m
m m' = co very closely.
aX
I x D
Fm.
D
FCD
From the definition of f , we find by integration of the above

m
equation that:
-269-
2
f = f + V• b.1
m IA181
From a combination of the previous equations:
(::~tb[ loge
2
(1+An )
o
where the constant has been left.out from IA191 because it does not
contribute to the integral.
This integral I was calculated to be:
where A = 62
nb = 0.2
Hence I =- 2.50 x 10-

4
2
Thus substituting for V from
x
DFm
Since the value of D is found experimentally not to be a function
Fm
of x, K is independent of x and applies at any fully developed jet
cross section. From the experimental results of Hinze & Van Oar
Hegge Zijnen (51),
DFm/ DF co ~ 0.4
and that of Bush (60) DF = 0.015 V.d, then lA2ll gives
co
K = 0.790 V.d 1A221

-270-
For conservation of material in an infinitesimal element moving

with the plane xl' one must have
2
IT Wr (afm) =_aQ"l - 2 V
a
m, r f m IAZ31
at xl a xl
Substituting for ~l from ~ A41
2 aZf
IT Wr2(a~) = ITb·
1
K m - Z V IT Wf 1A241
r m
at xl aX Z a
l
a2 f f
m
K m
ax 2 T
m
1
Systematically b i is put equal to the smaller value 0: Wr & Db lf

and IA22] & IASI are substituted for K & KD respectively.
1 2
KD= f V.d.
0.032 for lf ~ s W IA261
(r:d) p r
W2
r
~= 0 790 V. d • (P;d ) P
0 for lf~ 5 Wr 1A271
where the value Db = 0.2 has been used.
Application of the model to the mixing system as a whole:
V
o = Tank volume IA2SI
Q. Jet throughput
J
=~
2
= > TM = (ITD.;(/4) I A291
2 Z
(ITd .V/4) V.d
For this system, time t equates to the mixing time T.
1A301
TT95 = T95
TM
IA311
From IASI &1A271 and 1A3~ for the region lf ~ 5 Wr
-271-
2
~ • e T95 IA331
v.i
If one defines:
2(K T )0.5
D 95
2 1 2
1::.£ =
f IA351
4~T95
this amounts to asking how close the sum
is to unity where:
00
H (x ,T ):E 1::.£-
- exp [ - IA361
s l 9s 11=-00 Il 0.5
H (0,T ) is the trapezoidal rule approximation to I (00) where:

s 9s
I (00)
exp (- £)
2
a£ = 1. ° IA371
The fractional error in computing I (£) for any finite range of

2
integration appears to be bounded byl/61::.£ • Hence:
0.05
provided:
~ 0.05 IA391
2
Combining the previous equations for K T ' and 1::.£ , this gives:
D 9s
2 1 2
1 1::.£ ~ 0.05 =
f
6"
-272-
0.05 1 2
f
2
24. 0. 790 • .!?".t •
d
(p~dr: 'r9S
0.05 = 1 2
f I A421
1 2
'r9S =
0.948. D~Y.(
f
PVJld r
(V.d)0.166 DO.SO yO• 2S 1A441
0.083
g
= (V.d)0.333 D1.OO yO.SO

00166
g
Substituting with IA4S1 into IA431 gives:
so
'r9S = C20 ",(.;,;V.!...d;:.:):-;O~._3_33--=D:...1~."...o°7't,rno_.__ _--: IA461
gO.166 0.948.D .: .y (P~d) p
2 O
'r9S = C VO. 333 d1 • 333

20
0.948 Dl.OO yO.SO gO.166 (P~d)P
,·r9S = C VO• 333 d1 • 333

30 Dl.OO yO.so gO.166 (P~d )P.
where: c30 = c20

0.948
'r9S = F. VO.333 d l • 333
1.00 0050 0.166
D y g
F is a mixing time factor which is dependent upon c30 and the jet
Reyno1ds No.
-273-
Application of the analysis to the experimental findings for
the design incorporating an inclined side entry jet in a flat base
cylindrical tank.
The following relationships were found to exist,
Laminar
Turbulent
These equations can be combined:
The values of C & P being dependent upon which jet flow regime exists:
C = Cll C C
12
P : 1.333 Laminar p = 0.166 Turbulent
-p
F = C • Re
T95 F yO.50 nl. OO

= IASSI
(V.d)0.667 g0.166
FromlA291 andlA311 it can be proposed that:
TT95 = T95 F.y 0.50 n l • OO 2 IA561

= . V.d
-2-
TM (Vod)0.667 g0.166 n.y
333
TT95 = F. V 0.333 dl. IA571
0.50 l.OO 0.166
y n g
-274-
The experimental findings reduce to exactly the same form IAS71

as was predicted by the theoretical analysis IASOlillustrating that
there is a theoretical basis to the approach outlined in 3.301.
This analysis has primarily been developed for the turbulent

jet regime~e. > 2000), in which the jet half angle is constant.
J
However as equations IASOI -- IAS71 have shown it also models very
well the mixing time behaviour in the laminar jet regime, (Re.>lOO).
J
In both j et regimes mixing time. is shown to be dependent upon the
jet Reynolds No.
Typical data
DATA - 31 Run 23 Coldrey design. Turbulent jet regime.
The experimentally measured m1x1ng time was 66s, the

-4 3 -1
throughput 1.89S x 10 m oS and the tank volume 1.478 x
Using equations 1A281 and IA3l1 values were calculated for TM and TT9S.
T95 = 668
TM = 780s
2
TT'S= 8.462 x 10-
On the other hand if only the operating conditions had been known
then the values of TT9S and TM could have been calculated by use
of IA291 and IASOI.
-1 -2
D 0.S73m,y = 0.S73 m,V = 2.412m.s ,d = 1.0 x 10 m,
-6 2 -1 -3 -2
v = lxlO m.s ,P = 1000 Kg. ID ,g = 9.81 m. s •
TT9S = 8.227 x 10- 2

TM = 780s
These values could then have been substituted into IAS81 to predict
the mixing time.
T
9S = TM • TT9S IAS81
T9S = 64.2s
-275-
These figures illustrate that to reduce ~ to less than 5% in

not more than 66 seconds in an inclined side entry jet mixer, (Coldrey
design), it is necessary to have a mean residence time TM of less
-2
than 780 seconds and a normalised time 'T95 of not more than 8.462 x 10 •
Liquid flowpath length
In this analysis the liquid flowpath length lf is interpreted

as the distance jetted liquid has to travel around a tank before
being entrained back into the jetted stream.
In his study Corrsin (212) indicated that liquid flowpath length

was proportional to the flow system dimensions. For this analysis
these dimensions were thought of as the he~ght of liquid in a tank
and the tank diameter:
IA591
In the equation for the axial velocity profile:
vx = 6.13 V. (d/x)
it can be seen that the distance jetted liquid will travel from the
orifice along the jet axis is proportional to the jet momentum:
x = 6.13 (V. d) IA601

V
x
=> x a (V. d) ie.(M )0.5 IA6l1
0
=> lf a (V.d) IA621
Corrsin (212) also suggested that the flowpath length was independent
of a Reynolds No. term.
This analysis proposes that the liquid flowpath length is

proportional to gravity as this parameter will inflaence the
recirculation behaviour of liquid in the outer parts of a ·.tank,
and therefore entrainment back into the jet.
Inclusion of this term in the expression:
If a y.D. V.d.g.
-276-
enables it to be dimensionally correct.
For the design incorporating an inclined side entry

jet in a flat base cylindrical tank, IA441 was formulated by
dimensional analysis:
(V.d)0.166 DO.50 0.25

• • Y
gO.OS3
The variable lf in IA441represents the average flowpath length of

all the liquid jetted from the orifice nozzle. The magnitude of this
variable is dependent upon both the flow patterns in a tank and
the effect of any stagnant regions which may exist in a tank.
It is for these reasons that the exponents on the variables

in an expression for liquid flowpath length change accordingly for
the.various designs of liquid jet mixers. As a result of this the
mixing time expressions for these designs also differ.
Dispersion Coefficient
Equation IASI defines the dispersion coefficient throughout a

mixing tank. The turbulence and thus mixing intensity in the bulk of
a tank will be dependent upon the turbulence of the jet, which is
reflected in the magnitude of the jet Reynolds No.
Therefore the dispersion coefficient throughout a jet mixed

tank will depend on the dispersion coefficient .of the jet and the
jet Reynolds No.
p
= K. Re.
J
IASI
where p is determined by the mixing regime ln which the tank is
operating.
Mathematical Integrals
The standard forms for the integrals used in the analysis were taken
from the handbook by Weast (217).
-277-
Appendix Two computer Programs.
III R£l1 t'K0GR.\.'1 fOR THE CALCUt.ATlON OF PARAMETERS fOil

21,) Rl:..'"'1 la. tl.l-:.'11St>H.EKICAL RASE ClLISDRICAL TANK WITH la. VERTICAl.. JET AS THE I1l;(EK
)0 PR[:-lT ·CALCl1I.ATlUN OF JET ."IIXl."IC t'AItAXETERS·
40 PlUS!' _ _ ___ ' .Ll:-l(4)
50 PR1~T' ISt'L'T UATA'
~u PKI~T • ,LIS(2)
1u PRl~T '~K-UV-RUNS .';
so Ispur N
.0 PRtH • FlKST RUN NUMBt:R . ' :
IUU I:iPUT t:':
110 K-E+(N-l)
lLO ko'Rl:iT LlS(2)
1)0 DL' '(2UU),T(10U),Q(200),V(200),'(200),F(200),~(200),'(200)
140 R~ [:iPUT !lATA
1)0 FUK l .. t: TO K
IbO PRIST' KUN' : [
170 PiUS! 'TL"IE':I:'·':
IgO ISPUT T(I)
1.0 PRIST' JET THROUGHPUT' :1:'.';
2UO ISPUT I"J(I) TANK-1
llO PRIST LlS( l)
210 r;UT I
1)0 K£.'1 [SPOT SYSTtl1 PAR.\!iET~RS
240 PR1.~T LI.'1()
2'0 PRIST' JET Ul.\!'1EHR (:1) . ' :
IbO [:-lput u
17U A-( ].1 .. 2·(0"-2»/4
2gU PRI:-rr • rMlC. IH ......'fr:TER Ot) . ' :
2.0 (StlU! w
)uO PRIST 'FLUID KIN~TIC VISCOSITY (MA-ZIS) .#:
lIO I:-;PUT l
]l0 YKIST 'fLUIO U£~SlTY (~G/~*-J) .#;
BO I:;YUT C
J':'U PIU;;! ' fL~t~ :!l':lGHT I~ THE H ..'a. (~) .#:
)'0 1SYUT 'f
lbO
.HO fUR I-E TO IC.
)dO V( 1)-'1( 1)/A
HU lit 0-( v( I)·~)/Z
400 F(I)-«V(1)·D)**O.~)*1.77·T(I)
41U f( [)-F( 1)/«Y"O,S)"(w"O, 7,»
UU :-I( [)-~( I)IICII'J( 1)
41U P(I)-(:-!(I).vtI})/l -11
.. 40 :-1i::.XT I
45U R~ PRISl O~l OF RESULTS
460 YRIST LIS(J).'S'fSTLH PA~~TERS#
470 PRIST #
4dO PRISl L~' Jtn OlAnt:TI!R (!1) -#:D

HU PW,l:-4T 'TA."i1C. .JlA.'fr:T£R (!1) ·':W
'UO PRI:n ' FLUIIl iU,'ii::l1ATlC VISCOSITY (KA-lIS) _#:Z
510 PRI~T 'FLUI~ DENSITY (KG/~**) _#:c
510 PRi~T 'FLUIO HEIGHT I~ THE TA.HK. (lot) -#:1
530 PRI:-fI 'GRAVITY (H/5*-2) - 9.810'
540 PRI~T LIS(J).'CALCULATED PARAKEJ!RS'
550 PRI:-4T ' #
560 PRINT Ll:-4( 1). j RUN' :TA6( 10).' TL'1&' :TAB(20).' FLWRATE' : TU( JS).' VELOCITY'
570 "[HT T....( 10), '(5)' :TAS(20),'(H"3/S)' :TAS(35),' (HIS)'
580 PRI:-4T LI:-4(l)
590 FOR 1-£ TO It
600 PR[" I: TAS( (0), T( [) :T....(20) ,Q(I) :T ....(35), v(I)
610 NEXT 1
620 PRl~T L1S(2)
6)0 PRln 'RUN': TAB( tU I 'REYSOLD5 Ntr.1BER# :TAB( 26) • # "nuNC TL"l£ FACTOR': TAa( 47). '!'iO!1.E:fTUK' : TAa( b I) •• ~'"El'
640 PUNT TAB( 46) I '(KC.!1/ SA"'2)' : TAB( ~9) I ' (KC.K"" - 2/ S* * 3) 0" .
650 PRUl LIS(2)

b60 FUR I-E TO It
670 PR I" [: TA.OO), a( 1) :TAll( 29) ,F( !) :TA'( 47) ,H( 1) :.T.... ( 60) ,P( 1)
6g0 NEXT I
6.0 PRin LISO)
7UO PRiST' 00 YOU WISH TO PRocess ~RE DATA.-
7 I" [SPI!l' 1...$
7;,w l ' 1.$-' n:s# THEN' Goro ~o
730 uHtNE FILL 11-' DATA-ITp#. ASC SU
740 lJEF[Nt: nu: '2-'llATA-ITe' t ASC SEP
750 PRINT' UST RUN' NUH8£R':
760 INPUT G
770 fOR 1-1 TO G
700 1JRIU ll,l,T(l),ll(l).V(1)
7.0 :-o'klTE ;Z, I I a( I) • FO) .:10), PO)
dOO NEtT [
810 nos! 11
d20 Q.IlS! 11
8)0 £~D
-278-
1') KD1 I"KJ~KA!'1. FUR ASSi~:;I.";\,; Tnl::: .~SI P':uE A.~L) ACC:':r(ACY
.W iI.~'1 l.lf rru:: t'KLlHCTlI)N rlJK."1t; LA
)\.1 iti." i',{..x;KA.'t U:;LY At'PLIC"oLr: T'J THE Tt;KDL:U:'~T Jt::r KEGl-iE
.. 1.1 i-'Kl.,,"r 'I.."ALClJLATlI.JN .".... U ACCUa(A(,."t' Uf Ttt£. t'Ki:;l)lcriu Jt::T :-tU.INl.: TL'1E'
'>1.1 i'1<I~T • • "LIS( 1)
')U t'Kl:~T ·u:-<l.y us!:: ·... lT~AT .....HTt{ JU F. NU. )1::iUU' -----
1u t'IU~T 'THe TUKl:UJl.t:NT Jt::T tl£Gl:iE:' .l.l~(4)
du lIL't A( lUu) • F( lUu) • J( .!UO) ,11( LOO) • ~(lOLl). R( 2OU) • S{ "lOO) • T( lOu) • V( 200) • X( 100)
9u LlL't C(lUU),l.(ZLl0).:J(llliJ),H(lUO).I:l(lOO).O(lUO)
luu iJt.n~t:: ri.r.:.w fIL£. ,n-'UATA-IIP'" Ase sty
110 D£fli\!:: j{EAJ.) FiLE il-'UATA-1TC·. Ase SEP
110 K~"1 l~PUT UATA
1)0 PRtH • UAT ... '
1.:.0 PRI~T • , ,LI~( 2)
l;u t'KI~T 'N"U:11iER OF N.uNS l~ FlLE.':
I 00 I~PUT :i
170 PRl."T • FlitST RUN NlP.18ER . ' :
16U I:-iPUT to:
I ~u K-[;-( S-l)
zuo PRI,Sr LI:i(3)
210 FOR 1-£ TO K
210 REAl) Il,L(O,T(I),C(1),VOj'
230 READ '2,8(O,«O,U(O,H(1),OO)
240 t1l::.,(T 1
250 PRINT 'NUMHER OP ""NS TO SE EVALUATE.,..':
A SMG- 1,
2 1)0 l~PlIT N
27U PRIST 'FIRST RUN NUMBER-':
280 INPUT E
290 K-E+( N-I)
)00 PR.I~T LINO)
310 PRI~T LIN(2).'JET UUL~TER (~) .':
)2U WPUT I)
))0 PRIST LIN(l).·TAh~ I)IAHET~R (~) .':
).:.u lSPlIT w
))0 1'101.[:.11 l.(~( 1),' FLUID HE"lGHT IN THE TANK (11) . ' :
JbO LWUt '(
)70 PRIST LIS(l),'FLUID Kls~ATIC VISCOSITY (M--2/S) .';
)tW l:-iPUT Z .
)90 PRI~T Ll~(l).·FLUID DENSITY (KC/~-) .';
400 l~PUT P .
410 PRIST LIN(4)
.:olD C-9.tH
430 ~~ CALCULATION OF THE PREDICTED KLXINC rL~
440 FOR 1-E TO K
450 Q(I)-X(I)
4bO Q(I)-(LOO(Q(I»)/2,JOJ
470 F(1)-1.81344-(O.14Q3*Q(I»
4ao F(I)-lO--F(I)
490 :;EXT [
soa fOR r-E TO K
510 S(I)-F(I)*(Y--O.5)*(W--O.75)
;20 J(I)-«V(I)*D)--O.5)*(C--O.25)
5JO S(I)-S(I)/J(I)
540 :a::xr [
550 REH CALCULAT10N OF PREDICTION ACCURACY
560 fOR 1-£ TO K
570 >10)-( (S(1)-1( I»/TO»*IOO
5HO Q(1)-"( 1)--2
590 Q(l)-Q(I)--O,S
&00 A( £-1 )-0
blO AO)-Q(I)+A(I-I)
&20 NEXT I
b30 C-A(K)/N
&40 REK PRI~ ~UT OF SYSTEM PARAMETERS AND CALCULATED RESULTS
&50 PRISt LI~(3).'SYSTEH PARAMETERS'
&bO PRITI' ' ,
6 70 ~Rl:iT LiN( 2). ' JET uI.AMETER (H) . ' : 0
680 ~Rl:iT 'TANK DI.A.'fr:TER (M) ·':W
b~O PR[~r 'FLUID Kl~EHATIC VISCOSITY (H·~2/S) ·':Z
700 PRI~T 'fLUIU U~NSITY (KG/M··3) ·':P
710 PKI:n 'fLUII) HEIGHT IN THE TANK (H) .':Y
72U ~Kl:H 'GRAVITY (M/S~~2) • 9.HIO'
7]0 PKI~T LIN(3),'CALCULATED PARAMETERS'
740 PRI:-fT • , .LI:>t(J)
7 ~u PRLn 'RUil': TAH( tS) •• Kt:YNOLDS' : TAB( 25) • ' PRACTlCAL' : TAB( 40). ' PKEDICTEU' : TAR( 55) •• PREUICTlON'
7 60 PRI~T TAR( 8) , 'NlP.1St:R' : TAS( 15). 'MiX INC' : TAR( 40) , • MIx INC' : TAB( 55) I 'ERROR'
770 PRI:iT TAS( 25).' T1:1£' : TAS(40). 'TIXE'
780 pol.'1 1,"(25),'(s)' :t"(40),'(5)',TAB(55),'(%)'
7'J0 PRI:iT LIN( 2)
auo "UK [-£ TU K
H 10 ~R Cif I: TAB( d) • X( 1) : T ,,!l( 15) • T( 1) : TAB( 40) ,S( 1) : TAS( 55) .:i( 1)
82u NI::XT (
Hlu PRl~T LIN(]l,'AVERAGE ~REO(CT(ON ERROR fOR RUNS':E:'TO':K:'. +/-':C:'"
840 Pi([:olT 1A8(48) •• ~~==
85u PRI~r '00 yOU WISH TU PROCESS MORE OATA~:
HbO l.'lPUT L$
B7U IF LS-'YES' THEN GUro 250
tHW 'LOSt: 11
890 CLOSE 12
':WU t:NU
-279-
Appendix Three
Experimental and computed Data.
Tab.1e t.t..• _Mixi..ng. !.ime data, (files 1 - 35) 0
liN."te: Pm"er data. g:i;e~ is 1.66~tiW;s greater ]than ac_tua~- value.2j
DATA - 1
Design: Axial upward jet hemispherical base cylindrical

tank.·
Results: Low jet Reyno1ds Noo testing.
L
Jet Regime: Laminar.
System Parameters.
Tank diameter. Runs 1 - 60 0.31 rn,
Jet diameter. Runs 1 - 101 x 10-2m Runs 11-20 1.2 x lO-2 m

Runs 21-25 1.5 x10- Zm Runs 26-30 1.8 x 10- 2m
Runs 31-60 1.5 x 10- 2m
Liquid height ~n the Runs 1-45 0.5Om
tank. Runs 46-50 0.40m
Runs 51-55 0.333m
Runs 56-60 Oo25m
-5 2 -1
Liquid kinematic Runs 1-30 & 46-60 5.210 x 10 m .s
-5 2 -1
viscosity. Runs 31-35 4.690 x 10 m.s
-5 2 -1
Runs 36-40 4.170 x 10 m. s
-5 2 -1
Runs 41-45 3.650 x 10 m.s
Liquid density. Runs 1-30 & 46-60 1030 Kg.m- 3
-3
Runs 31-35 1025 Kg.m
-3
Runs 36-40 1025 Kg.m
-3
Runs 41-45 1020 Kg.m
Gravity. -2
Runs 1-609.81 mos
-280-
DATA-1
;Ui~ TL."l£ FLOWKAn: VJ::UX:ITY KEY;.jOLDS (-fIX I st,; :-tO~ENTU:-t pm.fEH.
( 5) ("')/S) (M/S) XUMSER HMI!: (KG.~ (t<.G.!'!.'"'2
FACTOR / S' 2) /5' )
l"lll;i 5. H:-U5 0.07473 129.507 b02.808 0.0)b833' 0.0207105

2 995 b.1)51::-u5 0.77021 141.833 526.132 0.0479956 0.0)01:1056
,
) 018
717
1>.":I5E-US
7.2E-05
O.d~47B7
U.916614
169.825
175.934
46).596
41).599
U.Ob3))74
U.u679761
0.0467001
0.U519232
5 bO) 7.dE-OS 0.992998 190.595 362.042 0.0797775 0.0660157
6 "1 3.4£-05 1.06938 205.256 )68.232 0.092523 0.01:124521
7 478 9, U;-U5 1.1585 222. 36 )09.9d6 0.108586 O.I04d31
8 40) O.uUOllJ3 1.)1127 251.btD 278.047 u.139112 U.152011
9 378 u.OOOI07 1.)6219 ,261.457 265.814 0.150127 0.170418
10 )U4 O.uOu12 1.52769 293.223 226.391 0.188822 0.240385
11 1710 5.2:5E-U5 0.464142 106.904 768.916 0.Oi,098, 0.00970771
12 1243 b.ZE-US 0.54813 126.249 607.394 0.035"'035 0.0159887
IJ 1046 6.85J:::-05 0.60)595 139.484 537.255 0.0427277 0.0215631
99, 7. 15J:::-05 0.632117 145.593
"
15
16
B87
767
7.5E-05
8.15E-05
0.66306
0.720525
152. 72
165.956
522.131
476.714
429.712
0.0465523
0.0512214
0.Uo04845
0.0245221
0.028)02)
0.036)171
17 685 8.55E-OS 0.755888 174.101 39).077 0.0665673 0.0419312
18 5» 9.75E-05 0.861978 198.536 338.868 0.0805641 0.0621803
19 4b5 0.000L06 0.937125 215.844 297.105 0.102315 0.0799018
20 40) O.OOO1l4 I.OO7MS 232.135 267.03 0.113342 0.0993925
21 1~54 0.02E-05 0.)41161d Qd.uo&7 841.533 0.0211204 u.00599499
22 1377 7.26E-05 0.410779 118.2&7 6)1.254 0.0307172 0.011)515
23 995 8.S5t::-05 0.500743 144.168 519.569 0.0456452 0.0190471
24 bb6 u.000107 U.60541S L74.305 )82. )97 0.0667131 0.0336628
25 540 u.OUOl12 0.69029 198.74 331.072 0.0867':'13 0.0498974
2b U77 8.75E-05 0.343809 118.782 652.673 0.0309858 0.00881765
27 1166 'J.5E-05 0.37)278 L28.964 575.861 0.0365253 0.011 )617
28 950 0.000106 . 0.4165 1':'3.896 495.60) 0.0454734 0.0157831
29 dl30 0.000109 0.428288 147.969 465.536 0.048083S 0.017161:'
)0 716 0.OUiJ122 0.479368 165.617 400.729 0.0602373 0.024u632
31 1121 6.0ZE-05 0.340618 108.94 741.187 0.0210179 0.00596589
32 1242 7.26E-05 0.410779 131.379 587.406 0.0305681 O.Oll)4639
)) 867 3.85£-0, 0.500743 100.152 452.73 0.0454236 0./)18954&
)4 60) 0.000108 0.611076 195.44 )47.839 0.0676461 0.0)44474
35 477 u.OUU122 0.69029 220.775 292.447 0.0863207 0.0496552
)b 1476 6.02E-05 0.340618 122.525 635.672 0.021\)179 0.0051)6589
)7 1037 7. 261::-05 0.410779 147.762 490.451 0.0305681 ').0104639
)8 7.40 8.85£-0, 0.500743 180.123 386.413 0.0454236 0.0109546
_.----- - - -- .- )9 502 0.00U108 0.611076 219.812 289.577 0.0676461 0.0344474 - -- - _._- _.
4" 402 0.000122 0.69029 248.306 246.465 0.0863207 0.0496552
1258 6.0ZE-05 0.340618 139.98 541.785 0.0209153 0.0059)678
"
.
42
4)
45
46
RB4
614
433
)))
1740
7.26E-05
8.85E-U5
a.aOuIOS
0.000122
6.02E-05
0.410779
0.500743
0.611076
0.69029
0.340618
168.813
205.7B5
251.127
283.681
98.0667
418.089 0.030419
)20.618 0.045202
249.775 0.0073161
204.161 0.0858996
837.82 0.0211204
0.0104129
0.0138622
0.0341794
0.049413
0.00599499
47 1265 7.26E-05 0.410779 118.267 668.901 0.0307172 0.010515
48 902 8.85E-05 0.50074) 144.168 526.601 0.0456452 0.0190471
49 60S 0.000108 0.611076 175.934 )90.185 0.0679761 0.0346154
50 473 0.000122 0.69029 198.74 324.224 0.0867418 0.049397:'
51 IS76 6.02E-05 0.340618 98.0667 835.47 0.O21l204 0.00599499
52 lIS) 7.26£-05 0.410779 1l8.267 671.234 0.0307172 0.010515
53 796 8.a5E-05 0.500743 144.168 511.636 0.04564,2 0.0190471
54 54) 0.000 L08 0.611076 17,.934 )8,.5,7 0.0679761 0.0)46154
55 4)6 0.000122 0.69029 198.74 329.0)6 0.0867418 0.0498974
56 1387 6.02E-05 0.340618 98.0667 844.769 0.0211204 0.00599499
57 989 7.26E-05 0.410779 118.267 661.497. 0.0307172 0.010515 ____ 0_
58 696 8.BSE-05 0.5U0743 144.168 513.978 0.0456452 0.011)0471

59 469 0.Ou0108 0.6 L1076 17,.9)4 )82.60) 0.0679761 0.0346154
60 )BI 0.000L22 0.69029 198.74 330. )46 0.0867418 0.0498974
-281-
DATA 2
Design: Axial upward· jet hemispherical base

cylindrical tank.
Results: Large tank testing.
Jet regime: Laminar.
System Parameters
Tank diameter. Runs 1-200 0.91m

-3
Jet diameter. Runs 1-20 9.0 x 10 m Runs 21-40, 121-140 &
2
161-180 1.2 x 10- m Runs 41-601.5 x 10- 2m
-2
Runs 61-80 2.1 x 10 m Runs 81-100, 141-160
181-200 2.4 x 10- 2m Runs 101-120 2.8 x 1O- 2m
Liquid height in Runs 1-120 & 161-200 lm
the tank. Runs 121-125 & 141-145 007m Runs 126 -130
146 - 150 0.75m Runs 131-135 & 151-155 0.8Orn
Runs 136-140 & 156-160 0.9Orn.
-5 2 -1
Liquid kinematic Runs 1-160 1.818 x 10 m.s
-5 2 -1
viscosity. Runs 161-165 & 181-185 2.572 x 10 .m .s
Runs 166-170 & 186-1903.243 x 10- 5 m2 .s- 1
Runs 171-175 & 191-195 4.008 x 10- 5m2 .s- 1
-5 2 -1
Runs 176-180 & 196-200 4.821 x 10 . m .s
Liquid density. Runs 1-160 1015 Kg.m- 3
~3
Runs 161-165 &181-185 1024 Kg.m
Runs 166-170 & 186-190 1032 Kg.m-3
-3
Runs 171-175 & 191-195 1034 Kg.m
Runs -3
176-180 & 196-200 1036 Kg.m
-1
Gravity. Runs 1-200 9.81 mos
-282-
DATA-2
i{U:: Tl~E FL0'..'KAn: \'1:: LOC IT'{ REY:-lOL!>S :11:([ NG :-o~t:::nUM Po\lER
( S) (,'3/S) (~/ $) ~W:iBER tiME ( rC.G.:1 (KG.M"Z
F' ACTUR / S· 2) Is' 3)
lIdu 4.!W9J:::-US u.7tid40) 380.397 17 J. 78 u.u)tHJ07 U.0244165
l ,:/'IU 5.1SE-U'} 0.&4u858 410.266 L63.61 0.0456607 U.0319951
3 770 0.11[-05 0.960307 475.4 lJ5.991 0.0595549 0.0476591
4 b 32 0.951::-05 1.U923) 540.757 119.044 U.U770556 0.0701418
; 5JY 7. ))£-05 1.15205 570.324 104.265 0.0/:157122 0.1)822876
& 3% 3.55bE-u5 1.34474 665.115 1:12.7b15 U.1I6782 0.1)01:168
7 )74 9.1671::-u5 L.44U78 713.255 1:10.9064 0.134051 0.160955
d 341 'J. nBE-US 1.53681 760.7'15 76.1864 U. L52523 0.L95332
Y 2.0 U.IJOUL! 1. ndS7 BS5.875 61.6123 0.193028 0.2781
IU 2)1 O.IWUI.!22 1.92061 950.799 57.696 a.nan 0.381273
11 IYd 0.0001344 2.11236 1U45.72 ') L.8b)b 0.28816 0.507248
12 1&5 U.UOOI467, 2.30568 1141.43 4}.154 0.34))17 0.659649
13 147 O. OOl.H 528 2,40155 I H~8.89 41.056 0.372462 0.745405
14 1J4 0.0001589 2.49743 1236.35 ]8.1649 0.402794 0.83829
15 110 O.oool71i 2.68917 1331 .. 27 32.5099 0.467019 1.04658
16 103 0.0001833 2.88092 1426.2 31.5U77 0.535994 l.i8&8
17 Y9 0.0001956 ).u7"24 1521.9 31.2837 0.610341 1. 56361
la 93 0.0002078 3.26599 1616.83 30.2903 0.688852 1.87482
19 84 0.00022 3.45773 1711.75 28.1507 0.772112 2.2248
20 && 0.0002322 3.64948 1806.67 22.7234 0.860121 2.61583
21 LIS5 6.11E-05 0.540173 35&.55 176.657 0.0334996 0.0150797
22 809 6.95E-05 0.614436 405.568 141.756 0.0433438 0.0221933
23 83& 7.3)£-05 0.6480) 427.743 140.051 0.U482131 0.0260363
24 687 7.8E-05 0.689582 455.17 118.722 0.0545942 U.0313727
25 &05 8.556E-u5 0.750419 499.286 109.501 0.06569 0.041:'076
26 ':'75 'l.17!l£-O5 0.864453 570.596 'll.9067 U.08571J41 O.i)613U42
27 398 0.00011 0.972488 641.906 81.6785 u. lU8578 0.{)8N925
2d 337 0.0001222 1.08035 713.099 72.89..44 U. 1J3~99 0.120637
29 242 0.00U1467 1.29695 85&.069 57.3534 0.19)116 0.203717
30 192 0.UOUI711 1.51266 998.456 49.1422 0.262699 O. ))1145
31 179' 0.OOUUD3 1.62u52 L069.b5 47.42Ul 0.301497 u.4071SI
32 165 U.UUOI'J56 1.721J26 1141.43 45.154 0.343317 0.494737
33 13& 0.00022 1.94498 1l83.81 39.471 O.434313 0.70394
34 119 0.0002322 2.051.83 1355.01 35.481'J 0.483818 0.827664
35 108 0.0002444 2.16069 1426.2 33.0372 0.535994 0.965098
36 d8 0.0002689 2.37729' 1569.17 28.2362 0.648842 1.28541
37 7Y O.OOOZl;Ill 2.48515 1640.36 25.9171 0.709054 1.468:'2
3d 73 0.0002933 2.59301 1711.56 24.4629 1.1.771936 1.06803
3' && 0.Ou03055 2.70086 1782.75 1.2.5724 u.837~-Jl 1.88':'96
40 .5 0.uOU3178 2.ij0961 HS54.53 22.1)735 0.906286 Z.llln
.1 !640 4.389£-05 U.276625 228.238 323.0b3 o.'J137271 .).')0310.:.37
4! IS40 6.IIE-05 0.345711 285.24 210.676 0.0214398 0.00617662
43 1320 7.3)E-05 0.4\474 342.194 197.788 O.,n08564 0.'JI066.:.5,
44 1221 7.a8E-OS 0.445859 367.871 189.693 0.1)356607 0.0132497
45 770 9.778E-05 0.55325 456.477 133.257 U.0549082 0.·)25315
4& &&0 0.00011 0.622392 513.525 121.147 0.0694901 0.1))60417
47 561 0.0001222 0.691421 570.479 108.536 0.085759 0.1)49413
4d 39& 0.0001467 0.330045 684.855 83.9428 0.123594 (1.0854905
4Y 240 0.0001111 0.968103 798.765 54.9427 u.168127 0.135637
50 23d 0.OU01833 1.03713 855.719 56.3938 0.192958 0.166769
51 231 0.0001956 1.10673 913.14 56.5418 0.219723 0.202644
52 229 0.000:W78 1.17576 970.095 57.7739 0.247987 0.242976
53 198 0.00022 1.24479 1027.05 51.3984 0.27796 0.28d334
54 154 U.OU02444 1.38284 1140.96 42.1352 0.343036 0.395304
55 132 0.00U2689 1.52141 1255.34 37.8829 0.415259 0.526502
5& 112 0.0002933 1.65952 1369.24 33.5&97 0.494039 0.&83225
57 ·iO 0.0003178 1.79815 1483.62 28.0797 0.580023 0.869139
58 d8 0.uo03422 I.Y3621 1597.53 28.4902 0.672508 1.0851
5Y &8 0.0003666 2.07426 1711.44 22.78&6 0.771831 1.33415
&0 59 0.OU03911 2.21289, 1825.81_ 20.4206 0.878442 _ 1.61991
&1 471:15 4.H8IJE-U5 0.141135 163.028 494.881 0.0070036 0.000823712
.2 )19U 6. I1 E-05 0.176383 203.743 368.825 0.(109)87 0.00160733
&3 2194 7.3)E-05 0.211602 244.425 277 .842 0.0157431 0.00217605
64 J 331 'J.17I:1E-05 0.28227 326.055 194.676 0.0280144 0.00&5897
65 Y'JO U.OuU1l2 0.352189 406.818 161.743 0.0436115 0.0127996
&0 &71 tJ.IJOOI467 0.423492 489.182 120.212 0.0630582 0.0222539
.7 528 0.000171 1 0.49393 570.546 102.157 0.1)8577YI 0.0353074
&d 412 U.IJUOIY56 U.564656 651..243 d5.2297 0.112104 0.0527499
bY 324 O.OOU12 O.b35094 733.607 71.083 0.141817 0.Q750556
70 275 U.()OO2444 0.705532 814.971 &3.590& 0.175018 0.102901
71 220 . 0.OUU2fJaQ 0.776258 696."&8 5).)614 0.211db7 0.1370"53
189 0./)(J02Y)) 0.846696 971:\.031 47.d77
"
7J
74
154
1)1)
U.fJu03118 0.917422
tJ.(Jf)03422 0.91:\786
W59.73
1141.09
40.IlO76
35. ';707
0.252061
0.2959)
0.34)116
0.177849
O.22f)244
0.282459
75 122 0.1)003666 1.0583 1222.46 34.5514 0.393792 0.347291
7. 110 0.000)911 1.11902 1304.15 32.177 0.448185 0.421676
77 101 0.00U4156 1.1'J975 1385.85 30.4557 0.506095 0.50599
7d 90 0.00u44 1.27019 1467.21 27.924 0.567266 0.600445
7Y 74 0.IlI)04n44 1.34063 1548.58 23.5878 0.631925 0.705979
dO 71 0.OU04889 1.41135 1':130.28 23.2208 0.70036 0.823112
-283-
H.i.i :~ r l~IE Fl.ul.'i(ATE ',':-:l.iJCITY rtl'.:'C;UL:JS :H:\1:-;G :-IWlci1TU:i PQiOEK

CS) (~& 3/S) (."!./ S) :~tr.1Bt::R n:-!t:: (~G.:1 (KG.M~2
r" ACT'JR 15'2) IS' 3)
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1:l!15
0.11 ::-1)5
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v.lo200B
17~.n5
:! l3.a71
4u9.!47
It,ld.396
U.OU837"9
U.0120533
O.',Oll9"24]j
O.'JOI62727
'I. 77(JE-US 1).216113 2SS.1Yd l!.2.7)] U.lJ214485 O.OO)Jb27b
8. 1353 D. tJlId I L 1).24)12.2 320.95) L'16. ))9 O.U171446 0.005:''1953
d5 1t)10:. O.IJUOI.lll IJ.27U086 nb.5S 155.091 0.0)34':196 0.00753982
.,
86 d25 O,0ul)l':'67 I). )24136 :'28.1,))) t ]8.256 0.0482789 0,1)130448
87 bJd u.uUU1711 U.373165 499.lld 115.467 U.U650746 0.0201)%5
.3 46;! 0.OU01'J56 O.432JL5 5l0.JlJ <3':1.4005 U.U85d292 O.(J)09211
)liS U.OOO22 0.486244 b4i.I}Ob l'J.OI06 0.11)8578 0.0439%3
9v 341 u.0002444 ').540L73 713.099 73.759!) U. (3)999 0.0603136
91 2tJ6 lJ.I)(J02nH9
.
u.594323 784.'tJ4 60.3'ld O.lbZ211 O.O(S03378
'n 14l 'J.lJU02.913 ;).6048252 tJ".777 57.3436 0.192984 0.104251
93 no u.,)U0317l:S. ;;.702401 917.262 54.2641 1J.22b572 0.13162·.
Id' 0.0(0)421 0.75&3) IJIJS.45& 48.3744 O.2b2699 O.16557Z
95 105 O.OUU3btl&· 0.8102'1J 1069.65 43.7113 0.301497 U.20357S
9b 13b J.UOO)lJll 0.064409
.
1141.13 )7.2131 1).)4)141 0.247179
97 117 0.OU041~b U.1J18551J 1112.62 )3.0018 0.387479 O.2966U2
9d 110 0.UU044 O.9724tHI 121:1).dl )1.1J:!51 0.4)431) O. )5197
lOb U.I)OU4644 J .02642 I)5S.01 )1.60')7 0.4d3818 0.413832
lOO 99 U.1)004138':1 1.UI:I057 142tl.49 )0.2872 0.))6213 0.4d1845
101 7IJ2O 4.d8':1I:;-05 U.079)8~6 112.271 70'L 374 0.00)939,) 0.000260628
102 5170 b.lll:::-05 U.0992.154 l,l.d07 517.1)68 O.OU615Z99 U.I)00508726
10) 3740 7. )31:::-05 1l.119U:!6 1.:i).)ld 4l:).17 0.')0885547 IJ.000870)59
104 :.DD ':I.77SE-05 U.1SIH77 L44.541 2'J2.b02 0.,jIH5dl O.OOZo)d5\J2·
1v5 1424 0.000122 0.1':181')6 )')5.114 .!01.479 v. ln45)15 O.004u49d6
106 11'JU U.1)001467 U.238214 3tl6.8S7 170.".>66 0.U35':'7'J.! 0.iJ07tJ412b
107 715 0.UOU1711 u.277336 427.91 119.;JU4 ().fj~d2507 U.')111715
108 boa U.llUOl'J')b 0.317b1'.1 48'.1. un 118.241 O.Jb3J5~2 O.uI6b'J04
10' 434 u.OOU:'!2 I), 35724 550.105 91.9595 u.')/'J771d 0.1)2)7"'01
110 440 0.OU02444 u.39b3b2 bl1.21d 08.11)7 U. ')9044 7'1 u.()3255B5
III 374 U.tJOu26d9 0.436645 b72.5UI 13. ;61 D.Il'l175 u.0433643
112 330 U.OUU2':1 )) 0.47b266 733.5:.!4 7:l.)1J52 0.1':'1784 u. 1)5b2725
113 253 u.0110J171i 0.51605 794.796 57. 7747 U.1664bl tJ.071585
114 209 0.00u3422 Q.555671 d55.819 49.5252 U.I'J)OU3 0.01:l9371d
115 ul7 0.U1103666 U.5':15Z92 916.842 45.8b46 0.221508 0.109835
116 176 0.0003911 0.&35076 973.114 44.5858 0.252104 0.133421
117 163 U.OO0415b 0.67486 103':1.39 4.2. Jb62 0.28':'679 0.160093
liB 148 O.I.10044 0.714481 1100.41 39.7675 u.319007 ·J.1399d5
1" 128 1).OUU4644 0.754102 1161.4.3 35.3343 0.35)451:1 0.223)70'
120 110 0.UU04889 o.7'JJB86 1222.71 ) 1.15&1 u.393953 u.260b23
III 874 6.IIE-05 0.540173 356.55 1)'J.770 1.1.'))34996 '.).0150/':17
---_. - 122 273 O.uIJOIl12 1.(80)5 713.J99 70.5794 0.133999 0.120637
123 135 1.1.0001956 1.72926 1141.4) 44.15&8 U.3':'3317 0.494737
114 90 0.1)002444 2.16069 1425.2 32.9053 u.535994 0.965098
125 02 0.u003178 2.80961 1854.)) 25.849) u.906286 2.12192
126 ,35 6. liE-OS u.540173 )56.55 165.132 \).,JJ34996 0.013u797
127 2'J7 U.UUOI222 I.U8035 713.099 74. HW5 0.133'J99 0.120037
128 1.48 0.0001956 1. 7 2926 1141.4) 46.7&75 U.343317 0.4-J':'737
129 97 0.0002444 2.16069 1426.2 34.2626 0.535994 0.965096
130 6b O.l)OlJ)17M 1. .~0961 1854.53 2h.58)9 0.906286 2.12192
131 973 6.IIE-05 U.540173 n6.5\ Ib6.386 0.0334996 0.0150797
132 30B 0.0001222 1.08035 711.099 74.4852 0.133999 0.120637
133 154 0.0001956 1.72926 1141.43 47.1182 0.343317 0.494737
134 101 0.0002444 2.16069 1426.2 34.5426 0.535994 0.965098
135 b9 0.0003178 2.80961 1854.53 26.9097 0.906286 2.12192
13b ,"4 6.IIE-05 0.540173 35b.55 158.644 0.0334996 0.0150797
137 313 0.0001222 1.08035 713.0':19 71.3653 0.133999 0.120b37
13B 154 0.0001956 l. 72926 1141.4) 44.4234 0.)4)317 0.494737
139 104 0.0002444 2.16069 1426.2 33.5344 0.5)5994 0.965098
140 70 0.0003178 1.30961 1854.53 25.7384 u.90628b· 2.12192
141 -----.
%8 u.OOO11 0.243122 320.953 11)7.H94 0.0271446 0.00549953
142 440 0.I)UOI711 0.318165 499.228 95.1792 0.0656746 0.0206965
143 2HO 0.0002444 0.540173 713.099 71. 38':Jt 0.133999 0.0603136
144 1&2 0.I)UO)422 0.75633 998.456 49.5586 0.262699 0.165572
145 H4 0.(JU04b44 1.02642 13,5.01 29.9357 U.483818 0.413832
146 9?0 O.UOOII U.243112 320.953 16').888 0.0271446 0.0054995)
147 456 0.0001711 0.378165 499.228 95.2956 0.0656746 0.0206965
1~8 297 1J.()002444 0.540173 713.099 7:'. HS05 u.133999 0.0603136
149 165 1I.IlOO)412 U.75633 998.456 4H.7648 0.2626':19 0.165572
1,0 6b U.()OO4!)44 I.02f)42 1)')').01 29.6093 O.4d3818 0.413832
151 1021 0.00011 0.24)122 )20.953 165.974 0.0271446 0.0054995)
152 473 0.OUUI711 0.]7311:15 4.99.228 95.7U94 0.0656746 0.02069&5
153 3u8 ll.l)U02444 u.540173 71 ).Uq9 74.4852 0.133999 0.0603136
154 171 O.UOO)4,!2 1).75631 'J9B.456 49.21~5 0.2b2699 0.165572
15\ d8 0.UUU4h44 1. 1)21)42 1355.01 .!9.3358 0 ... 8)818 0.413832
1,& 107.1 O.IlUOlI 1J.243112 320.953 164.895 lJ.0271446 0.00549953
1:>7 495 U.OUOI711 0.318IfJ5 4'J9.228 Y4.4327 u.0656746 0.0206965
I S8 324 U.I)002444 U.540173 713.uQ9 73.3733 0.133999 0.0603186
159 IS1 0.t)OO3412 D.75633 '198.45& 48.1i327 0.262699 0.165572
I DO '3 O.I)o04b44 I.U1642 1355.01 2Q.2:295 0.483818 0.413832
-284-
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101 Il}:! n,II:::-uS u.)41j17J .!S:.:! ,1)25 26':'.909 U.U))71J67 U. 1)1521)4

i'lL 'iiJU 1),'lUul.!:!.! I.UHuJS :>04.1J49 i·)ij.152 U.l )5137 U.121701
10) :.!dJ U.tJU'JI711 1.5iLflb 71..15.751 72.4))& O.:!b5U28 o. ))4l)1:H
1~4 101 'J.tJIJU'::444 L.16069 luuH.l !o<).2498 0.')40747 1).973655
10) 110 U.')UUJll~ 1..liu961 1311).80 )H. )706 0.914322 2.1407:.
lob .!2bo &.11£-u5 U.540173 \9'J.879 )4!).5':14 O.!J)4UbOl u.f)l53J.12
107 b)8 IJ.I)UUI!22 I.UtW)5 'J'IlJ.758 1)8.002 t}. I 3624) 0.122&58
108 185 0.0 1)1)1711 1.51266 559.726 93.5404 0.267098 0.))6691
169 Lul 0. I JOU.!44!. 2.16069 7<J9.S1S 61.4858 0.544971 0.981201
170 1]9 0.OU0317::) 2.:-;U961 1039.63 48.4d64 U.921465 2.1:;746
111 JtJ 1:- o.11S-u5 1).54017J 161.728 460.':191 'J.03:'1267 U.0153619
In d47 rJ.OllQI!22 1.08035 323.:'57 Id).209 u.136:;07 u.122d9b
In 500 0.UUI.)I71I . 1. ') 12bb 45:.!.892 IV.·ns 0.26161oS. 0.337)4).
I 74 264 ll.fJOO2444 2.If)Ob'::l 046.(H) 1h).757S U.546027 0.91:\3163
1 7:> 1;37 !).I)OU3171:1. 2.~U'::Ibl d41.1'J9 b5.21.99 U.y:!3251 2.1f)164
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177 IrJI2 0.1l1l01l22 1.08035 268.~1 lI8.d9'J u.136771 0.113133
178 &05 O.UOUI711 1.51266 376.518 154.S4~ 0.2613134 0.3)7996
"",It'
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Idl 517 U.0002444 J. 540 17) 504.U49 lL 1.82Q 0.135187 (l.1J6085)5
164 In \J.UOOJI7g il.702401 655.429 79.1703 u.2:ld5dl ,). 1)37"'6
1:35 107 0.00044 U.'::I 72':'d3 Y07.454 43.4fdl 'J. 4 33 164 0.355091
166 JudO '::I.77dl::-U5 u.! 10 113 15'::1.93b 421.3'::15 0.0~1307a u.oJu3Y27':'b
137 I ~lUI u.uOul'J56 (J.4)2315 JI9.'D7 1':1).701 1).'Jo72667 u.!))1:'33~
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I'JO luu U.'JuU44 u.'J724dd 7 H .695 58.·J457 0.4415d7 ').357,:j65
1.1 3ocl5 9. 77i:1 J::-U 5 0.216113 129.409 50':'.169 U.v21dS 0.1)039)507
1<J2 1314 u.uUOI'.l56 0.432315 25d.!i71 2,4.2b9 0. I)d7")'9 O.(J)I~'J99
191 d7D u.OOu244':' 0.540173 323.457 109.482 O.13b507 U.Ool':'477
194 517 0.OOO317S 0.702401 420.6 127 .521 0.230813 0.135103
1"5 275 U.UUu44 U.':I72488 5i:12.328 79.1Jllti U.442443 0.358559
196 5U60 Y.77i:1E-05 0.216113 107.5136 692.291 O.U213923 O.OO3942ba
1.7 1700 D.OOOIY56 0.432)15 215.216 )40.57) v.Qa16J5 O.0315bJ8
193 1;)2i:1 (J.OOO2444 0.540173 i6d.91 222.36 0.13b771 0.0615066
19" o)~ (J.IlOI))I76 0.702401 3':'9.671 157.]06 tJ • .!)12:59 'J.13536:"
2'.10 lJO 0.U0044 O.IJ72':'dS 4d4.126 'J5.775J 0.:' .. )299 u.35"':5!
-2S5-
DATA - 3
Design: Axial upward jet hemispherical base

cylindrical tank.
Resu1 ts : Large tank testing.
Jet regime: Turbulent.
System Parameters

Jet diameter. Runs 1-20 161-1S0 9.0 x 1O- 3m Runs 21-40
&
121-140 & 181-200 1.0 x 10- 2m Runs 41-60

-2 -2
1.5 x 10 m Runs 61-S0 2.1x 10 m Runs Sl-100
& 141-160 2.4 x 10- 2m Runs 101-120 2.S x 10- 2m
Liquid height l.n Runs 1-120 & 161-200 Im
the tank. Runs 121-125 & 141-145 0.7m, Runs 126-130 & 146
-150 0.75m Runs 131-135 & 151-155 O.sOm Runs
136-140 156-160 0.9Om
&
-6 2 -1
-6 2 -1
viscosity. Runs 161-165 lSl-1S5 4.051 x 10 ,m • s
&
-6 2 -1
Runs 166-170 & lS6-190 6.732 x 10 m.s
-5 2 -1
Runs 171-175 & 191-195
,-
1.0213 x 10 m.s
-5 2 -1
Runs 176-1S0 & 196-200 1.497 2 x 10 m.s
-3
Liquid density. Runs 1-160 1000 Kg.m
-3
Runs 161-165 & 181-185 1003 Kg.m
-3
Runs 166-170 & 186-190 1009 Kg.m
-3
Runs 171-175 & 191-195 1011 Kg.m
-3
Runs 176-180 & 196-190 1014 Kg.m
-2
Gravity. Runs 1-200 9.81 m.S
-286-
DATA-3
i\i,,;:; 71.:1t:: FL,)\JkATI:: \'~UlCl T'{ R!::y';UL:.tS '1UI;';C :K):H:::':T:.;/'t I-'O ...·I::K
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FACTOr!. IS' l) IS' 3)
IJ~ ':'.~%-u') U.70856 6~17.04 .!O.85St 11, JJ7 5ti2b 0.024V7U4

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) .u 7. J"HH) 5 t.152U; I ')j()o.:; \7,4\.N7 U.Uti44455
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0.01)10715
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S 7u U.UllUlOl 1. 6tH 72 15135.5 I? )602 U.179944 O.25117d
0 o. U.UUUI22 l.911~7 17257.2 17.2198 0.23393[ 0.)])797
7 0; U.I)QUI47 L.1104 2:17':;1J.1J J 7 .13061 U. '))9628 O.hnB95
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SJ O.lJuOI'J& 3.08053 277'l.4.7 16.7049 0.(03713) 1.54997
IU ;0 U.uOO22 ').45773 31119.6 16.7563 U.lb0701 2.19192
11 44 O.IH)o2Jl 3.64634 32817 15. L424 U.d4595 2.57052
12 41 'J.OU(j2bY 4.227~7 33050.8 15.1935 1.1373 4.00694
I) 40 U.OO02Y3. 4.&05U7 41445.7 IS.4701 1. 34929 5.177~7
14 )8 0.U00310 4.99<3 449~2 IS.HU7 1.5B936 6.61969
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10 )) 0.UU0367 5.7b813 51Y13.2 14.2838 2.1169 1U.17S5
17 )) 0.0003IJI 6.14534 55308 14.7435 2.40283 11. 3US 1
IS J2 0.1)00416 b.53826 58844.3 14.7467 2.71'192 14.~IY6
I. )1 0.I)U044 b.91347 62239.2 14.6922 3.04281 17.5354
2.U 27 0.1)00458 7.19837 64785.4 13.0555 3.29686 19.7767
105
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4.28£-05
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9.47E-0S,
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0.540173
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0.0)30046
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0.0051.)&&1
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30 47 u.U00272 2.4047 28856.4 15.1674 1).')54078 1.)1,)71
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34 41 0.OUO)18 2.:H 137 33736.5 1:'. J063 0.894017 Z.O'J451
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41 162 4.~9!::-u5 0.276682 4150.22 19.3264 0.,)13>197 ').0\..1)119;2
42 114 7.33£-05 U.41474 6221.09 13.5801 0.'J304004 O.JloJ5ub9
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52 54 0.000306 l. 73138 25970.7 Ib.5321 0.52980) 0.7044U'J
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;; 49 U.000367 2.07653 31147.9 16.4287 0.762085 1.31d74
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;8 42 U. f)rlO446 2.52352 37852.8 15.5235 1.12549 2.30082
;9 41 0.!JU0464 2.02536 3';1)80.5 15.4567 1.211:117 2.ilb51J
bO J9 0.lli}04:J9 2.76682 415U2.2 15. fJIJ36 1.35297 3.11952
6' 202 4.0<JE-U5 0.141164 2964.45 :W.8937 O.IJ06YO~92 O.I)QObI2u)7
02 Id5 /).II£-U5 U.17b)83 )704.04 21.1896 0.010777 U.001';3407
61 1,,4 7.11£-05 U.211602 444).1)4 lO.7685 U.tJ) 55104 (J.OOl7JS03
04 I ]b 9.78£-05 0.2H2J213 5923.39 1,).3938 0./)276117 U.00649bJ
65 110 O.nOOI12 0.352189 7395.96 17.9714 0.fJ42967 U.U12611j4
00 100 0.(1)0147 0.424)58 31J11.52 17.9336 0.0623807 0.0220,98
,7 S; O.UUUI71 0.493641 10306.5 16.4409 U.f)84412& 0. 1))47246
08 "2 U.uUOlI)6 0.51,5811 11382 16.9805 U.110899 0.0522399
6, 7a O.{)O!l2:l 1I." )'j01J4 133)] 17. 1116 0.139721 ·J.n7B464
7u 77 U.llIJ1)l44 0.7(4)77 14191.9 17. 7908 U.I71Bb8 u.IOu383
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7; 5; t).t)')U3b·7 ).051;145 22248.3 15. S84~ ').)88819 u.3!o)279
70 55 u.·IIJU391 I. I 2874 ~370].4 1~.086S 0.441)35 0.:'15126
77 52 n .0')1)416 I. "lOO91 15219 IS,"~77 0.499576 0.4'19953
78 52 O.I)f}l.)44 I."l7UI9 26&74 1.,.1339 0.55888) 0.591372
7. 47 0.01)0464 I. ])947 28128.11 1~.97S 0.;'21514 0.'"19)75
Bu 4; U.I)UU4t:\1I 1.41164 191)44.5 14.71d9 U.690292 O.d l20]7
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107
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7. nE-US U,I620Ll8 UidB.18 19.7325 u.OllB752 0.OUI60322
04 150 9.7dl:::-OS U.216158 51:!7.78 20.5246 0.0211402 0.003801:101
S5 110 U.OUOI22 0.269644 &471.46 19.8672 0.0328966 O.OO73'!l198
db 11. 0.000147 0.324899 7797.58 19.4594 0.0477002 0.01293ll
37 110 O.UOOI77 u.391205 9333.92 20.2485 0.06924)) 0.0225736
JJ '9 0.I)IJOI96 U.4331')9 10396.8 19.1768 0.084907 0.0306514
dY J1 0.Ou022 U • .:.tsbZ44
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17.7004
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0.223504
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0.130901
'4 06 0.00u342. 0.755688 13141.3 16.8877 u.258514 0.16284
95 65 0.U00367 u.811143 19467.4 17.229 0.29769 0.201224
9b b) 0.000391 O.Hb4188 20740.5 17.2362 0.337397 D.243339'
97 57 0.UU0416 i).919443 2.20b6.6 16.0855 0.382488 0.29)064
9d 5. 0.00044 0.972488 23339.7 16.2528 u.427395 0.3467b9
54
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0.0794048 2223.33
16.0941
15.91
23.2003
0.475847.
0.528505
0.0038d289
1).40b664
0.470002
u.uou25b934
lU2 234 6.IIE-05 0.0992154 2778.03 23.4302 0.1)0606l06 0.000501l08
10) 130 7.)3E-05 0.119026 3332.73 19.1:.08 0.0087246 0.OfJ08bD79
10':' 170 9.76E-05 0.15881 4446.67 11.5357 O.IJl55316 0.00205547
1U5 146 0.UU0122 0.198106 5546.97 20.6573 0.1)241689 0.00399001
1u. 116 0.UOO147 U.2387()2 6683.b4 13.U159 0.0)5(J891 u.u06~7985
1 u7 115 U.OUUI77 0.287416 j047.65 19.5986 0.fJ50d726 0.1)1213 .. 7
1ud 110 0.000196 0.31d269 3~11.52 19.727 0.Q&23806 {J.Olt:l54~d
1U' 05 U.Uuu22 0.35724 10002.7 16.1~99 u.,)]S5n9 0.1)213911
110 d2 0.uU0244 0.)96212 11093.9 16.4078 U.U96&757 0.0319201
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112 7. 0.01)021)) 0.475779 13321.8 16.1)64) 0.1)9403 0.u55211
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114 7l 0.Ou0342 0.555346 15549.7 16.1H94 0.189929 IJ.Od7d9b7
115 66 0.000367 0.595942 16686.4 16.1963 0.213111 'J.108616
11. 66 0.000391 0.634914 17177 .6 16.7175 0.248251 0.13 1348
117 oS 0.000416 0.675509 18914.3 16.9824 0.281012 0.158138
118 b4 0.00044 0.714481 20005.5 17.1968 0.314372 u.ld7Jn
119 62 0.000464 0.753453 21096.7 17.1071 O. )491]02 (). 2 H S07
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III 108 6.11£-05 0.540173 &432.07 19.7:.35 u.03)OO46 0.\Jl~d5b8
122 7l 0.OU0122 1.07858 12942.9 13.3408 0.1)1587 ~. 113272
IlJ 40 0.OU0244 2.15716 25885.9 14.6128 O.S.!6346 O.~4617 ...
124 32 0.(00)67 3.24457 38934.9 14.3311 1.19070 3.21959
125 28 0.00U489 4.32315 51877.8 14.4808 l.11402 7.01602
126 112 6. I lr:;-05 0.540173 6482.07 19.7805 0.0330046 O.VI':'d)b8
127 74 0.000122 1.07858 12942.9 13.4676 0.131587 0.110171
128 41 0.000244 2.15716 25885.9 14.470) 0.526346 0.946174
129 14 0.OU0367 3.24457 38934.9 14.7167 1.19076 3.21959
130 '8 0.000489 4.32315 51877.8 13.9898 2.11402 7.61602
1) 1 III 6.1IE-05 0.540173 6482.07 20.0074 0.U330046 0.0148568
1 )2 75 0.00U122 1.07858 12942.9 13.1228 0.13lS87 0.118272
133 44 0.000244 2.15716 25885.9 15.036 0.526346 0.946174
134 J7 0.000367 3.24457 38934.9 15.5067 1.19076 3.21959
1)5 '9 0.OU0489 4.32315 51877.8 14.0293 2.11402 7.61602
1 lo 12) 6.IIE-05 0.540173 6482.07 19.8305 0.0330046 0.0148568
137 01 0.000122 1.07858 12942.9 18.4532 0.131587 0.118272
1 )8 47 U.u00244 2.15716· 25885.9 15.1426 0.526346 0.946174
139 )9 0.000367 3.24457 ' 38934.9 15.4101 1.19076 ).21959'
140 10 0.0004d9 4.'32315 51817.0 13.6831 2.11402 7.61602
141 159 6. IJ E-05 0.135043 3241.04 20.55)) 0.00825114· 0.00092855
142 JO!i a.QOOI22 0.269644 6471.46 19.7273 0.0328966 0.00739198
14) 70 U.OOU244 0.5392H9 12942.9 18.0825 0.131587 0.0591359
1~4 55 O.l)I)0367 0.8J 1143 19467.4 17.4245 0.29769 0.201224
145 42 0.000489 1.080]9 25938.9 15.3592 0.528505 0.476002
146 164 6.11 E-05 0.135043 3241.04 20.4808 0.00825114 0.00092855
1..07 112 0.000122 0.269644 6471.46 19.7643 0.032H966 0.00739198
148 72 0.01)U244 O.5)Y289 11942.9 17.9634 0.131 ;87 0.0591359
149 57 0.I)U0367 0.811143 19467.4 17.4458 O.297b9 0.201224
1 )U 44 0.000489 1.08079 25938.9 15.545 0.528505 0.476002
1 SI 170 b.IIE-05 0.135U43 3241.04 20.556 O.O()825114 0.1J009l855
152 117 0.000112 0.269644 6411.46 19.991 O.03:.!B966 0.007]9J98
15) 75 U.000244 0.539289 12942.9 Id.1228 0.1) 1;87 D.IJ591359
154 5a U.OI)0367 0.811143 1')467.4 17.1382 0.29769 0.201224
IS5 45 0.000469 1.0B079 25938.9 15.39)4 U.5285U5 u. 4 7 bU02
156 138 6.IIE-05 0.135043 )241.04 lI,4324 0.00825114 0.00092855
157 118 0.000122 0.269644 6411.46 19.11088 0.0)28966 0.00739198
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1 &. 43 U.!JU0391 6.14534 B155.12 19.2112 2.42445 1l.4159
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173 49 0.000342 5.37521 4736.79 20.4742 1.85854 8.3250)
174 4S U.OOO)91 6.14534 5415.45 20.1048 2.42926 12.4405
17S 37 0.000458 7.19837 6343.42 17.8909 ].33312 19.9942
176 72 0.UOU22 3.4S773 2073.52 24.1291 0.771351 2.22261
177 64 0.000269 4.227117 Z541.46 2].7167 1.15322 4.06304
17B n 0.UOU342 5.37521 3231.15 22.1456 1.80406 8.34973
17. 47 U.000391 6.14534 3694.1 20.9983 2.43647 12.4774
100 40 U.000458 7.19837 4327.1 19.3415 3.34301 20.0535
lBl 00 0.00029 2.5631:l3 7594.66 19.993 0.749459 1.60124
182 SI 0.000309 2.73181 3092.24 17.542 0.850881 1.93704
133 49 0.U00391 3.45675 10239.7 13.9589 1.)624 ).92457
184 4b 0.0 1)044 ).8d995 11522.9 Id.B805 1.72527 5. 59~b8
Id5 41 0.000489 4. ]2)15 1280b.2 17.7405 :!.1309) 7.67695
13b 64 0.00029 2. 56383 453b.42 21.3259 0.750203 1.60~8)
137 54 0.I)U03U9 2.73181 .!oSJJ.63 l:L 5738 1l.851725 1. 9 3396
13B 49 0.Ollll391 3.45675 0116.34 1~.9589 1. 30)75 3.92847
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190 44 0.000489 4.32315 7649.34 19.0386 2.13305 7.od457
191 '7 'J.00029 2.56383 3012.43 22. '3256 0.751':19 1.60601
192 S7 0.000)09 2.73181 3209.8 19.6057 U.d5J41) 1.9428
In S2 O.flDO)91 3.45675 4061.59 .20.1196 1. )0646 3.93625
194 52 0.00044 3.88995 4570.59 21.)4)1 1.73041 5.60933
19> 47 U.000489 4.32315 5079.58 20.3367 2.13728 7.69913
196 71 0.00U29 2. 56383 2054.9 23.6584 0.75392 1.61077
197 00 0.oU0309 2.73181 2189.53 20.6)76 0.855946 1.94357
19B 5b 0.000391 ).45675 2770.57 2l.6673 1. 3705l 3.9-'0793
199 ss u.O{J044 3.8899S 3117.73 22.5H5 1. 73554 5.oZ597
2no 49 0.0004B9 4.32315 3464.99 21. 2021 2. L4362 7.72.265
... - - -----
-289-
DATA - 4

cylindrical tank.
Results: Low liquid level testing.
System Parameters

-3
Jet diameter. Runs 1-5 11-15 5.0 x 10 m
&
Runs 6-10 & 16-20 7.0 x 10-3m

Liquid height in
the tank. Runs 1-10 0.155m
Runs 11-20 0.200m
Liquid kinematic
-6 2 -1
-3
-2
Gravity. Runs 1-20 9.81m.s
DATA - 5

cylindrical tank.
Results: Low liquid level testing.
Jet Regime: Turbulent.
System Parameters
Tank diameter. Runs 1 - 20 0.31m

Je t diame ter • Runs 1-5 & 11-15 5.0 x 10-3m
-3
Runs 6-10 & 16-20 7.0 x 10 m
Liquid height in Runs 1-10 0.155m
Liquid kinematic
-6 2 -1
3
-2
Gravi ty. Runs 1-20 9.81 m.s
-290-
OATA-4
,{t::\ Tl:·lt': FL~;rC.\n: Vi::LtX,;lT'{ itEY",OLDS :1l:{lo'';C ~mIEl"LlJ!1 pOn'EK
'< 5) (~!a JJ::;) ('1/ S) ;;L'XB£R H~£ {KG. :1 (:CG. ~I· 2
FACTOR /S"2) IS" 3)
I
2
"d
72
l.IISE-US
2.I)2)E-05
I.OBlll
1.33&73
675.308
d34.204
70.0471 i).U2317::l9 0.0209013
63.6979 U.0353098 0.0393999
) )1 3.))5E-05 1 • ':Ib054 1223.5 33.2139 0.07608':'4 1j.124)OS
4 24 4.41:;-U5 2.24061 1398.29 27.4894 0.0993756 0.135552
) 24 4.Y5E-05 2.52U69 1573.07 29.157 0.125172 u.264194
b 16':' .!.1ISt:-05 U.552099 432.363 11(1.328 0.011826 0.00544091
7 139 .!.lllSE-OS U.682004 595.86 lO3.~31 0.0180458 0.0102561
S Sb 3.d5£-OS 1.00027 1;)73.928 50.7087 U.0388186 u.'0323576
9 )7 4.95£-U5. 1.28607 1123.62 J7 .'J899 0.0641695 0.0687718
10 )2 6.USE-US 1.571.36 1373.32 J&.32J8 0.0958582 0.125)63
1I 120 2.125E-05 1.O~nll 675.)08 84.0891 0.023171:19 0.0209013
Il 73 2.025E-OS 1.))67) 8)4.204 56.8547 u.O)5)698 0.0)9)999
I') 4) ).85E-05 1.96U54 1223.5 40.5581 0.0760844 0;124305
14 29 4.4£-05 2.24061 1398.29 29.2418 0.099)75b 0.1.35552
IS 27 4.95E-05 2.52069 1573.07 28.87b6 0.125772 0.264194
16 ISb 2.1I5E-05 U.552099 482.163 110.156 0.011826 0.00544091
17 "7 l.6:l5E-OS U.682004 595.86 103.343 0.0180458 0.01025bl
18 78 3.8SE-05 1.00027 373.928 62.1784 O.03881d6 0. '))23576
19 41 4.951::-05 1.28607 1123.62 17 .0597 U.0641695 O.IJ6877ld
20 )b b.05E-OS 1.571d6 1373.32 35.97':'5 0.0958582 u.1l5)6)·
OAT A-5
iWS TICiE t-1.O\JRATE VELOCITY KEY);OLDS ~IXISG !1J:1ENnDI PO\oOER
( 5) (:..," 3/ 5) ('/5) ;rux.8f;R TI:1L (KG.~ OCG.:1·2
FACTOR /5"2) /5" )
I 26 2.125E-u5 I.US211 5410.57 20.6957 0.'J229949 0.020735':1

2 24 2.625E-05 1.33673 6683.04 21.2326 0.0350891 u.v390d7l
) 16.5 3.oSE-05 1.96054 9802.67 17-.6784 0.0754806 0.ll))19
4 16.5 4.4E-05 2.24061 11203.1 18.899 0.0985869 0.ld~u79
5 14 4.'tSE-05 2.52069 12603.4 17.0082 0.124774 0.262097
b )) 2.125E-05 0.552099 3364.69 2l.2002 0.')117321 0.'J053977 )
7 26 2.625E-05 0.682004 4774.03 19.440) 0.0179026 O.OI017~7
a lO 3.(j5E-05 1.00027 7001.91 18.1103 0.0)85105 u.0311l)08
9 19 4.95£-05 1.28607 9002.46 19.5083 0.0036602 0.(J6d226
IU 14.5 b.05E-05 1. 571d6 11003 16.4592 0.095U974 u.124566
11 )0 1.l25E-05 1.08211 5410.57 21.0223 0.0229949 0.0107359
12 23.5 2.1)25E-05 1.33673 6683.64 18.3025 0.0350891 0.0390871.
l) 20 ).dSE-05 1.96054 9802.67 ld.8642 0.0754806 0.123319
I' l7.5 4.41::-05 2.24061 1l20).1 17.6459 0.0985869 0.184079
15 l5.5 4.95£-05 2.52069 12603.4 16.5773 U.124774 0.262097
16 )) 2. 1 25E-05 0.552099 3864.69 19.54)8 0.0117321 0.005)9773
17 28 2.625E-05 0.682004 4774.03 18.4305 0.0179026 O.OIOIH7
18 2b 3.ij5E-u5 1.00027 7001.91 20.7262 0.0)8"05 0.0321008
19 19.5 4.9SE-05 1.28607 9002.46 17 .6259 0.0636602 0.U68226
20 19 b.U5E-05 L.57186 11003 18.9866 0.0950974 0.124566
-29-1-
DATA - 6

cylindrical tank.
Results: High liquid level testing.
System Parameters
Tank diameter. Runs 1-25 0.3lm

3
Jet diameter. Runs 1-25 8,0 x 1O- m
Liquid height in Runs 1-5 0.6m Runs 6-10 0.7m Runs 11-15 0.8m
the tank. Runs 16-20 0.9m Runs 21-25 1.Om.
Liquid kinematic
-5 2 -1
-3
Liquid density. Runs 1:"25 1018 Kg.m
-2
Gravity. Runs 1-25 9.81 m.s
DATA - 7
Design : Axial upward jet in a hemispherical base

cylindrical tank.
Resul ts : High liquid level testing.
System Parameters

Jet diameter. Runs 1-25 8.0 x 10-3m
Liquid height in Runs 1-5 0.6m Runs 6-10 0.7m
the tank. Runs 11-15 0.8m Runs 16-20 0.9m
Runs 21-25 1.Om
Liquid kinematic
-6 2 -1
viscosity. Runs 1-25 1 x 10 m.s
-3
Gravity. -2
Runs 1-25 9. 8lm. s
-292-
DATA-6
Rl!:/ n'1~ FL:J....·I{ATt: V!::1..0CIT'{ iU:Y:;OL:lS ~IL<ISG ~kJ~IENTUt1 i'tJ.,,;i::R
( 5) (:·I~ J/:5) C·l! S) .':t.':1BEit T l~IE (t<.G."I (:{L:. :-tAl
rACTOR / s· 2) /5' )
I 5b6 J. H:-()') u.hS&42'J !7:l,Q44 225.5<J6 0.0220521 U.Oi.:W63

2 lci2 S.4'JJ:H)5 l.uY21J6 .:.54.u79 144.975 u.u610332 0.05;;4))
) ") 'J.7]lHJ) 1.~3547 ~O4.77 )".8058 O.I'H7Ll 0.30921
4 16 0.00(115 !.'Ja317 1240.65 12.2915 0.455621 1.13289
5 :!] u.tJl)un45 ".10b79 177".l] 23.3722 u,'n17 ). H2S1
b bIb 3. Jt,:-U) lJ.65b42'J !7Z.944 227.312 0.0220521 0.0121163
7 :.!H5 5.4o}J::-tJ5 1.0'1106 454.079 135.649 0.U610332 0.0;;54))
')0 'J.l)l:::-u5 1.9)47 oll4,77
"
Y
h)
50
2)
U.011UL5·
0.OU02145'
1.'HlJ71
4.20679
1240.&5
177;'.13
57.0274
39.3369
0.191711
0.455621
O. )0921
I. 13239
).312HI
21.6385 U.1J317
11 305 ).31::-05 iJ.05b4!'J 272.944 277.87 0.0220521 0.0110b3
12 2'" 5.4'JE-05 " 1.09206 454.019 132.676 0.0610332 0.0555433
I) y) 9.7JE-U5 1.';13547 ::104.77 55.1224 0.1':11711 0.31.1921
14 5) u.00015 ;!.98371 1240.65 39.0041 0.455621 1. 132d9
15 24 0.01)02145 4.26679 1774.13 21.121 0.9317 3.3l2.S1
Ib "05 ).31::-05 0.656429 n2.'}44 "261.978 0.0220521 0.012063
17 :l':ltl 5.41)1::-U5 ).0920b 454.079 il5.0SS 0.0610332 0.u555433
Id lOO 9.731::-05 1.93547 ~O4.77 55.8816 0.191711 O.3D':J21
19 57 U.00015 ;!.'HD77 1240.65 39.5488 u.455621 1.13289
20 )1 J.ou01l45 4.2b679 1774.13 25.721 0.9317 3.312.81
21
12
""8
)57
3.3E-05
5.4I)E-05
0.t>56429
l.onUb
272.944 274.16
454.079 142.164
0.0220521
0.Obl0)332
0.012063
O.I.l5551.33
n 105 9.73E-05 1.9"3547 804.77 55.6647 0.191711 u.30921
24 b) O.OOUI; 2.98)77 12:40.65 41.4687 Li.455b21 1.13:.!89
25 JJ u.0002l45 4.lot>79 177.:.. 13 2;.97,54 0.'HI7 l.31281
DATA-7
RU;; TL'IE FLOI/RATE VELOCITY RE'l':mLDS ~nl:-iG !1O~E:~TL~ Pt»."EK
( 5) (")/5) ('/S) ~L'XBER !l:i£ ( !\.G.~ U::G.~~2
FACTOR /S'2) J S' J)
I 52 3.3C;-U5 u.656429 5251.43 20.7262 O.!J"l16b22 iJ.'JlI3.:.97

2 )4 ;.4YE-05 l.u9206 8736.47 17.4793 0.u5'J9;41 ').')) .. 5612
. ) 26.5 9.731:.-05 1.93547 15483.8 13.1368 O. ),))7 .. 2
u.ldl:D21
4 18.5 U. 1)0015 2.98377 23810.2 15.7208 0.4475b5 1.112':;6
5 15.5 U.0002145 4.26679 34134.3 15.7508 0.913226 ).25.:.2)
b 52 3.3E-05 0.f>56429 5251.43 19.1887 0.0216622 0.01,":"ii
7 36.5 5.49£-05 1.09206 87)6.47 17.3726 0.0599541 0.v5~)~l.t
8 27 9.71E-05 1.93547 15483.8 17.1082 0.ld8321 O.3037.f,l
9 21 0.00U15 2.98)77 23870.2 16.5215 0.447565 1.1128b
10 15 0.U002145 4.26679 34134.3 14.112 0.913226 ).25423
11 54.5 3.31:.-05 0.656429 5251.43 13.8123 0.0216622 0.0118497
12 4) 5.491':-05 1.09206 8736.47 19.1445 0.0599541 U.0545612
13 27 'J.71E-05 1.93547 15483.8 16.0033 0.188321 0.303742
14 22.5 O.UOOl5 2,98317 23870.2 16.5584 0.447565 1.11286
15 16 0.0002145 4.26679 341)4.3 14.0807 0.913226 3.2542)
Ib 65.5 3.3E-u5 0.656429 5251.43 2 l. 3163 0.0216622" i1.')111i4'JT
.
I7
13
2U
21
4&.5
]0
12
19
70
5.49E-05
'J.7)E-U5
0.00015
0.OU02145
3.11::-u5
1.09206
J .91547
2.':18317
4.2f1679
u.056429
8736.47
15483.8
21870.2
34134.3
5251.43
19.5187
16.7645
1;.2645
15.7645
21.6117
0.0599541 0.0545&12
1).188321
0.447565
0.91 ;226
').303HZ
1.1128&
3.25423
0.1)211)622 0.0113497
22 5u.) 5.49E-05 l.u920b 8736.47 20.11 0.0599)41 U.I)545&12
2) lO.') 9. nE-OS 1.ln547 15483.d 16.1693 0.13832) 0.30)7 .. 2
24 20 0.I)OUI5 l.9KJ77 "l3870.2 17.1141 0.447565 I • 1 128&
25 .lO.') 1J.IJOO:l145 4.2h679 34134.3 1".1362 0.91 >226 3.25421
-293-
DATA - 8
Design: Axial upward jet hemispherical base cylindrical tank.
Results: High jet Reynolds No. range tests, small tank.
System Parameters
3 3
Jet diameter. Runs 1-10 6.0 x 10- m Runs 11-20 8.0 x 10- m
-'=---.~
Runs 21-30 1.0 x 1O-2m
-6 2 -1
Liquid kinematic viscosity. Runs 1-30 1 x 10 m.s
-3
Liquid height in the tank.Runs I-3D 0.8m
. -2
Gravi ty. Runs 1-30 9.81 m. S
DATA - 9
Design: Axial upward jet hemipsherica1 base cylindrical tank.
Results: High jet Reynolds No. range tests, large tank.
System Parameters
Jet diameter. Runs 1-9 8.0 x 10- 3m Runs 10-17 1.0 x 10- 2m
-2 -2
Runs 18-22 1.2 x 10 mRuns 23-25 1. 5 x·lO m
Liquid height in the tank. Runs 1-25 1.Om
-6 2 -1
-3
Gravity.
-2
Runs 1-25 9.81 m.s
DATA - 10
Design: Axial upward jet hemispherical base cylindrical. tank.
Results: Jet Reyno1ds No. range tests Re. > 100,000.
J
System Parameters
Tank diameter. Runs 1 - 15 a.91m
Jet diameter. Run 1 8.0 x 10- 3m Runs 2t<3 1.0 x 10- 2m
Runs 4-8 1.2 x 10- 2m Runs 9-15 1.5 x 10-2 m
Liquid height in the tank. Runs 1-15 1.0 m
-6 2 -1
Liquid kinematic viscosity. Runs 1-15 1 x 10 m .5
Liquid density. Runs 1-15 1000 Kg. m-3
Gravity. Runs 1-15 9.81 m.s- 2
DATA-e. -294-
:{:.;,'; rL'1£ FLQI.ti..UE VELOCITY ri.t;'{'\(JLDS ,'n:<I~G ~.'!£~TtIH l'ul.·EH.
( ::i) (·t:)/::;) (~~/::i) :\:":~il£R. ";'L'1£ (P(G.'1 U:'C • .'1~2
f A.CTOR I SA 2.) IS" l)
13.3 IJ.IJUU:!.6ti4 1j.~9)4ij Sb':l4!i.9 13.3456 2.54751 20.1497

J(. :> u.lJojU:!.1:\42 11).U502 60301.3 13,4514 L.3S627 23.9213
, 11.5
II
lJ.fJuu)
J.lJuu)l.')!:I
tU.b09
11.1677
&3653.7
67006.:?
13.820]
13,563
3.10269
3.52blb
2ii.l)15
)2.a21;
; 11 J.u'Ju331; 11.7229 7u337.4 13.3961 3 • .')8614 37.9b4
6 11 ().!JOOJ47) 12.1li16 73689.8 14.2234 4.26541 4).6552
7 iU • .) O.UUO)b)l 12.H404 77042.2 "13.8623 4.1:16234 49.3885
d 9.5 IJ.OIJOJ1::l9 1 J. 3Y91 d0394.1 12.8305 5.076<)2 56.6886
9 9.5 U.uUO)947 13.9579 83747.1 13.0953 5.5091& 64.otWl
1...1J,~ 9.5 0.OUQ41U5 14.5166 87099.5 13.3548 5.95906 72.0677
°11
12 I,
15 U,UUU25lb
O.Ouu2342
5.02467
5.b5325
40197.3
4522b
14.3251
14.1811
1.26923
l.b0665
5.31455
7.569
13 1... 5 U.uOO315M 6.28183 50254.6 15.4833 1.9838 10.3849
1, 12 0.1)1)03473 6.Y0342 55267.4 13.4376 2.39929 13.!)128
1; 12. ) 0.0003789 7.537 60296 14.6205 2.d5517 17.Y366
16 11 U. 1JIJ04l05, M.1655M 65324.1 14.6092 3.35197 22.809
17 11.5 0.0004421 ~. 79416 70353.3 14.5294 3.3879 28.4923
18 10 U.1)004736 ').42075 75366 13.0766 4.46167 35.0269
19 9.5 0.00U5052· 10.0493 80394.7 12.8305 5.()7692. 42.5164
20 to 0.00U5368 10.6779 85423.3 13.9213 5.7319 51.0039
IT 19.5 U.Oou2526 3.21579 32157.9 16.6566 0.812307 2.17684
Z2 15.5 0.00U2842 3.61M08 36130.8 14.0436 1.02826 3.10026
23 16 0.0003158 4.U2037 40203.7 15.2813 1.26963 4.25306
l4 15.5 0.0003473 4.42139 44213.9 15.5245 1.53555 5.65771
25 15.5 U.UOO)7SIJ 4.82368 48236.8 16.21.54 1.827b9 7.34683
26 13 0.000410·5 5.22597 52259.7 14.1358 2.14526 9. )4256
13.5
"
28
29
13
12.5
0.00U4421
0.0004736
U.UOU5052
5.62826
6.02928
6.43157
56282.6
60292.8
64315.7
15.2556
15.2049
15.1
2.48826
2.a5547
3.24923
11.6705
14.147
17.4147
3U 11 0.oU05368 6.8))86 68338.6 13.6972 .L1:I6842 20.8912
OAT A-9
RU.'l TL'-IE r'LOIJRAT~ V£LOC I TY REY~OLDS .'1IXING ."I)~!E1'tTUM PO'.i'ER
( 5) <""3/S) ('IS) ~U!1BER TL'1E ([(G.~ C(G.~"'2
FActOR 15"2) IS" 3)
I 33.5 0.OOU3473 0.90842 55267.4 14.9614 . 2.39929 13.8128

2 29 0.0003789 7.537 60296 13.528 2.85577 17.9366
3 28.5 0.0004105 ~.16558 05324.7 13.8381 3.35197 22.809
4 28.5 0.0004421 8.79416 70353.3 14.3608 3.8879 28.4923
; 28.) 0.OU04736 9.42075 75366 14.g636 4.46167 35.01b9
6 27.5 0.0005052 10.0493 80394.7 14.IJ128 5.07692 .:a2.5164
7 26 U.OU05368 10.6779 85423.3 14.4362 5.7319 51.0039
8 23 0.01)05684 ll.3065 90451.9 13.141 6.42001 60.552
9 22.5 0.0005999 11.9331 95464.7 13.2068 7.15866 71.1374
10 40.5 0.0003158 4.1]2037 40203.7 15.427 1.26963 ':'.25366
11 38 0.UUU3789 4.82368 48236.8 15.855 1.82769 7.)4b83
12 )0.5 0.0004421 5.62826 56282.6 13.7461 :L48826 11.6705
13 31 0.0005052 6.43157 64315.7 14.9353 3.24923 17.4147
14 29 0.0005684 7.23616 72361.6 14.8199 4 .. 11303 24.8021
15 24.5 U.0006315 8.03947 80394.7 13.1969 5.07692 34.0131
16 25 0.0006947 8.84405 88440.5 14.124 6.14396 45.2812
17 24.5 0.0007578 9.64736 96473.6 14.4565 7.31017 58.7741
13 28 0.0006315 5.58296 66995.5 13.7681 3.52564 16.4029
19 28.5 0.0006947 6.1417 73700.4 14.6985 4.26664 21.837
20 28 0.0007578 6.69956 80394.7 15.0822 5.07692 28.3443
21 25.5 0.000821 7.2583 87099.5 14.2969 5.95906 36.0438
22 25 0.0008841 7.81615 93793.8 14.5452 6.91026 45.0097
23 23.5 0.00101 5.71469 85720.4 13.0708 5.77184 27.4869
24 23.5 0.001074 6.07681 91152..2 13.4736 6.52649 )3.0502
25 24 0.001137 6.43327 96499. I 14.1633 7.31463 39.2141
DATA-10
RUN 11:1£ FLOWRATE VELOCITY REYNOLDS ~IXING !1O~IEi'lTUI1 POYER
( 5) ('"3/5) ('IS) NUMBER TIME (KG.:'!. (KG.~·2
FACTOR 15"2) 15"3)
I
2
3
"
22.5
20
u.UU06Jl 5
O,OOU821
\J .OU08525
12.5617
10.452
IO.Iis3
100493
104520
108530
12.6468
13.81~9
12.5169
7.93269
11.58104
9.25215
83.0399
74.7405
83.6777
4 23 '0.(1)09473 8. )7489 100499 13.11516 7.93353 55.3687
5 II O.f)l)IUl 3.n'l21 L07151 13.059 9.01J5 67.1067
6 20 0.001074 'J.4YS02 113940 12.8251 10.1977 aO.689
7 LO LJ.OOllJ7 10.052 12n624 13.1959 11.4291 95.7)7&
8 19"\ U.OUll~B IIJ.)l61 123913 13.U402 12.0&08 103.734
9 1.1.5 0.U012 h.7~973 1011346 13.034a 8.1476B 41j.1005
10 21.5 U.Ou1263 7.14619 107193 1).3125 9.02564 53.7491
11 21.5 U.OOI326 7. ')0266 112540 13.702 9.94852 62.2002
12 lO.5 0.001 JK9 7.dsY12 117887 13.3715 1f).9163 71.4938
13 19.5 0.001452 R.21s58 J 2]2)4 13.0044 11.929 81.6&98
14 19.5 0.001516 8.51769 128665 13.2879 13.0038 92.9521
15 19 0.Ou1579 8.91416 134012 13.2135 14.107 105.029
-295-
DATA -11

cylindrical tank.
Results: Tests using alternative techniques for measuring
mixing time.
System Parameters

Jet diameter. Runs 1-4 & 14-18 5 x 10-3m
-3
Runs 5-7 & 19-23 8.0 x 10 m
-2
Runs 8-13 & 24-28 1.5 x 10 m
Liquid height Runs 1-28 0.44m
in the tank.
-6 2 . -1
Liquid kinematic Runs 1-28 1 x 10 m s0
viscosity.
-3
Liquid density. Runs 1-28 1000 Kg. m
-2
-296-
OAT A-11
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Tl - mixing tiDe using conductivity 'tec:mique
T2 - oixing tiae using acidification enc?oi::lt

. ~ .. -_ .
T3 - mixing time using neutralisati"oD enc?oJint
T4 - mixing time using telllperature technique

-297-
DATA - 12
Design: Axial upward jet flat base cylindrical tank.

Results: Small tank tests.
System Parameters
Tank diame ter . Runs 1-180 0.31m

-3
Jet diameter. Runs 1-20 3.0 x 10 m Runs 21-40,101-120 &
-3 -3
141-160 5.0 x 10 m Runs 41-60 8.0 x 10 m
-2
Runs 61-80,121-140 & 161-180 1.0 x 10 m Runs
-2
81-100 1.5 x 10 m
Liquid height in Runs 1-100 & 141-180 0.5Om
the tank. Runs 101-105 & 121-125 0.25m
Runs 106-110 & 126-130 0.30m
Runs 111-115 & 131-l35 0.35m
Runs 116-120 136-140 0.4Om
&
-5 2 -1
-5 2 -1
viscosity. Runs 141-145 161-165 1. 523 x 10 m .s
&
-5 2 -1
Runs 146-150 & 166-170 2.075 x 10 m .s
-5 2 -1
Runs 151-155 & 171-175 2.999 x 10 m. S
-5 2 -1
Runs 156-160 & 176-180 4.009 x 10 m .s
-3
Liquid dens i ty. Runs 1-140 1032 Kg.m
-3
Runs 141-145 & 161-165 1014 Kg. m.
-3
Runs 146-150 & 166-170 1019 Kg.m
-3
Runs 151-155 & 171-175 1028 Kg.m
-3
Runs 156-160 & 176-180 1034 Kg.m
-1
-298-
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144 .b 1 :1l:i~-05 3.901dl 1300.60 49.5019 0.311544 1.03137
1~5 3. O.OllU llUd 5.04227 1351.35 24.687) 0.&))91> 2.9tWo
14b 502 3.30E-U5 1.11101 ~12.l92 174.u94 u.u5H5d2) 0.0835292
I ~7 ... 71 3.041:::-u5 1.95544 471.191 153.665 0.0765157 0.124685-
l~d n6 ' 4.951::-05 2.52069 607.395 100.204, U.127145- U.2b7071
1 .. 9 115 1 • 7 ~:H::-O 5 ).96131 ~54,"5) 5':1.371 v.31':'085 l.u3095
150 U.UUUllU8
151
152
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153 452 4.95E-u5 2.52069 420.255 173.929 u.128168 0.2&94)6
154 lOO i. 7t~E-05 3.9&ll:H &60.511 92.'Jld5 0.31od59 I.U4611
155 n 0.Ul101108 5.04221 940.691 59.7693 U.642668 3.02175
150 1340 3.36E-05 1.711-01 213.396 400.d34 0.051)4441 0.08475118'
157 1225 J.ts4E-Os 1.95544 243.082 399.b6 0.077642 0.12652
"8 621) 4.95E-u5 2.52069 314.379 241.053 u.129016 0.2710,)08
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130
7.1HE-U5
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5.64221
494.114
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0.318108
0.046419
I.05122
3.u3939
Ibl 1J63 3.d4E-U5 U.488861 320.985 233.)88 0.01':10351 O.U071 5457
162 4.4 b.05t:-Os 0.71021 505.11~ 138.019 0.O47'l501 0.IJ303211
Ib3 199 l:i,40£-05 L.u7702 lul. 171 103.88 u.u92391& 0.082923
164 145 U.OUUI108 1.41051 n6.176 00.u328 U.158479 0.186288
Ib5 7) U.00U176 2.24061 1471.18 40.8297 O. )99668 U.7 .. b625
Ibb 19~3 3.84£-U5 U.4dB861 235.596 411.2'J; 0.U191289 O.Uli77'HSI
167 031 0.05E-05 U.71021 :.,' 1.186 232.173 0.u414831 O.03u476b
Ib8 4:l5 t'.4bE-05 1.07102 Si'J.046 147.65& 0.0928471 0.0833319
Ib9 218 O.OOOllOB 1.41057 679.7'11 90.2563 0.15926 0.ld120b
170 107 0.000176 2.24061 1019.81 59.8462 0.40184 0.750306
171 1971 ).84E-Os u.488861 163.008 617.714 0.0192979 0.001S6164
172 Jl79 o.05E-Os 0.71021 256.822 32'1.401 0.0479024 0.u301458
173 ubb 8.461::-05 1.07102 359.127 :l31.385 0.0936672 0.0840&79
174 )6B 0.OUOII08 1.41U51 470.346 152.359 0.160667 0.18886
175 116 O.UOO! 76 2.24061 747.119 98.4387 0.405389 0.75b933
176 4725 J.B4E-U5 0.488861 121.941 982.397 0.0194105 0.00790752
177 1'J76 b.U5E-Os 0.71021 192.12 552.075 0.048182 0.0309252
178 1018 1:I.4O~-05 1.07102 206.051 J5J.618 0.u942139 0.0845586
17. 5Jo U.UOU IlO8 1.41057 35t.B5 221.'115 0.161605 U'.189902
180 :l53 u.ouul76 2.24U61 55~.895 141.;06 0.407155 0.161351
-301-
DATA - 13
Design : Axial upward jet flat base cylindrical tank.

Resul ts: Small tank tests.
System Parameters

-3
Jet diameter. Runs 1-20 & 141-160 3.0 x 10 m Runs 21-40,
-3 .
101-120 & 161-180 5.0 x 10 m Runs 41-60 8.0 x
2
10- 3m Runs 61-80 & 121-140 1.0 x 10- m Runs
81-100 1.5 x 10- 2m
Liquid height ~n Runs 1-100 & 141- 180 0.5Om
the tank. Runs 101-105 & 121-l25 0.25m Runs 106-110 & 126
-130 0.3m Runs 111-115 & 131-135 0.35m Runs
116-120 136-140 0.4Om.
&
-6 2 -1
Liquid kinematic Runs 1-140 1 x 10 m.S
-6 2 '-I
viscosi ty. Runs 141-145 & 161-165 2.676x 10 m.S
Runs 146-150 & 166-170 4.085 x 10-:-6ID2 .8 -1
-6· 2 -1
Runs 151-155 171-175 6.602 x 10 m.S
&
-6 2 -1
Runs 156-160 & 176-180 8.212 x 10 m.s
-3
-3
Runs 141-145 & 161-165 1006 Kg.m
-3
Runs 146-150 & 166-170 1008 Kg.m
-3
Runs 151-155 & 171-175 1009 Kg.m
-3
Runs 156-160 & 176- 180 1010 Kg.m
-2
.Gravity. Runs 1-180 9.81 m.S
-302-
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18 W 0.Ul.lOI04 14.7111 441)).) 16.51:)7 I.Y2995 11).7561
19 19 1I.l.hJIlIIOI) 15.673 47ul:L9 17.1047 1.73657 22.6609
lU Ig 1I.lIUUlIl) 16.1J91" S007':'.3 16. 'Jd 1.9b959 27. l'J6
II 11 3.31::-0; l.btHJ46 1)402.29 1U.'J9U9 U.U554~;1 U.0776;34
22 .5 3.1)4£-05 1.'15544 9777.21 11. 2065 0.u75ud9 0.1223&
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33 26 U.OOUI33 b.77276 ))863.1) 19.U203 u.':I00717 5.US395
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43 94 4.3aE-05 0.1)71161 6970.09 24.ft12 u.u3~U612 O.0277J7
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48 5. 7.tl4E-05 1.55952 12476.1 2.2.171; 0.112266 0.158897
49 52 8.4bE-05 l.b8285 13462.8 20.~B6 0.142369 0.199654
5U 46 9.7)£-05 1.93547 154B3.8 20.234; 0.188321 0.30.31.42
51 46 0.OIJUI04 2.U6375 16550 21.1296 U.21515 0.37U908
5> 43 u.0001108 2.20401 17632.1 20.5817 0.244204 0.448524
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55 34 O.OUul; 2.98377 23870.2 19.8153 0.447565 1.1l186
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77 38 U.OOu1668 2.12349 21234.9 20.5249 0.354198 0.626779
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154 )1 7.:H£-05 11.UB99 5039.33 22.4186 u.a77173 d.W])9
J 55 ,4 0.0001I08 15.67J 7121.92 21.7322 1.75219 22 .dB51
156 ,8 4.3cli::-05 6.19563 2163.38 LB.72':!5 0.27':'082 1.41509
157 48 4.95?:-OS 7 .uul,} I 2557.93 25.7':'4 1,).35U061 2.')425d
- - ---- 158 4. 6.USE-05 l::S.SS7:i9 3120.36 :.!a.lUIH U.51l':J3 3.72931
159 )) 7 .1i4E-u5 ll.Ud99 4051. 35 2.3.2165 O.dhl·.2 5.11542
16t) 24 U.OUUI108 15.073 5725.(:)3 11.7322 1.75)93 :!2.':IUi'8
161 )6 9.7)E-05 4.954dl 9257.d6 21.4939 O.':'::S!d95 2..iJ01S)
162 15 0.UOU1108 :;.04227 lIJS42.':' 22.7)213 0.628914 2..9570d
163
164
16,
,.19
28 U.UUOI411 7.19u33
0.uUU176 lj.':Io:l45
0.OU02145 IfJ.92J
13434.8
16746
20409.2
21.2956
21.0637
1.u2137
1.;;lj686
2.l5704
0.119'Jo
ll.oSUS
13.9636 2l • .:.;;.:.9
166 )a 9. nE-OS 4.95~ljl 0064.63 22.088 0.4dS959 Z.U06SJ
161 JS 0.0001108 5.b4227 0906.08 22.7383 0.630164 2.96296
Ib8 l8 0.01J01412 7.19033 8aOU.B9 21.2956 1.0234 6.1321.2.
109 l4 0.OUU176 8.902.45 10970 2t.0637 I. 59001 11.8753
17U 20 U.00U2145 10.923 13309.6 19.'}617 2.36172 21.4915
171 41 9.73[-05 4.1;15481 )7,2., 24.4792 0.486442 2.0U852
172 )7 0.uuu1108 5.04227 ':'2]].15 24.0377 0.63079 2.9659
173 )) 0.uOU1412 7.19U33 5445.57 25.0984 1.02441 6.13821
174 'b U.iJUU176 8.90245 6787.67 22.019 1.59159 1I.8S71
lIS 21 0.UOO2145 10.923 l:i27Z.48 20.9598 2.30407 21.5189
176 4J ').73E-05 . 4.9541U 3016.Hl 25.67)] U.486924 2.vlQSI·
177 )7 0.I)UUll08 5.04117- ]435.38 24.0377 0.631415 2.1;16884
178 J3 U.uu01412 7.I'Jun 4377.94 25.0984 1.02543 6.14429
179 26 U.UU0176 8.'Jb145 5456.92 22.iH9 1.;;9316 11.8989
1d0 22 u.uu02145 10.92) 6650.62 21.9579 2.36641 21.5402
-305-
DATA - 14

Resu1 ts: Large tank tests.
System Parameters

-3 3
Jet diameter. Runs 1-10 4.0 x 10 m Runs 11-20 6.0 x 10- m
3
Runs 21-30 & 71-90 8.0 x 10- m Runs 31-40
1.0 x 10-2m Runs 41-70 1.2 x 10- 2m
Liquid height in Runs I-SO & 71-90 0075m
the tank. Runs SI-SS 0.65m
Runs 56-60 0.5Om
Runs 61-65 0.35m
Runs 66-70 0025m
-5 2 -1
-5 2 -1
Runs 71-75 3.729 x 10 m.s
viscosity.
-5 2 -1 , .
Runs 76-80 4.4618 x 10 m.s
Runs 81-85 5.0725 x 10-5m2 .s -:1
Runs 86-90 6.0039 x 10-5m.s 2 -1
-3
-3
Runs 71-75 1035 Kg.m
-3
Runs 76-80 1037 Kg.m
-3
Runs 81-85 1038 Kg.m
. -3
Runs 86-90 1041 Kg.m
-2
-306-
OAT A-14
!tLi :~ Tl.'i£ FLO\:i{,\TJ:: VELOCITY i<£y:mLUS ~1L< lliG :·1O:1::~TU:1 !-'O\:EK
( s) (:1"]/::i) (~1/ S) ~L:;'IM1::R TUlE' ( KG.~1 (1<.(;.:-1"2
(-'ACTOR /S" 2) Is' 3)
747 5.U511::-05 4.UI'::l73 479.59& 151.055 0.209575 O.7U2U)l
2 S:,!3 /:1.)1)1:::-05 5.02467 5'JIJ.495 123.43> O. )2.7462 1.)7116
3 3d3 7.57llE-US 6.0296 71').394 10U.303 0.471545 2. Jb93S
4 2ll 'J.47)i::-US 7.5)74 M99.29 64.2039 O. 7)b~b6 4.&2ti38
5 "5 O.UUOL(ll 3.03628 -J5d.tH2 &1.0594 0.837638 5.60'HH
6 15:l U.UOOll)7 'J.04679 lQllJ.Jd 52.u775 1.06154 H.uu29
141 U.UUo1263 10.0493 1198.99 51.7242 1.309t15 10.9692
8 93 U;UU0157Y 12.56)7 1498.1)8 )9.4452 2.04728 21.4)45
9 65 0.00U1705 13.5662 1618.59 28.9799 2.)87u5 26.9861
10 64 U.UuUlU95. 15.07::1 179ti.'J6 3U.5625 2.94011 37.0505
11 1;3)4 5.0511-:-05 l.7H655 )l'J.7Jl !o4.94 0.u9]1446 U.13~613
11 1137 c.HSE-US· 2.23319 399.063 213.20; 0.145SJ9, O.170d4;
13 403 9.4nE-05 3.34996 599.527 108.243 o.327~~b 0.9i~24B
14 299 0.0001263 4.46637 799.327 H4.2726 0.582154 2.10676
15 16~ 0.UU01579 5.58385 999.316 54.747 0.YU99U3 4.23)97
16 120 U.0001\195 0.70133 1199.31 44.0281 1.31054 7.31862
17 IllS U.U00221 7.tU527 1398.66 42.5743 1.78244 11.6086
18 8ll U.OUu2526 H.93274 1598.65 35.3814 2.32862 17.3341
19 74 0.0002652 9.37832 161H.4 33.7798 2.56672 20.0;96
20 ;7 0.0002842 10.0502 1798.64 27.2166 2.94707 24.687)
21 l1l7 b.315E-u5 1.25611 299.748 315.396 0.0810654 0.0856971
22 827 Y.47JE-OS I.B8435 449.045 160.367 0.184217 U.28921.:.
23 ~5tl 0.00U1263 2.51133 599.495 107.071 0.327461 0.685577
l4 212 u.UOO1395 3.7695 a99.48 b4.5t7l 0.137171 2.31560
25 172 tl.OU0221 ".3I)bU9 11149 57.d464 1.00261. ].f>7)u2
26 \39 0.0002526 ,.02467 1198.99 50.9905 1.3u98; 5.4d401
27 9) U.UOU2842 5.b5)25 1340.98 36.8325 1.651::107 7.01121
28 ;U U.UOu31Stl 6.281&3 1498.98 38.1721 2.04728 10.7172
29 76 U.UUU347J 6.9u842 Ib4/::i.49 34.2898 1..4761,)7 1:..2S:'0
30 55 0.00u3789 7.,)] 1798.49 2b.2601 l.94715 1.::i.51'J6
31 3256 6.3151:;-U5 U.tW3947 239.798 4IY.)93 u.i.J,2:1938 u.u351016
32 839 0.OU01263 1.607a9 479.)96 II;)Y.b58 0.2U9)75 0.280012
33 329 U.OOu 1095 2.41248 71'J.584 db.bD5 u.471793 0.9404'12
34 245 u.uuunt 2.8135 339.198 71.272; 0.641079 1.50447
JS U4 U.OU02526 J.21579 959.192 71.0713 0.633301 2.2465
36 142 0.00u3158 4.u2037 IP:J9.18 52.0964 1.31OZb 4.30971
37 98 u.0003769 4.82368 1433.79 40.4733 1.I:IH613 7.501H
38 73 0.U00410S 5.22597 1558.78 31.7598 2.21391 ,.1;)4152
39 .4 U.U004421 5~02826 167B.7/j 29.2193 2.5671:1.8 12.0439
40 63 u.OUI)4736 o.u2928 1798.39 30.0787 2.94684 14.~Wbl
41 4761 6. )151::-05 0.558297 I'll). d 32 544.972 U.O)63d4& 0.0169273
42 1044 0.0001263 1.11659 399.663 IJ7.519 0.145539 0.135423
43 479 u.UOOUS95 1.07533 599.653 111.999 0.327634 0.457':'14
44 325 O.lJOO221 1.1;15382 b99.332 8).9792 0.445611 U.7255))
45 2b6 0.0002527 2.23407 799.043 74.Y9U9 U.5H201S I.U8467
46 212 O.OU03ISB 2.79192 999.31& 69.0855 U.I)09903 2.11 t-?13
47 III 0.OU03789 3.34978 1198.99 46.5885 1.30985 ).6564.
48 113 0.0004105 3.62915 1298.99 47.5327 1.53744 4.?49b6
49 107 U.U004421 3.90852 1398.98 43.3916 1.78325 5.B0822
SO 57 U.0005502 4.86421 1741.05 26.6469 2.76193 11.1955
51 4108 6.315£-U5 0.558297 191).832 505.104 0.0363846 0.Olb9278
52 9S5 U.OU01263 1.11659 399.663 184.257 0.145;39 0.135423
;) 511 U.0001895 1.67533 599.653 128.344 0.327634 0.457414
54 369 U.000221 1.95382 699.332 102.421 0.445611 0.725535
55 l87 0.0002526 2.23319 799.327 86.8902 0.51:12154 1.08338
56 3b96 6. )lSE-OS U.558297 199.332 5Uj.148 U.0363846 0.01"9278,
57 793 0.0001263 1.1IfJ59 39'01.663 174.447 0.145S39 0.135423
5. 440 U.OO011:195 1.67533 599.653 126.002 0.327634 O.457~14
S9 292 0.000221 1.95382 699.332 92.4095 U.445611 0.725535
60 213 U.0002526 2.13319 799.327 73.5259 O.5ts2154 1.0H33S
-307-
i<..;;:; r 1.:1..1:: r'LiJl,i{An: ·;:::L.{)CITY KE't':iULOS :·!lXI:;G :10.'I.E;\TUI1 Pu~i:.i{
( $) (:1·31,) Cl/ ;) :;L';!I~ER TUt: ("G. ~I (:(G • .'r":.!

FACTOR ISA 2) /S' 3)
DOY b.] I ;£-US 0.5502'17 199.0332 43J.n3 0.016927B
"02
03
alY
373
0.uUU1203
v.ouuId,)S
1.11659
1.675)3
)9'1.06)
59'}.0))
215. )41
119.3B
0.0363846
tJ.l!iSSJ9
0.3276)4
0.135423
0.':'57':'14
64 Hi) J.UUU2Zl 1. 9 ;jts2 699.332 '10.7313 U.445011 3.725535
b5 213 U.uLJu2526 l..2JjI'J 799.3'2.7 1;17.6liD) u.582154 I.U1;l338
06 2]lU 6.)ISE-OS O.5S:.i2'17 1'19.032 4SlJ.'J65 U.0363346 0.011')9270
07. bUU u.uuOl.l63 1.11659 3'::19.66) Idb.b6) U.145539 0.135423
0; !.76 V,UUul;)95 1.07533 S'l'.LoS) 111.776 u.Jl7b34 U.457414
09 :!JO U.OUU221 1.'15JU2 69';:1.332 102.'.1)3 0.445611 0.725535
70 l:.J) 0.uU02526 2.2331'1 799.327 lH.3361 0.502154 1.08)38
71 5Y) U.UUOlltd 2.~12J) 53;.983 131:).b)1 0.J2~413 0.61:)757
72 241 U.uuUHP)5 3.7bY5 ;'108.bI:)7 ]).3425 0.739)2 2.32239
73 162 U.0UU252b 5.U2467 1077.97 59.4271:) 1.31365 5. ~U05b
74 82 iJ.uU03153 b.ll:)l83 1347.07 34.77';16 2.05323 1O.7':'d4
75 04 u.00u37.::)9 7.537' 161b.95 Ju.5~72 2.';15512 Id.5044
7. oil u.UUUllb3 2.~1233 450.401 15b.db6 U.319048 U.6d8::!~a
77 310 U.UUUld95 3.7b':l5 675.87 'J4.341 u.7:"0149 2..3;2683
70 2u9 0.uuu2526 5.U2467 'Juu.922 7b.b691 1.31619 5.51119
7. 134 u.Uou3l5tl h. 2!H~) 1126.33 56.8349 :!.u572 11.).7692
-~-- -- 80
.l'
,;""48 u.0i)u3789
U.OUUI263
7.537
2.51233
1351.38
396.223
3d.1965
221.622
2.9b143
0.32';1365
Id.6003
0.6395b3
32 433 U.UUUW95 3.7095 594.4';19 131.773 0.7to1463 2.32912
dJ 211 Ll.UOO25:!b 5.U2467 H2.45b 77 .4U28 1. )17':'0 5.5165
d4 l3" U.uuu3tSB 0.2dldJ 'J90.1'l.7 5d.;JlS 2 • .)5919 10.7795
05 .3 0.U0U)789 7.537 llBd.63 ~4.4034 2.96419 10.01.:12
30 11'J4 J.uUul103 2.512)] 334.7 b 279.132 u.3JuJ17 u.691555
87 443 ll.UUUlS'J5 3.70')5 Su2.lJ3 134.016 0.7':'30u6 2.335d5
3'; 2dY U.uiJUl52,., 5. 1)2407 ~6':1. 52 lC6.:)I6 1.32117 5.53244
;9 1<)7 U.UUU315l:i 6. 2~ Us) oH .0]3 d3.555'J 2.J651:' 10.3107
," ll. U.uuU)7~<) 7. 'iJI 10U4.1.0 ol.)')l') :!.'J72d6 Id.672
-308-
DATA - 15

Results: Large tank tests.
System Parameters

-3 -3
Jet diameter. Runs 1-10 4.0 x 10 m Runs 11-20 6.0 x 10 m
3
Runs· 21-30 & 71-90 8.0 x 10- m Runs 31-40
-2 -2
1.0 x 10 m Runs 41-70 1.2 x 10 m.
Liquid height in Runs 1-50 & 71-90 0.75m Runs 51-55 0.65m
the tank. Runs 56-60 0.5Om Runs 61-65 0.35m Runs 66-70
0.25m
-62 -1
Liquid kinematic Runs 1-70 1 x 10 m.s Runs 71-75 2.198 x 10- 6
viscosity. m2 .s- 1 Runs 76-80 4.586 x 10- 6m2 .s- 1
Runs 81-85 60072 x 10~6m2.s-1
Runs 86-90 9.869 x 10- 6m2 .s- 1
-3
Runs 71-75 1003 Kg.m- 3
Runs 76-80 1006 Kgom- 3
-3
Runs 81-85 1007 Kg.m
-3
Runs 86-90 1009 Kg.m
2
Gravity. Runs 1-90 9.81 m.s-
-309-
QATA-15
,ztj:. T l.'lE F!..i.lI:KATt:: ';t::LOCITY ,{r:'C~ULl)S !IL<ING :~U:-I1::::.;rUM. (>0'..'1::1{
( 5) CIA J/ j) (~11 ::i) :1U:USEit Tldi ( t\.t,;.~1 (";'G.:-t~2
FACTOR IS' 2) Is' 3)
[ tu; ).U)LE-U; ':'.01973 lo07~.9 2l.2J2b 0.20)017 0.68u262
2 o.315i:::-05
3 ""bU53 \).47Jt::-u5
0.uOO1137
5.02407
7.5)74
20u98.7
30149.6
Id.7u2)
13.257
0.)I73u8
0.714013
1.32864
4.40486
"5 4ij 0.Ou01263
'1.u4679
10.0493
3bld7.2
4019],3
10.151:10
17.6082
1.O2~62
1.26923
7.75475
tu.b291
b 4U U.UUUI579 l.l.S637 50254.6 16.9657 1. Y838 20.7098
7 )7 U.UUOIlU; 13.5662 54264.8 16.4962 2.31304 26.1493
,
cl 36
34
O.UUUia95
U.uu02US2
15.07.::5
16.3272
00311.9
b53Uij.7
17. PH4
17.0984
Z.BS7:ld
3.35U)4
35.YI.)16
45.5847
tu 3[ U.OU0211 ' 17.5844 70337.4 16.JS1J8 3.08014· . 50.946.
It 145 5.0S2£-US" 1.78655 10719.3 22.528 u.0902564 0.134373
12 "0 b.3l5E-05" :z. 23319 13399.1 21.5539 0.14102b 0.262.447
lJ 87 1).473E-:-U5 3.34996 20099.7 20.33'4 0.317341 0.l:HS5d99 .
14 64 U.Ou0ll63 4.46637 26798.2 13.0383 0.504102 2.U99503
[5 '8 0.UUU157':1 5.583S5 33503.[ [S.900ij 0.881689 4.10268
[0 4d 0.01.101895 6.70133 40207.9 17.6113 1.2699 ],09108
[7 4[ \1.UU0221 7.dl.527 46891.6 16.6242 1.72717 11.2486
[8 37 U.OU0252.6 8.93274 53596.4 16.3639 2.25641 10 .. 7966
[9 30 U.0002652 9.37d32 56269.9 16.4334 2.48713 19.4376
20 3b U.UI.I021:142 10.0502 00301.3 17.1d94 2.d5627 23.92.13
1[ [54 0.315E-u5 1.25617 lU049.3 22.9433 0.0793269 0.08303':1':1
22 It[ ':1.4731:-:-05 1.l:Id435 15Ll7.:..a 21.5245 U.178505 U.180304
23 3[ 0.0001263 2.51233 "!OU98.7 13.9301 U.31730a 0.064313
2' 6' 0.01)u1395 3.7695 30156 1'J.4709 0.714319 2.24385
15 53 u.UUU12 L 4.3'JbU9 35168.7 17.d24d 0. '0 1535 3.55~13
10 4b U.UOU2526 5.U2467 ':'0197.3 10).074"6 1.20923 5.31455
27 45 u.uUU2842 5.05325 45226 1].3222 1.60665 7.509
2d 42 u.UUU315t:1 6.1dld3 50254.6 17.dU9 1.'J:na " lU. 3d49
36 U.UUu3,+73
"'30
3l
];
[70
u.llUuJ7d'J
b.315t:-U5
0.'::IOd42
7.537
0.d03947
55267.4
00296
::)039.47
Ib.l425
16.711
21.'Ju75
l.31:f'J!':f
1.05577
13.dI28
17 .9306
U.i.J5U70'H O.uJ4.;UI
12 [03 U.UU01263 1.6U7li9 16078.9 20.02:H -J.20307] J.272105
33 7b U.0UU1895 2.41248 24124.8 20. IJ06 0.457164 0.91 :Wdl
34 6B U.uLlu221 2.d135 2S135 19.7t:1ld U.02.1782 1.457:::12
3; 5. u.uOU.l5lo ).llS79 3l1S7.9 13.7213 0.511307 2.176&4
36 '5 O.OU03l5l:! 4.02037 4l}103.7 16.5094 1.26-}63 '::'.153&&
)7 .3 U.IJUU)7d9 4.(2)6l:! 4823&.8 17.75d7 I.S2.709 7.34653
); 38 U.UUU41u5 5.22597 52259.7 16.5325 2.1.:.52.0 9.34256
3. 3b U.00U4421 5.61826 5b1dl.6 1&.4359 l.461)1& 11.1)705
.0 )) U.OuU473& i).02na 60-lYl.8 15.7555 l.05547 14.347
41 212 6.)15E-05 0.558297 6bY':::I.5& 24.20&8 0.0352564 0.01641,)29
42 [2b U.uUu12&3 1.11&59 13399.1 22.631& O.IHlJ.:!b O.131124
43 32 U.UllUld95 1.67533 2UI04 1').1732 0.317 .. 75 tl.44)13
.4 77 u.OU0221 1.95382 2)445.8 19.0966 U.43179) 0.703038
45 70 0.OOU25l& 2.233[9 26798.2 lY.7:l!J4 0.564lU2 1.04979
46 53 U.UU0)15t:1 2.7'J192 335U).1 17.2714 0.IHH&89 2.05134
47 5[ 0.0003789 3.349711 401!J7 • .) id.708S 1.26n:. 3.543U4
4B 47 0.OU04105 ).6291) 4)549.8 18.1629 1.48977 4.5U548
44 U.OU04421 ).90852 46902.2 17.tl433
";" 37 0.OU05502 4.86421 58370.5 17.2971
1.72796
2.67629
5.62812
10.8484
5[ [95 h.315E-05 0 .. 558297 bb99.56 2).9764 0.0352.564 0.0164029
52 lt4 U.OUUI263 1.11659 13399.1 21.995 0.141026 0.131124
53 7ij 0.UUU1895 1.675)3 20104 19.5':::106 0.317475 0.44323
54 72 0.OUU221 1.95382 23445.8 19.9846 U.431793 0.703038
55 5' U.UUU252& 2.13319 26798.2 17 .8625 0.564102 1.04979
5b [ll b.315E-05 0.558297 " 6699.56 23.9721:1 0.0352564 0.0164029
57 n U.UUU1263 1.11659 " 13399.[ 20.23B5 0.141026 0.131224 _.
5ij II u.UOU1895 [.b75)) 20lO4 20.3322 0.317475 0.44323
5. b2 0.OU0221 [.'53S2 23445.8 19.6212 0.431793 0.703038
60 57 U.OU02526 2.23319 26798.2 1'J,b759 U.564102 1.04979
-310-
;{u:. IL'!£ FL\JI;;t.\TE "iLOC 1T'l rtt::'{~,ULDS ~L<l:-lG ~lOm:~T:JH. pm;t:K

( ;) (~I·)/S) (~I/$) );L,}IBER T L.'1£ (KG':'I (KG.:-I"l
FACTOR Is· 2) IS" 3)
.1 142 0.)15£-U) U.5)8Z';l7 66';19.56 ;n.7';1)7 0.0))2564 0.0164029

02 ;jJ U.uI)UI1bJ l.lloS';I 13)';19.1 21.(1)j U.141026 U.131124
.3 55 U.u1JU1395 l.b753) 10104 13.8252 0.317475 U.44323
04 53 U.UUU1lI I.Y53til 23445.8 lO.u475 u.4317';1) 0.7U3U38
05 43 U.uuu252b 2.2)) 19 2b7'Jd.2 17.7!.1l 0.564102 1.04971J
6b In 6.315£-05 u.S582Y7 b69Y.56 24.1B78 0.0352564 U.0164029
67 70 U.UUUI2b3 1.llfl59 IH';I9.1 21.7773 O.14LOZb 0.131Z24
bd 47 v.l)UU1H95 1.67533 1U104 1';1.u344 0.317475 U.4432)
b9 41 U.OUU2Z1 . LY5)B2 lJ445.B 13.3499 U.4317Y3 Q.70]U3B
70 4U 0.uuu25l6. 2.Z))I';1 Zb7';18.2 19.5:0 U.S64102 1.0497Y
71 .3 U.UUullb3 2.51233 91':'4.01 :It.7414 u.31d26 U.666)11
70 U.UUOld95' 1)719.7 U.716462 2.2Susd
"
7J
74
52
4b
u.oou252b
0.UU03158
J.7b95
5.U2467
b.2t)un
Idld8.1
2Zd63.1:S
21.3u28
19.U756
1':1.5105
1.27304
1.98975
5. ))049
10.4161
75 Jd u.U003739 7.537 274)2.2 IB.14)3 2.1:164)4 17.9';104
7. 110 U.ULlOI2b3 2.5123) 4382.61 25.7151 u.319211 O.b6S304
77 dO 0.0001895 J.7695 b575.b6 24.)461 u.71.1605 2.25732
7d 59 U.UOU251b 5.02467 H7b5.23 21.6434 1.27bd5 5.)4644
53 n.471J5
'"
dO
01
41
11.
U.uuu)158
u.uOU3739
U.UUU1163
6.23ld3
7.531
2.51233
1D958.)
1)147.8
3310.u6
19.5757
27 .IlHl
1.11957
2.6729
U.)19529
10.':'472
Id.0442
a.o689b9'
ol dl U.uuOld9s ).7095 4'Jb6.4 H.~5U4 0.719319 2.25'156
0) .1 IJ.UUul520 5.u2':'07 0020.11 22.)171 l.l7d12 5.l5175
d4 53 lJ.uUUJ15B b.21HdJ d27b.45 22.':'795 1.997::.9 Ill.':'57b
d5 44 Ll.UtJ0378':1 7. SH 'J9l0.17 21.U08.1 1.&7576 Id.uo22
db III U.UUUI263 2.512)) 20]b.55 29.bd99 u.)ZUI6J O.b70297
87 "4 U.OUUld95 J.7695 JU55.b] 25.5b)4 U. 7207:'8 2.Zb405
Hd )j u.UUU251b 5.U24b7 4073.U9 26.7792 1.28L1b5 5. )';)238
d9 5b lJ.uuu)15ts b.2Hld3 5u92.17 2].7519 2 • ..)0166 IO.:.7~4
90 47 U.UOu17~9 7.5J7 0109.64 22.44.05 2.dBI:'7 Id ••)98
-311-
DATA - 16
Resul ts: High jet Reynolds No. tests, small tank.
System Parameters
Tank diameter. Runs 1-30 0.31 m
3
Jet diameter. Runs 1-10 6.0 x 10- 3m Runs 11-20 8.0 x 10- m
-2
21~30 1.0 x 10 m
Liquid height
in tank. Runs 1-30 0.8m
-6 2 -1
Liquid kinematic Runs 1-30 1 x 10 m.s
viscosity.
-3
-2
DATA - 17
Design: Axial upward jet flat- base cylindrical tank.
Results: High jet Reyno1ds No. tests, large tank.
System ~arameters

Jet diameter. Runs 1-9 8.0xlO- 3m Runs 10-17 h'OxlO~2m Runs 18-22
1.2 x 10- 2m Runs 23-25 1.5 x 10-2m
Liquid height Runs 1-25 1.5m
in the tank.
Liquid kinematic
viscosity.
3
Liquid density. Runs 1-25 1000 Kg.m-
-2
-Gravi ty. Runs 1-25 9.81 m.s
DATA - 18
Resul ts: Jet Reyno1ds No. range,Re j > 100,000.
System Parameters
Tank diameter. 1-15 0.573 m
-3 -2
Jet diameter. Run 1 8.0 x 10 m Runs 2-3 ~.o x 10 m Runs 4-8
-2 - -2
1.2 x 10 m RUns 9-15 1.5 x 10 m
Liquid height Runs 1-15 1.5Om
in the tank
-6 2 -1
viscosity
-3
-2
-312-
OATA-16
K~:~ .~ 1,·tt:: r·:".~~Kxrt: ',iLuCI"r'{ r...E't";UL:JS '1UI.'G ;\IJ:IE~TUM. PU~ER
t 5) U- J/:i) ~ :!/ ,:j) .;;';:ldEH. T 1;1£ U.G •.'I (",(; •.1- 2
r'.\~TUK 1$· l) /5" 3)
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l ilLS U.'J\)U.!d':'2 1').u5u2 hiJJIJI.3 15.)o!:i2 l"l)o17 l].~213
3 tU 1],UUUJ li).bUI) u]053.7 IS./'lt,iIl7 J.lo',!b':J .!;.lJ7>
4 Id U.uutjJ15u 11.1071 01\.]0.)&.2 lo • .uI'J 1. ;:!h7b Tl.d21j
5 17 u.IJuuJ)l; 11.71.29 7U)j7.4 15.d116 3.cidbl4 37.:104
•
7
I5
1) • .,
U.oJuu)47)
U,IJUu]o)l
lZ.llHo
l.!.d41)4
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77U42.2
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15.21)54
:'.:!b541
4.':10234
4).6552
49.8885
8 15. ') ().UUU)7~'J I j . J'::I'Jl JuJY4.7 IS.1:l4d 5.1)1&91 5&.b806
•lU 1 l. ') U.uUuJy.:.7
u.UUu41u5
I j.';l579 ti37!.7.1 16.1':'79 5.50916 b4.0BOl
11
12
"
lij.5
15.5
U.')Uul5.1o
u.lJuu:.!ij:'Z
J.:..5l'J&
5.:)2467
5.'l;325
t\7tJ99.>
... lJI97.3
45226
14.9&21
13.4259
17.7991
5.'15906
1.16'123
1.60b65
71..0d77
5.31':'55
1.569
13 n.5 IJ.0uuJ15a b.ltild3 5u2;4.6 16.H191 1.9d33 W.3ti49
14 :!1.5 U.uUuJ47J 0.9uo':'2 5H67.4 17 .0%2 l. ]9'::129 13.0Il8
15 W.) u.uUv37~9 7. ;)1 0029b 15.5b73 l..ri5577 17.<J366
1. Id U.llUU41u) 0.10558 653:l4.7 15.9561 3.35197 .U.SU':I
17 17 U. 1)JU44!i 0.19410 7U35).3 15.d13<) J"::HH9 20.':'923
Id 15 u.I)u\J47Jo . '1.42075 753b6 14.5919 4.46167 35.0269
1. 15.5 u.uUU5u52 It).U493 do394.7 15.7248 5.076'12 42.5164
20 15.5 0.UUU5J6d 10.0779 d5423.3 16. 3S7 3 5.7319 51.ou39
21 31 'J.l)OU2520 '.l.1l579 31157.'::I 17.3362 0.S123tJ7 2.17634
22 3tJ.5 u.UOU:!1I42 ).618U8 3618u.8 Id.4147 I.U:.!d26 3.10026
23 l8.) u.uuu315d 4.u20)7 ':'0203.7 13.427d 1.269b3 4.25300
24 23 U.UU0347J 4.421)9 44213.9 IS.1::! 19b 1.53555 5.65771
25 ;n lJ.uUu3HI) 4.d2368 4dlh.B 16.7':'09 1.l)27b9 7.34683
2. D u.uUU41uS ).22597 51259.7 17.63S7 2.1':'5:.!6 9.].:.251,
27. 211.5 U.uuu4421 ;.02820 56282.6 11}.4<J5. .!~':'d82b 11.07iJS·
28 Id u.Uuu.:.7Jo 6.u2<J.!d ol'292,.ti 15.14td 2.d5;47 14.347
29 1~ U.IJUu5u5I 6.43157 64315.7 15.7<J55 ].14~23 17.4147
30 lJ.OUUSJoo 0 • .:1))06
'" 63330.6 16.:')09 ),"0~42 20.~912
QATA-17
RU:-l TI:-tE FL\ltO<tAT£ .... t:t.t:x;t T'i :(£Y~·\Jt.JS :IlXI:'G :-C.'i:::"'L~ ?t(..'Eit
t 5) (:-t"]/ ::i) (~I/S) :.t:"!1BER TL'it ((G.~ (J(C.:-t"2
rACWR /S"l) l:i" ])
53 U.UOUJ47J b.9ud42 SS.!fJ7.4 l~.I::IOdd ~. )~9~9 13.-HlS

2 4, U.fJUUJ7::)9 7.537 ~u290 15.1<J2b 2 • .55571 17.':J30b
3 44 IJ.u0U411)S IS. ll;,S58 0532:'.7 IS • .,409 3.351 ':J7 2l.009
4 41 Q.UUu4421 tI.7'j"I" 7UJ53.J 15.]U.!1 ].cid79 2.:1.·:0913
5 41 '1.Uljlj47J6 9.':'2075 7536b 11;,.(;022 .... .:.0107 J5.'.~;:oi
6 40 U.UUUSUSl 1').U493 d039:'.7 10 • .!~1J S.·;':d2 .. .!. )164
_._--_.- " 7 3. u.uu05368 IU.o77~· 115423.) 16.1)094 S.7]1~ SI.0u39 --. ~-.- . - -. - -
S 34 u.OU05684 11.3u65 <J04S1.1J 14.9411 0 ... 1001 ~O. 5:>.2
9 J) O.uuUS99IJ 11.9))1 '15404.7 IS.UI91 7.1 Sdo6 71.lda
10 .5 u. 1Jc)uJI58 4.()lUJ7 .:.u203.7 Io.d623 1.26903 4.25366
u.lJuu37d9 4./slJb8
11
12
13
"
52
47
U.UUU4411
u.ouu5uSl
5.tl21S26
6.43157
4d2Jb.8
)b2H2.6
64315.7
11:... 0616
16.7.172
16.5476
l.ti270'.l
2.4til:llb
3.24':123
7.3':'683
11.1)7'.)5
17.41H
14 41 0.ouu5684 7.23616 71361.6 IS.51146 4.113U3 24.8011
1> 37 0.ouu6315 8.U3947 80394.7 15.0602 5.u7692 34.0131
16 34 0.UU06947 8.8440S 118440.5 14.7143 6.14396 45.2812
17 34 U.tluu757S 9.64736 96473.6 IS.5803 7.31077 58.7747
la 4. U.UU06315 5.58296 66995.5 16.631 3.52564 16.4029
19 41 0.OU06947 6.1417 73700.4 15.7714 4.26664 21.S37
20 37 U./jU07S78 6.69956 8u394.7 15.U602 5.07692 28.]443
21 3. U.UUU821 7.253] 87099.5 15.4363 5.95906 36.0438
22 33 U.UOU8841 7.81615 H793.8 14.8477 b.91026 4S.0097
23 38 O.lJUIOI S.71469 8S720.4 16.1257 5.77184 27.4869
2" 37 U.UOI074 6.07681 91152.2 16.3411 6.52649 33.0502
25 35 U.UUI137 6.43321' 96499.1 16.U413 7.31463 39.2141
OAT A-18
RUN TlliE FLO\.,'ItATE VELOCITY '{I::YS'OLDS MIXI~'G :-IO~IE;'TUM PO\..fEK
( 5) (:i"1/5) (:115) :'UMBER TI~ (KG.l1 (KG.""2
FACTOR /5"2) /S" 3)
1 33 U·.ULlub3J 5 12.5617 100493 IS.5IB7 7.'J31b9 ·d3.0399

2 32 lJ.lJUUM21 10.452 104520 15.4475 8.58104 74.7405
3 2'].5 u.ouLla51.5 h).ISH 1085]0 14.S1::135 <J.25215 d3 •• 777
4 32 U.OvUI)473 8.37489 100499 15. 1)53b 7.Il))53 55.3bd7
5 31 ').IlUIOl !i.canl 1071 SI IS.lu8b 9.0135 67.10&7
6 31 d.I1UIU74 9.4'J502 J 13940 15.IH8J IIJ. n77 00.689
7 2. lJ.\JlJII37· 10. 1)51. 120624 14.3361 11.4291 95.7376
8 17.5 .0.1101168 I'J.12ftl 1139lJ 14.0282 12.0608 lU3.184
9 33 U.tJlll2 6.71j'J73 101846 15.1)642 d.I':'768 4b.1005
10 3U.S (J.uUll63. 7.14619 107193 14.9071 9. 1)2564 53.1491
11 30.5 u.uull26 7.50266 112540 IS.4483 9.94352 b2.2002
12 28.5 U.llu1JB9 7.H591l 1171187 14.;;774 1lJ.'H~3 11.4':138
13 2~ 0.1)01452 8.215SIS 12)234 15.1J44 11.929 31.6698
2a U.llU1516 8.37769 121:1065 13.;)u38
"
15 .l7.5 4).uuI579 8.<J)416 134012
15.471d
15.603 14. iu7
92.9521
105.n9
-313-
DATA - 19
Design: Axial downward jet flat base cylindrical tank.

System Parameters
-3 -3
-3 -2
Runs 11-15 8.0 x 10 mRuns 16-20 1.0 x 10 m
Liquid height 1n

Liquid kinematic
viscosity ..
-3
Liquid density. 1-20 1032 Kg.m
-2
DATA - 20
Design : Axial downward jet flat base cylindrical tank.

Results: S mall tank tes ts.
Jet regime: Turbulent .
. System Parameters
Jet diameter. Runs 1-5 3.0 x 10-3m Runs 6-10 5.0 x 10-3m
2
Runs 11-15 8.0 x 10- 3m Runs 16-20 1.0 x 10- m
Liquid height
in the tank. Runs 1-20 0.5m
Liquid kinematic
-6 2 -1
-3
-2
-314-
QATA-]9
iU!.o,; Tl~t. FLOIJRAn: VELOCITY KEY:-';ULD$ ::LONG :'Kl~E::rrUH t'OI.lEH.
( S) (:1")/5) (:'1/ $) r\~1HEH. TI:-tE (KG.H (t<G.:i"Z
FACTOR /S"2) / s" )
-Jsa 2.HZE-OS 3.98(197 )]5.% 431.292 0.116089 0.385895
2
)
I.'
1u.
4.Y 5£-05
7.lJE-US
7.uul'H
lU.227
389.717
861.345
132.355
131.47&
u.357bBb
0.763076
2.08707
6.50334
•5 ;. LW B.46E-OS
9.44£-U5
11.9669
D.)531
1007.BS
1124.63
104.438
89.23
1.0448
1.30u37
10.4192
14.4156
•
7
1576
56')
l. ]bE-US
S.72E-OS
1.71101
2.9128
240.176
4(rH.S71
580.105
280.202
U.U593297
0.171943
0.0845940
O.4173b3
•9 l5'J
135
9.44E-05
O.OU012
4. dU7l)
b.l1076
674.78
dS7.771
171.186
106.657
0.468314
u.756756
I.H7e04
).dSJbJ
10 77 U.UUU1645 ·d.3768] 1175.86 73.5085 1.42209 9.'J2113
11 19YB 4. 27E-u5 U.84938 19U.765 Y61.u89 0.0)74291 U.0204929
12 785 7.7aE-05 1.54758 347.576 J60 •• 89 0.124255 0.160245
lJ 510 0.UU01051 1.OIJ063 469.54 280.677 0.226756. 0.3950S2
1. 22U 0.OU01518 3.01958 67S.175 150.96 0.473U39 1.19032
15 lJ9 0.0001923 3.82519 859.111 109.92 0.75912) 2.41983
1. hJUld 2.821::-05 U.35':1007 100.788 219U.08 0.010448 0.00312575
17 HbS l.30£-05 0.427753 120.088 1740 0.01411324 0.0052971S
Id 4182 4.27£-05 0.543603 152.612 1172.65 0.1.1239546 0.0109515
:.!o4U S. HE-OS u.721H99 882.207 0.0429859 0 .. 0200852
'"
211 1404 7.78£-05 0.9')0452
204.4]5
278.061 5b4.26b 0.079523 0.0656364
OAT A-20
RUS T[~ fLOWRAT£ VELOClT't REYSOLDS :1L([NC !'IJ1i£~'Tl..'M PO~R
( 5) (.'" )/5) (M/5) :-'11~3ER TiKE (KG.H (KG.:i"2
FActOR /5"2) Is" 3)
61 3.84£-05 5.43179 16295.4 33.051 0.208581 0.944131

2 .. 2 6.05E-OS 8.55139 25673.7 29.8923 0.517752 3 .. b9.!39
3 )l 8.46£-05 11.9669 35900.7 26.9799 1.0124 10.0961
•5 )0
2.
9.1E-U5
0.UOO104
12.8722
14.7111
38616.6
44133.3
27.2774
27.5626
1.17137
I. ~299S
12.~b51
10.75&1
•1
.9
48
4.1J5E-05
7.84J:::-05
2.52069
3.99236
12603.4
19961.8
32.0449
29.375
0.124774
0.313UOl
0.262097
1.u4135
d 40 0.0001108 5.64227 29211. ) 30.1253 0.625163 2.93945
9 )0 0.0001584 3.0662 40331 17.9976 1.27769 8.5dS39
10. 2l 0.0002145 10.923 54614.9 24.6273 2.34298 21.3269
11 140 ).)E-05 0.656429 5251.43 38.4513 0.0216622 0.oP(}I,~7
12 97 5.49E-05 I.U9206 8736.47 3•• 1568 0.0599541 0.0545.:.,2
13 .5 1:l.4bE-05 1.68285 13462.9 31.4059 0.142369 0.199654
14 50 0.000133 2.645&1 21164.9 )1.6925 0.351866 0.775149
15 40 0.0001068 3.31795 2b543.6 29.0437 0.553434 1.5)022
1. lS7 2.82E-OS o. )59007 3590.07 40.8809 0.010124 0.00302882
17 1.5 3.36E-05 0.427753 4277. 53 40.0697 0.0143725 0.00512323
1:1 130 4.27E-05 0.54360) 5436.03 36.452. 0.0232118 0.010515
19 102 5.72E-05 0.728199 7281.99 34.0853 0.041653 0.02527&4
10 82 7.78E-05 0.990452 9904.52 32.9557 0.0770572 0.063&012
-315-
DATA - 21

System Parameters

-3 -3
-3 2
Runs 11-15 & 26-45 8.0 x 10 m Runs 16-20 l.Ox 10- m
-2
Runs 21-25 & 46-65 1.2 x 10 m
Liquid height Runs 1-45 0.75m Runs 46-50 0.65m Runs 51-55 0.5Om
in the tank. Runs 56-60 0.35m Runs 61-65 0.25m
-5 2 -1
Liquid kinematic Runs 1-25 & 46-65 3.3526 x 10 m.s
viscosi ty. Runs 26-30 3.729 x 10-5m.s
2 -1
-5 2 -1
Runs 31-35 4.4618 x 10 m.s
-5 2 -1
Runs 36-40 5.0725 x 10 m. 5
-5 2 -1
Runs 41-45 600039 x 10 m.5
Liquid density. Runs 1-25 & 46-65 1032 Kg.m-3
-3
Runs 26-30 1035 Kg.m
-3
Runs 31-35 1037 Kg.m
. -3
Runs 36-40 1038 Kg.m
Runs 41-45 1041 Kgom- 3
-2
-316-
DATA-21
i{'.,; ~; :: l~a:: fL.ll;i\AT!:: Vr:U~~lT,{ j<£Y;<;ULJS :tI:, 1::C :'1lJ:1E::TU~1 pu.... EK
( S) (:1' 3/,) (~I :i) ::r: :ill::l{ T 1:1i::: (r:.C.:·! A
("'C.:-I 2
F,\CTUR I S 2)
A
IS'l)
I on 6.1ISr:-U5 5.02461 599.495 171).246 u.]27~62 1.)7116

2 J:.!8 ').47 J!::-uS 7.5374 099.29 12u.754 U.7Joob6 4.62338
1 ~ll.S tJ.vOt)1137 9.04079 1079.38 93.b))7 1.{J6154 8.0029
4 10' u.Ouu1379 l.l.5637 1498.98 54.5242 l..U4728 21.4345
~ "5 U.IJIJlJl~tn 15.U78 J7'Jt\.'Jb 47,4)71 1.1J4d71 37 .05U5
b ~U!J4 5.051.I:::-U5 \. JabSS ) 19. 7 31 412.529 U.I)I))1446 O.l)8b7)
7 712 Q,4n!::-US 3.14996 59').527 205.Sl'l 0.327 .. 96 O.9H24d
8 19l U.I)I)OI~'J5 o.7U1)) 1199.)1 d4.!o5u4 1.31u54 7.)I..3b2
•
10
92
BU
O.lHJU.!S2b d.\n:a~
u.()OO.l34.! ·10.0502
15')8.65
) 7'18. 04
47.rt329
44.041
2.)1862
'.!.'1474:J7
17.))41
24.6873
1I 6n U,0001:,10) . '!oSl'!)) 599.495 179.&23 u.327461 O.68~~77
Il 114 Il.I)OOI~95 J.7b'J5 099.48 119.296 O.7J7177 2. J1566
Il tbl O.tJt,lu;.!jl6 5.02467 11'JB.99 71.)111 1.30985 5.48461
14 lU5 0.t.lOU)158 0.21118) 1498.98 51.513) 1.U471S 10.7172
I~ ij~ U.LlU037~9 7.5)7 1798.49 47.42:96 2.94715 Hi. )lO6
I. 3bl7 b.JI5E-05 0.11031)47 2l9.798 6UZ .... 79 0.052)9)8 U.0)51016
17 ~Ul U.OUOlts'l5 2.41248 719.584 161.99& 0.47179) 0.943492
lij 244 U.UOl.l1516 ).11579 'J59.19Z 'J).)72& U.83;3301 2.2,,65
I. 12b U.OUO)789 4.d23b8 1438.79 61.4'J71 I.d8018 7.5dI9)
2U ij7 U.OU04421 5.62J:.!6 1678.78 46.5802- '!. 50738 12:.0439
21 51Ul 6.3151::;-05 U.55d297 199.d32 770.S54 1J.1))6)846 0.0169278
n ISob U.vUUIlb] l.llb59 3'J9.00J 354.4\Jl 0.145539 U.I ];42]
2l 572 U.vUU1S95 1.07533 ~99.6~l 105.12:9 0.327634 O.~5741t.
24 51.7 U.OUo:!.:!l 1.':15382 099.332 106.S43 1..1.':'45611 U.725535
2~ 34';J 0.U002516 l • .!])19 799.327 119.714 O.H2154 1.1)8))8
lb ""9 0.00U1263 1.5U3l 538.983 156:b02: 0.]lS41) 0.l)d757
l7 n6 U.UUOH~95 J.7695 dOd.bd7 121..1.U)) U. 7J'J 32 2.32239
,.
lij 216
140
u.IJUU15:.!0 ;.u.l467
u.uOU3151:S 0.18183
lu77 .97
1347.67
':I4.4'J':I5
7U.I)]1l
1.31365
1.05)2]
5.50050
10.7404
lO "7 'J.UOu)789 7.537 1616.95 ':'8.5~56 1.':15:;72 13.50':'4
II 1079 U.UuUI26) 2.:; 12)) ':'50.':'61 Jll.44) u.)291..1':'ij 0.61:;'8098
12 416 O.UUuH~1J5 3.7695 075.87 1:,].17 u.1407':'9 ~.)2608
II 2J1J U.OU02520 5.Ul467 91..l().922 111.1)62 I. 31') I~ 5.S1l19
)4 IS~ U.UUU)ISI:I 6.:!:Hd) Illb.33 77.53 .. 4 ,'! ••)) 72 h}.7 !;I'l2
l~ 125 1l.OuU37JIJ 7.537 13SI.3d 6';J.l~94 !.'Jol.:.') L~ • .,(hl3
lb lu7u Ll.LluUI2:o) 2.51233 3';l6.2Zg )03 • .046 0.12':1365 U.i:>d';J561
17 509 0.11 1)01895 3.7095 59':'.499 :':0':1.)1.1) 0.7 .. 1 :'b) 2.3291l
38 319 0.OUU251b 5.U2467 792.45& 1:'3.':1)7 1. ]l7':'b 5.516;
19 !u8 U. I)UO)158 b.21:1183 990.71.7 IU4.J46 .!.i)5919 10.7795
40 llu 0.uOO37.:39 7.537 1188.68 H.5)94 Z.i0429 18.6132
41 1525 0.IJI..I01263 2.51211 334.76 440.177 U.])0317 0.691555
42 7U4 U.OUU11:195 3.7695 ~02.27l 159.211 0.7 .. 3606 2.335dS
4l l4a 0.uu02526 5.02467 669.52 152.249 1.12127 5.S3144
.4 21b u.OOU3158 6.2811:13 837.U33 II).u5 2.u6514 IQ.dlu7
4~ 1"9 0.UUO)71:19 7. ~J7 1004.28 105.461 1..'l72db 18.672
46 412g h. H5E-05 U.558297 199.032 758.292 0.U)631:146 0.OI6917:J
47 1440 0.UUU1263 1.11659 399.663 350.u58 0.1':'5539 0.135423
4a b~ij 0.OU01895, 1.67533 ~99.b>l 204.045 u.327634 0.457414
4. 427 U.u00221 1.95382 b99.112 145.211 0.':'45611 0.725535
50 l79 0.u002516 1.2))19 799.327 139.648 0.582154 1.08))8
~I 4769 6.315E-05 0.558297 199.812 872.01:13 0.U)63846 0.0169278
52 1278 U.0001263 1.11659 199.b6l 354.225 0.145539 0.1 )542)
51 490 0.UOOIH95 1.67533 599.653 175.369 0.327634 0.4574l1t
~4 422 0.UOO121 1.95382 699.332 16l.627 0 ... 45611 0.7255l~
~5 III U.UU0252b 2.23319 799.)27 139.U58 O.51:S2154 1.O8ll8
~b 3424 6.315J::-05 U.558297 199.832 748.3bti 0.036)846 0.016927(5
~7 lotH U.0001I63 1.116;9 199.66l 358.117 0.145539 0:.13542)
~. 4ijO 0.00u1395 l.b7)Jr ~'9.b5l 202.845 1..1.327634 0.457':'1,. - - ----- --
~9 lO7 u. IJl.IU22 1 1.95382 699.332 142.276 0.445611 O. 72~>l~
60 219 0.0/)02516 2.13119 7'19.327 120.01 1).582154 I.083l8
bl 1917 b. )LSE-O; U.S5B297 199.~32 754.306 0.0363846 0.0169278
62 9Uij (J.U(}Oll63 1.11659 399.663 l~~.",J 0.145539 0.135423
b3 l'~ O.uOOlli95 1.675)) ~99.b~l 197.508 0.3276)4 0.457414
b4 260 U.IJUOZZI 1.95]82 699.332 142.571 0.445b11 o. n~5l5
b~ 202 (J.UIJU2516 2.2)119 7'9.127 120.01':' 0.582154 1.08338
-317-
DATA - 22

System Parameters

-3 3
Jet diameter. Runs 1-5 4.0 x 10 m Runs 6-10 6.0 x 10- m
-3
Runs 11-15 & 26-45 8.0 x 10 m Runs 16-20
2
1.0 x 10- 2m Runs 21-25 & 46-65 1.2 x 10- m
Liquid height 1n Runs 1-45 0.75m
Runs 51-55 0.5Om
Runs 56-60 0.35m
Runs 61-65 0.25m
-6 2 -1
Liquid kinematic Runs 1-25 & 46-65 1 x 10 m.s
-6 2 -1
-6 2 -1
Runs 31-35 4.586 x 10 m.S
-6 2 -1
Runs 36-40 6.072 x 10 m. s
-6 2 -1
Runs 41-45 9.869 x 10 m.s
-3
Liquid density. Runs 1-25 & 46-65 1000 Kg. m
-3
Runs 26.30 1003 Kg. m
-3
Runs 31-35 1006 Kg. m
-3
Runs 36-40 1007 Kg. m
-3
Runs 41-45 1009 Kg:m
-2
-318-
DATA-22,
:t1J:; Tl:-!t:. FLUI;RATl:: VELOCITY I{£'{:~OLDS ~II;(l~~G ~\u:1Ef\Ttr.i l"UI.1::R
( 5) CiA)!;:;) (':1/ $) :-Ol.i:!BEK Tl~£ (t(G.M (KG.:1. l.
A
fACTOR /5' 2) /5' 3)
1 4ij U.UOU176 14.U038 56015.3 25.6201 1.46467 28.7624

2 47 O.uuUl;:s't5 15.078 6u311.9 26.2299 2.ijS728 )5.9016
) 4i, tJ.OOUl'l74 15.7006 62826.2 2b.)Od7 3.10048 40.5815
4 4; U.UuuW52 lo.)2ll 6530d.7 26.3422 3. }S034 45.5847
5 43 0.UIJ0221 17.5844 703)7.4 26.3171 3.08614 56.946
•7 17&
lU3
5.U521::-U5
1J.47JE.-U5
1.7Mb')5
3.34996
10119. )
20099.7
)4.ti393
29.7309
U.0':l025&4
0.)17341
u.134371
O. d8)1:I9~
ij 74 u.tjUUl~'J5 b.7u133 40207.9 32.37':19 1.2699 1.u9168
9 53 U.UUUUl 7.d15'l1 4b8'l1.b 25.4326 l. 72711 11.2406
10
11 '"ijO110 U.UOU2652' 'J.)7tD2
U.UUUIZbJ 2.51233
5&269.9
20098.1
26.2313
)1.75U5
2.41:1711
0.317308
1<J.4)1b
0.664313
12 u.OUUld'J5 J.70':l5 30156 29.4551:\ 0.714319 2.24385
13 .1 U.OU02S2,& 5.U2,467 40197.3 26.6B74 1.20923. 5. ).1455
14 55 u.UUU31SB 6.28183 5U254.& 27.5122 1.9838 10.3849
15 45 u.(1OU3739 7.537 00296 25.1098 2.ij5517 17.9306
16 222 b.115E-OS O.aU3947 3039.47 36.9733 0.U5U7692 0.0)401)1
17 "9 U.00Uli395 2.41248 24124.8 28.6632 0.4571604 0.(Jl90S1
1<, 7. u.uU0252& 3.21579 32157.9 29.0833 0.812307 2.17084
19 57 0.OOO37~9 4.32368 4~'236.8 27.8201 1.827&9 7.34683
10 47 0.UUU4421 ;.62K2& S02az .& 25.164 2.48326 11.6705
21 253 b.315E-05 0.5Sli-297 6699.560 37.7751 0.0352564 0.0164029·
22 1;0 0.00U12.63 1.11659 13399.1 33.':1464 0.141026 0.131l24
2) 1"3 0.UUU1895 1.67S)) 20104 29.7)47 0.317475 0.44323
14 9ij U.U\JOZ:ll 1.95382 23445.8 31.U25d 0.431793 u.70)0]8
25 73 0.0002526 2.23319 2679d.2 2').0405 0.504102 l.u:'979
26 116 u.uUUl2b3 2.'>12)) 9144.07 33.4823 0.31326 0.obb311
21 93 Ll.UUUltS95 3.7695 1371'l.7 3".2424 0.716462 2.25u50
28 71 u.LlOU1526 5.U2':'67 IJ288.1 31.0623 1.27)04· S.33049
19 62 0.uuU315d 6.28UB 22d63.d 31.0138 1.98'175 1O.·H51
30 51 O.uuLl)7d9 7.'))7 21432.2 2~.457S 2 .d64 34 17.Sf904
31 136 0.000126) 2.512)) :. )82. 6 1 39.2551 Ll.319211 0.fJ68304
32 97 U.u001d95 3.7695 6575.66 35.7 nz 0.71061.15 2.25732
33 3) U.CJiJ02526 5.U2467 8765.23 36.31H 1.27685 5.34b44
34 lu 0.ou03158 &.2dld3 10953.3 35.0156 1.9957 10.':'472
3S 5. O.Uou37a9 7.537 131:'7.8 31.2477 2.D129 1.:1.04:'2
)6 141· I).OUOl1&) 2.5\233 ))11}.U6 40.b983 0.)19529 O.obo969
)7 107 U.OulHi:S95 3.7I:i~; 4966.4 39.3972 tJ.71i31~ l.2 S'J 56
3ij dl 0.(1)02526 5.02467 6620.11 35.:'373 1.27.:H2 .5.35175
39 73 O.{)V03151i b.181d3 d27&.4S 30.51b2 1.9970;,9 hl.04570
40 63 U.Qu037d9 7.537 993u.11 35.1537 2.0757& Id.Ob2,
41 155 U.DLlUI2&3 2.51233 203&.55 44.7393 0.)20163 0.670191
4l 111 0.UUUid9S 3.7&95 )055.63 40.87 0.72074d 2.264u5
43 ij9 0.0002526 5.02407 4073.09 3S.9373 1.28Ll6S S.3b23a
44 19 0.UU03151i b.28Id) 5092.17 )9.517& 2.U0106 10.4734
45 64 u.uuu3789 7.537 6109.64 35.7117 2.00141 Id.u98
46 2)5 b.JI5E-US 0.558297 6699.56 37.6901 0.0352564 0.0164029
47 132 0.0001263 1.11&59 ll399.1 32.0886 0.141026 O.131l24
48 96 0.UOOl1i95 1.67533 20104 29.7695 o. 31147~ 0.4432)
49 90 0.OU0221 1.95382 23445.8 30.6064 0.431793 0.103038
5U 83 0.OU02526 2.2))19 26198.2 30.5825 0.504102 1.U491<J
SI 194 b.315E-OS 0.558297 6699.56 35.4758 0.0352564 0.0164029
52 121 0.OU01263 1.11659 13399.1 33.5378 0.141026 0.131224
53 84 0.0001895 1.61533 20104 29.6997 0.)17415 0.4432)
54 dO 0.000221 1.95382 23445.8 31.0193 0.4)1793 0.7030)8
55 68 0.0002526 2.23319 26798.2 28.1677 u.564102 1.04979
56 163 b.315E-05 0.558297 6699.56 35.6262 0.035256. 0.0164029
57 96 0.UOOI2&3 1.1l659 13399.1· 31.8032 0.141026 D.1311Z4
58 7. 0.OOOIB95 1.&7533 20104--· 32.1171 0.317475 . 0.44323
59 b8 Q.ot)u221 1.95382 2)445.8 31.5139 0.43179) 0.7030)8
60 57 :J.t 11)2526 2.23319 26798.2 28.6215 0.564102 1.04979
61 145 6.)15~-U5 O.55li21J7 &699.56 37.4985 0.0352564 0.0164029
62 Bij 0.0001163 1.11659 13)99 •• 34.4942 0.141026 0.131124
.3 64 0.oOUla95 1.61533 ZU104 32.00ll 0.317415 0.4432)
64 52 0.l)uU.221 1.95382 23445.8 28.5142 0.431793 0.103018
65 5U 0.UU02526 2.2)319 2b798.2 29.7U65 0.564102 1.0497<J
-319-
DATA -23

Results: Tests to evaluate effect of jet protrusion.
SYstem
, Parameters
Tank diameter. . Runs 1-30 0.3lm

Jet diameter. Runs 1-10 10S x 10-2m Runs 11-20 1.0 x 10-2m
Runs 21-30 SoD x 10-3m
Liquid height in
the tank. Runs 1-30 O.sOm
Liquid kinematic
viscosity. Runs 1-30 1 x 10-6m2. s -l
-3
Liquid density. Runs 1-30 1000 Kgo m
2
Gravity. Runs 1-30 9081 m.s-
-320-
OAT A-23
t<.Li:j TL'LI:: FL;)\;i{.-\.Tt:; ~'ELUClTY i{.£'i:':\JLDS :!I.XI;';G :KmEHUX POiJEK
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FACTUR I S·2) 1S·3)
~'M ).84£-05 0.217172 325~.07 79.5528 U.UotD4322 0.U0151062

1 4n. 4.95i:::-U5 O.2(SlJ077 42Ul.15 88.'::1196 0.0138638 0.00323577
j nu 0.U5E-05 u. )42316 51)4.74 68.u913 U.0207101 0.00590783
4 272 H.46E-05 u.473676 7 UW.14 72.6056 0.040496 0.0161537
5 241 9.71E-05 0.550534 8258.01 70.45)3 0.053567 0.U245754
0 16' 0.00U1108 0.626919 9403.711 SJ.75d6 0.0094626 0.U362895
] 127 0.0001412 0.796925 11983.9 47.2941 0.112808 0.u751044
•
9
04
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u.UUUl~tl4
U.00u176
U• .:396245
u.',PJ5828
13443.7
14937.4
33.707"
29.2215
0.141965
U.175266
U.1ll603
0.145445
10 00 U.0002145 '1.21367 1.0205 29.3217 0.2(0)31 - 'J.263296 :-
11 054 3.84£-05 u.4d8861 488d.61 135.976 0.0137722 0.U07&4751
12 Jl6 4.95E-05 U.6)0172 6301.72 92 .204) 0.0311935 O.OI63/ilL
13 2~3 6.05i::-05 Ll.77021 7702.1 81.8612 U.U465971 0.U299084
14 2U2 3.46£-05 1.07702 10770.2 70.17~8 0.091116 0.08177d2
15 In 9.7]E-05 1.23tH 12387 73.0541 0.120526 0.124413
16 130 0.0001108 1.41057 14105.7 53.8226 U.156291 0.183116
17 75 U.00U1412 1.79758 17975.8 )b.3516 0.253819 0.380216
lB 69 0.00U1584 1.01055 20165.5 36.0379 0.319422 0.536774
19 62 0.000176 2.24061 22[,06.1 )4.6173 u.394348 0.736316
20 49 0.0002145 2.7]015 27307.5 31.1669 0.565145. 1.3)29)
11 211 3.84£.-u5 1.95544 9777 .21 68.8394 1l.075089 0.12236
22 1~5 4.95£-05 2.52069 12603.4 75.0356 0.124774 0.262097
23 152 b.OSE-OS ).08084 15404.2 66.6383 0.186391 0.478534
129 d.46E-05 4.30808 21540.4 70.3266 0.364464 1.30845
"2520 LJl
90
9.7]E-U5
0.UOOIIU8
4.1:154dl
5.64227
24174
28211.3
60.3023
62.368
0.482103
0.62516)
1.99061
2.9)945
2] 67 u.0001412 7.1':1033 JS951.& 50.9573 1.01527 6.0B)46
2" 53 ·0.0001584 B.Ub62 40331 43.436& 1.277&9 8.5B839
2' 47 U.UUOllb 0.96245 44812.2 41.2497 1.577 39 11.1:Hl
30 41 0.00U2145 10.923 54614.9 40.9215 2.34298 21.32b9
-321-
DATA -·24
Design: Inclined side entry jet flat base cylindrical

tank,(Fossett & Prosser design).
System Parameters

-3 3
Jet diameter. Runs 1-6 & 31-50 3.0 x 10 m Runs 7-12 4.0 x 1O- m
-3 3
Runs 13-18 5.0 x 10 m Runs 19-24 8.0 x 10- m
Runs 25-30 1.0 x 10-2m
Liquid height
-5 2 -1
Liquid kinematic Runs 1-30 1. 755 x 10 m.s
-5 2 -1
viscosity. Runs 31-35 2.2059 x 10 m. s
-5 2 -1
Runs 36-40 2.8136 x 10 m.S
-5 2 -1
Runs 41-45 3.426 x 10 m.S
-5 2 -1
Runs 46-50 4.0234 x 10 m.S
-3
Runs 31-35 1023 Kg.m- 3
Runs 36-40 1028 Kg.m-3
Runs 41-45 1033 Kg. m-3
-3
Runs 46-50 1035 Kg. m
Gravity. -2
Runs 1-50 9.81 m.S
.~
-322-
DA T A-2~
it!.: :.; "i' [:!£ FU)I:!lAn.; Iff.,LUCITY r:EY:;OLi.lS ~a:":l:;G ~Km:::~'i':J~ Pl.l"'UI.
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FACTUR IS· 2) IS' )
I Zlu 'l.;r.!E-U) ).QUo97 oSI.d75 l~b.lL u.114514 0.)306&

2 Ut l. -.HHJ5 4.iJo794 797,'JJ9 132.alJ u.130315 0.011Juu2
,
3 107
III
3.04£-u5
4. )~I:::-lJ5
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1<)59.08
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u.270253
0.9bl132
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,
b o. :).4':H::-OS 7.7b57b 1327 .4ti 5:1.2297 0.434U14
0.06':'4139
2.dO~71
U.12U443
:'dO 'l.Ij'li-US 2..!4]]9 511.406 H4.4
4\)! 1.3E-US 'l.f>:157;! 5'18.454 1';1,).408 U.0SdlU83 U.l'JJoua
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U.tii:l~o'l2
11 ,lb ~.bJi::-u5 5.27)) 1l02.)5 b7.'J"li.l"l
0.356046 1.5b521
I' 12 7. :!JE-0S 5.75.l71 1311.lb bO.:.!b:./:l
U.423407 2.,)2'JH
13 70' !.o:.!E-u5 1.43003 4u9.125 295.215 O.0411249 0.0493335
J!f 44/i ).&4£-u5 1.'J5544 557.106 :.!,11.d630.U704406 0.124563
15 34':1 4.38E-OS ~.23043 635.449 IJO.184 0.09'14511 0.134849
1& ~Ol 5.4'JE-u5 ;,!.7'J5b7 71J0.4dd 120. b41:S 0.156245 0.364uOd
11 l..!7 7 • .DE-US 3.6d17J 1048.':13 ':Il.S':Ibl U.27U9dl 0.::BI398
Id till :.i.4bE-05 4.3udOS L227 .)8 70.4801 0.)71024 I. )32
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21 bd' b.u5£-05 O.77UZI ':')8.86& 277 .-J02 0.IJ474)65 U.0)04"67
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2. 1.1.2 n.ovUlIU8 1.':'1057 :J03.742 1)4.')61 1).159104 O.ld7'J:!Z
,1.5 .. &.. 30
lu .3 u.ouul5S4 .!.Olo55 1 14<J .U3 7L.2hd u.32.5171
JI 304 3.3£-05 4.0&794 6)4.6H 132.1)94 '.J.1575MS 0.612998
l2 217 ].ii4£-05 S • .:. )179 733.717 14':'.:!!:i1 ').213)78 0.'loSb5l
)3 169 4. Jd!::-U5 0.1<)503 ~42.5'J9 122."7.:. 0.~77bl 1 ... ))31
34 113 4.9SE-ll5 7.I)OI<JI 'JS:!.2:52 9.! • .,)o2 0.35:'506 l.lJoJS7
35 93 5.':'YE-u5 7.7b576 1050.1':' 73.4ti35 u.")bI4& .!.o215
lb 30a ).)1::-05 .... '>b794 497.719 221.t:55 U.15ii)55 0.1) 1 :'991&
17 "27 I ].-iI.oi::-05 5.43179 579.164 BU.ts5 0.21:'':'21 U.~7'J573
III lI5 4.)~E-OS 6.1 'J5b3 b60.'>09 15b.U6':' U.D3907 1.':':';j)1
•. -- --- - - - H lad 4.YSi;:-U5 7.uulYl 7':'&.:'79 14ts.06d. U.) 56299 2.';7::198 __ .~--.-- - -
40 151 5.4~iE-U5 7.7b57& 6::!8.u24 127 .43 0.438273 1.d3b)
41 4tiU 3. lE-US 4.1)0794 40S.751 288.404 1).159115 0.61399
42 37J 3.ii4:::-u5 5.43179 475.638 24d.Ll04 0.215464 i).975.!94
310 4. )81:::-U5 6.19503 542.525 2:25.u23 LI.2S0314 1.44732
'3
44· 237 4.Y5E-U5 7.uul'H 613.1.2.7 136.0& U.350032 2:.u$909
45 190 5.49£-U5 7.76576 680.014 165.406 0.440409 l.B5rJ09
4& b;.m 3.31::-05 4.1)&794 340.U59 413.464 v.159434 0.6::!OI,39
47 4.6 ).B4i::-05 5.43179 405.U15 32':1.7ts& U.215dSl 0.977ld2
48 345 4.31:i1::-U5 6.1';1563 4bl.97 250.428 0.2tsU8&7 1.45012
"i;J 284 4.YSC":-OS 7.00191 522.089 223.677 u.353725 l.O9314
50 212 5.4'J£-U5 7.76576 579.044 In.909 0.441262 2.ts55bl
-323-
mTA - 25

tank ,(Fossett & Prosser design).
System Parameters

-3
Jet diameter. Runs 1-6 & 31-50 300 x 10 m Runs 7-12 4.0 x 1O-3m
-3
Runs 13-18 5.0 x 10 m Runs 19-24 8.0 x 10-3m
-2
Runs 25-30 1.0 x 10 m
Liquid height in
-6 2 -1
Liquid kinematic Runs 1-30 1 x 10 m.S
-6 2 -1
Runs 36-40 4.058 x 10-6m2. s -l
-6 2 -1
Runs 41-45 6 0060 x 10 ·m .s
Runs 46-50 8.233 x 10-6m2. s -l
-3
Liquid densi ty. Runs 1-30 1000 Kg.m
-3
Runs 31-35 1003 Kg. m
-3
Runs 36-40 1006 Kg. m
Runs 41-45 1007 Kg. m-3
-3
Runs 46-50 1009 Kg. m
-2
-324-
DATA-25
0<1.::. TL'tI:: r'LOI."i{ATi:: \'ELOCITY itEY:WLDS :HXI:;:G :·K)~ESTUa po....t::tt.
( ,) ("·)/,) (~II ;j) :HJl'\IH:.K ',mE (KG.:-1 (:(J,,;':'1'"' 2
FACTOR 15"2) Is· 3)
I 51 l.dlt::-05 J.'JdJ97 11%6.9 27. ,YHb u.11l4rl9 0.373929
2 4] j.31::-05 4.067':14 14UU3.8 25.8415 U.154042 0.599210
] J5 J.84E,-US S.43179 161.95.4 23.2HZ U.2QdSdl V.944137
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7 b) 2.M2E-US '2.24379 6975.17 28.14 U.Ufd275 0.113313
3 5" 3.3£-u5 . 2.62512 10502.9 27.7762 O.OSb64d6 0.18959&
•10 43 .... JoE-U5 . J.48S04 13940.2 25.7b31 0.152645 0.443311
11
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0.872979
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13 17 2.82£-U5 1.43&03 7130.14 29.637 0.04U496" 0.0484612.
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15 52 4.3!iS-05 2.23043 11152.1 26.8469 U.0976927 0.ld158
1. 43 5.4I)E-05 2.79567 13978.4 25.8102 0.153482 0.357572
17 32 7.23£-05 3.08173 1,340S.7 23.0793 0.266139 0.816697
18 28 B.461::-0S 4.30S0tS 21540.4 22.4255 0.364464 1. 30d45
19 83 3.841::-05 0.763845 61,,0.76 28.6884 1,).0293316 0.0186707
la 6. 4.951::-05 0.984644 7877.15 2S.1508 0.0487399 0.0)':19928
II 50 ·6.631::-05 I.Jl::l83 10550.6 27 .8623 O.OtH':')81 O.G96C964
22 41 ::1.40£-05 1.682.85 13462.8 24.0005 0.1423b9 0.199654
23 )4 0.01101108 2.20401 17632.1 23.8269 0.24 .. 204 O.44d524
'4 n \.I.UOO1412 2.d0872 12469.8 22.2425 U. Hb:;91 (}.92d262
25 101 J.d4E-05 U.488861 4888.61 30.U823 0.Ul::17722 0.0071;)4751
26 83 4.95E-US U.630172 6)01.72 29.2833 0.0)11935 0.0163811
27 70 b.05£-05 0.77021 7702.1 28.2338 O.0465'H7 0.0299004
2B 53 7.84£-05 0.998091 9980.91 25.4112. U.07::12503 0.ObSiJ841
29 42 O.UUU110S 1.41'J57 14105.7 25.3b29 u.156291 0).133716
30 Jl U.UUOlSIJ4 2.U1655 10165.5 23.7;96 o. 31 ~412 0.S3b7H
31 <9 3.3£':U5 4.• 66794 605S.'J7 29.4473 0.15 .. 504 0.601(}14
32 41 3.84£-05 5.43179 77413.62 27.1605 0.209206 0.946':J]
)) 39 4.38E-05 6.19563 6038.27 28.3093 0.272133 1.405o!9
34 34 4.95E-U5 7.00191 9988.46 26.7782 0.347634 2.02342
)) 31 5.49E-05 7. 76576 l107S.1 26.1612 0.427619 2.76732
36 54 3.3E-u5 4.66794 3450.92 32.4521 0.154966 0.602SI1
37 49 3.ij4£-05 5.43179 4015.61 32.5796 U.209~32 0."9':''1802
38 43 4.38£-05 6.19563 4580.31 JI.2118 0.272997 1.40949
39 3B 4.95E-05 7.u0191 5176.38 29.928& o. )4d6h 2.03449
40 36 5.49E-05 7.76576 57.:.1.07 30.3807 0.428898 2.775b
41 39 3.3£-05 4.66794 2310.86 35.457 0.15512 0.60341
4, 12 3.ij4E-05 5.43179 2{)89 34.57:.3 0.210041 ".1.9>0740
43 44 4.31::1£-05 6.19563 3067.14 31.9387 0.273268 1.41U89
44 40 4.951::-05 7.00191 3466.29 31.5038 0.349021 l.u3651
45 3B 5.49E-05 7.76576 3844.43 32.0686 0.429324 2.77~36
46 14 3.8E-U5 5.37521 1956.66 35.6542 0.206096 0.923174
47 54 3.S4E-05 5.43179 1979.17 35.9041 0.210458 0.9>2634
48 45 4.38E-05 6~ 19563 2257.61 32.664& 0.273811 1.41369
49 44 4.95£-05 7.00191 2551.41 34.6542 0.349714 2.04056
;0 39 5.491:::-05 7.76576 2829.74 32.9125 0.430117 2.7838a
-325-
DATA - 26

tank. (Fossett & Prosser design).

System Parameters

3 3
Jet diameter. Runs 1-6 6 00 x 10- m Runs 7-12 & 25-44 8.0 x 10- m
Runs 13-18 1.0 x 10- 2m Runs 19-24 1.2 x 10- 2m
Liquid height
2 -1
Liquid kinematic Runs 1-24 3.3526 x 10- 5 m .s
viscosity. Runs 25-29 3.7296 x 10- 5m2 .s- 1
Runs 30-34 4.4618 x 10- 5m2 .s- 1
Runs 35-39 5.0725 x 10- 5m2 .s- 1
Runs 40-44 6.0039 x 10- 5m2 0s- 1
Liquid density. Runs 1-24 1032 Kg. m- 3
Runs 25-29 1035 Kg. m- 3
-3
Runs 30-34 1035 Kg. m
-3
Runs 35-39 1038 Kg.m
-3
Runs 40-44 1041 Kg.w
2
Gravity. Runs 1-44 9.81 m.s-
-326-
DATA-26
O{~ :~ :- U£ FLJI;i(An: V[U1Cln' KCC;(JUS '!l...::t.;G ;!i).'!t::;TL'M t'u\;£R
( S) (~l-J/fJ) (:1/ .::i) :;:,::-:.)'::ii.
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FACTur!. s-
I J.) I ti - 3)
221)1) 5.U)2~-u5 1.7~i1J55 31'J.7)1 :'5:'.)0 i).u9J1446 O.lJiJ67)

Z 1':'12 h.313£-05 2.Lnl') )9').')03 JL~. 14 v.I:'')))') 0.2706:'5
,
3 oS:.!
) 11)
9.':'73E-U5
iJ.uUllllb)
3.34'1'16
:..4tJo37
SIJ'J •.S'l7
779. )27
19d.5H2
117.107
U.327:'96
O.5B2154
O.91:'l4d
2.1&67b
5 2.]5 l).lJ'JlH57'J 5. ')ti).:iS ')')'1.)16 IUU.b)B U.90'J'JO) 4.23397
0 Ib2 U.uuul.jYS 0.7UI)3 ll'J9.Jl I~. J5l9 1.31u54 7. j Id62
2154 b. HSE-US t .2>617 2';1'.1.7 .. ti .. 51.54 0.U813654 0.065&971
IDu 'J. :'ne-US 1.l)d:')S
"10
9 3bo
2'11
U.'hJU12h) 2..;12.))
J.UoJUlijI}5· 3.1695
':'49. b45
599.4')5
ci99.4d
204.u77
In.llS)
116.171
u.I->4217
u.3274&1
oJ.737177
0.25'121':'
lJ.o::iS577
2.315&6
11 177 U,lJULlZll . 4.]%09 lu49 7J.1931 l.uOlb2 3.b7)02
11 U5 O.tJuu:.!5.!0 5.U2467 1196.Y9 74."54 1. )0':185 5.48401
lJ ]41~ 0. H3E-u5 U.I:iUj947 239.7ye 504.967 O.O5.!)9)8 J.O)51<)16
I" lu04 Ll.UUU12b) l.bU7(1\) 479.5'J6 2.63.494 0.209375 u.l80012
15 451 v.tllJUlo95 :l.':'124d 71').584 15:;.147 u.471793 u.94034'12
10 3:!5 0.u00221 2.8135 ;.))').19d 1l).ci78 0.641679 1.50447
11 :l22 u.00tJ25lb 3.1.1579 959.192 9l. 5076 0.d)8)01 l.l465
13 159 0.UOU3158 4.020)7 llYY.1d 70.6<)65 1.)1026 4.)8917
19 5Doli b.1l5E-U5 U.551:i297 199.S)'! ]:.4.704 0.0)6)846 0.0169273
W 1:.4U U.LlUCJl20) 1.116'>9 391).00) 3)4.047 u.1!.55)9 u.135423
Z1 036 0.OuUU:S95 1.675)) 5'19.65) 19).736 0.327634 0.457414
Z2 400 0.uOO221 1.95)~2 099.332 155.258 O.~45bll 0.7255)5
23 3151 0.OUU2526 l.ll]lY 799.)27 117.707 u.58:!154 1.0d33d
24 2.J'3 U.t.1iJOJI51:i 2.71J19:! <:I99.Jlo 99.7::Ild v.':Iu'J91J) 2.11698
25 7 j:.! 1I.UU012bJ 2.;1231 5Jl:S.d90 22.'1.0]1 u.32d!.13 u.od757
lb ':'2.5 u.uIJuI3J1J ).I':'U91 073.717 15u.2.2.0 J.Sl3J09 I. )4)')5
27 ;!95 IJ.OUOll:S95 3.70':1') ,)Od. 557 117.7bd 0.73932 2.3:!.!39
I8 2U') u.nuu221 :'.39009 942.901 90.i:)7~4 I.UO')54 ). i:)d 37
29 IQ:.! I). U002 ,)l!) 5.tJ2~07 1,)77.79 73. H91 I. )1J6S 5. "::Iuo%
)U 9)5 IJ.vI.lOI.!bJ 1.512]) ':'5~.':'bl ';'3':'.766 O.l:!:i41) lI. o.:s 7 5 7
Jl 535 0.1)001579 ).1':'091 5b).10') 1.39.11 O.51)3J9 1.3':'35)
32 3$2 O.IJOI) 1;j'J) ).7b'J') 075.J7 1;!.5 0.73932 2.):!!)9
)) 271 IJ.I)UU121 4. j~!)tJ9 73~.lt7 II::i.d7) l.vD55';' 3.1:),:n7
). 2)9 tJ.OuU25lt:1 S.ul4b7 ':I')O.92l 115.57.:. 1.)1365 5.5Uu5&
J5 1102 1).I)UOI26) 2.51233 ),)6.2:!d })"::I.oZ8 J.32':U6') (J.f)o~5tt)
)b bBa U.'JUUI579 3.1':'991 :'95.3&4 243.192 'J.51':'79& 1.)47':'4,
)7 4-:j6 0.tJllUla9') ].7 !:I'J"::I 594.:'9') I ~d.:J 1 0.7 .. 1:'&) .!. ):!912
38 3., U.tJ\JU221 ':'."J<:IoUY b93.321 101.':'52 1.')00':'5 3.0<:1.:. 37
H 24$ tJ.Oo02')26 5.Q2467 792.45& I1Y.n7 1.) 17.:.6 5. ') 165
.0 1242 U.OuulZ6) 2.')12)) 334.76 37d.267 u.))0317 u.&91j')5
H -:S1:S2 O.vull157Y 3.14091 H3.5t7 311.707 0.51:)284 1.3')I)4
,2 5>5 U.0001d95 ).7695 ')U2.27) 2.21.')64 0.7 ..13606 2. ])535
,) 452 U.uOU221 :.. )9009 5<35.764 1'::19.9)5 l.vIl37 ).7050')
.4 3':'8 U.IlOO:.!526 ;.fJl467 669.52 16.:\.284 1.32117 ;.531:.4
-327-
DATA - 27
Design: Inclined side entry jet f~at base cylindrical

tank, (Coldrey design) .
System Parameters
Tank diame ter. Runs 1-44 0.573m

Jet diameter. Runs 1-6 6.0 x 10- 3m Runs 7-12 & 25-44
2
8.0 x 10- 3m Runs 13-18 1.0 x 10- m Runs
19-24 1.2 x 10- 2m
Liquid height in
-6 2 -1
-6 2 -1
-6 2 -1
Runs 30-34 4.586 x 10 m.S
Runs 35-39 6.072 x 10-6 m.s
2 -1
-6 2 -1
Runs 40-44 9.869 x 10 m.s
Liquid density. Runs 1-24 1000 Kg. m- 3
Runs 25-29 1003 Kg. m- 3
-3
Runs 30-34 1006 Kg. m
-3
Runs 35-39 1007 Kg. m
-3
Runs 40-44 1009 Kg.m
-2
---~
-328-
DATA-27
:tt,; :~ Tt 1£ FLJ~i<1.,\"n: VELIX:l'N R£'{~OLUS :IL<li~G ~U:1J::iJTUM POWER
(>l (:"1"31,) (,I,) ;';L!:·tij£R TI.~IJ:-; (KG." (KG.~IA2
FACTUR IS'2) 15'3)
1 IJl j.052.£-uS 1.7:JbS5 10719.3 26.2335 U.0':l02564 0.134373

2 115 u.)ISE-US '.2J319 13399.1 26.7252 0.141026 0.262447
) 0) 9.47 .3~-uS 3.)4996 20099.7 25.2796 U.317341 O.a85699
4 6) u.Ollull6) 4.46b37 267Y8.2 21.2462 U.)64102 2.09958
5 53 U.OOU1:;7'1 5.50)85 33503.1 22.6912 U.881689 4.10268
6 45 U.UOUISY5 b.7U133 40207.9 21.7647 1.2699 7.0':1168
7 1)5 00 3l5~-U5 1.25617 10049.3 25.3954 0.0793269 O.OS30399
':I. 47)J::-05
"9
10
'9
7a
55
lotH:14)
0.00Ul.lb] . 2.51233
0.1l0uI895. J.7095
15074.8
20098.7
30156
24.8882
23.7559
21.95&8
U.1785U5
0.317308
0.714]111
U.280)04
O.6b43lo
2.24)05
11 5u u.OuU221 ':'.3%09 35168.7 2.2.1167 u.971535 3.55913
12 45 U.UOU2526' 5.02467 40197.3 21.7609 1.26923 5.11455
13 lob 6.JI5t:~05 u.ij03947 3039.47 1].4384 0.05U761J2 0.0340131.
1. 9a v.0001263 l.b0789 16078.9 25.7196 0.203077 0.272105
15 b5 0.0001395 1.41248 24124.8 22.3604 u.457164 0.919081
16 59 U.OOU221 1.1:1135 28135 22.4886 0.621782 1.457a2
17 51 U.0002516 3.11579 32157 .9 21.2518 0.812307 2.17bd4
I"19 4d
1%
U.Ov01841 3.61308
6.315E-05 0.558297
36180.8
66-)9.56
21.6376
2a.od75
1.02826
0.0352564
3.10026
0.U164029
la 11) 0.OU01203 1.11659 13399.1 26.2005 0.141026 0.13Il24
21 dl 0.0001895 1.07533 20104 24.6739 0.117475 0.44323
22 b" 0.UOO2.21 1.95)82 23445.8 22.')513 0.431793 0.7(30)8
23 b2 0.0002526 2.23319 26798.2 22.11772 0.564102 1.04979
24 U.UUU)158 2.791n 1I.8407 0.881689
25 "
,4 U.0001263 2.H233
33503.1
9144.U7 18.0289 0.31,326
2.05134
0.666311
Z& 7" 0.OUU1579 3.14091 11431.9 27.5712 0.497438 1.30201
27 b6 0.OUOIl:\95 ).7095 13719.7 26.3481 0.716462 2.25.;58
2" 57 0.000221 4. lYb09 16000.1 25.213 0.97~449 3.5698
29 4" U.0002526 5.02",67 Id28a.l lJ.l11b 1.27304 5. BOfo9
)u Wo 0.UIJOI26J 2.51233 4382.61 32.1336 0.319211 0.608304
31 dl U.OUOI579 3.14091 5479.13 28.b316 0.493926 1.3059
JZ 75 0.0001895 3.7095 6575.66 29.91011 0.71d605 2.25732
3) 64 U.000221 4.39609 7668.71 IS. )094 0.977364 3.58048
)4 59 O.()OO252.6 5.02467 H765.23 28.5309 1.27605 5.14644
35 109 U.0001263 2.H233 3310.0& 33.1973 0.319529 0.603909
36 "0 0.0001S79 3.14091 4138.23 31.8129 0.499422 1.3072
)7 7" a.oould95 3.7695 4966.4 31.1381 0.719319 2.25956
3" b9 0.000221 4.39609 5791.94 )0.521 iJ.973336 3.51)404
39 bU u.00U2526 5.U2467 6620.11 29.0145 1.Z7/i12 5.35175
40 120 0.0001263 2.51233 20)6.55 36.5475 0.32Ul03 0.670297
41 u.uool579 3.14091 2546.08 0.500414
42 ""
il7 U.OUul&95 3.76~5 3055.63
310.&407
34.7316 O.72uHd
1.3098
2.200405
.) 63 0.uuu221 4.390009 3563.55 30.0737 0.9802.79 3.59116
44 b6 U.OO02526 5.02467 4073.09 31.~D9 1.280b5 S.3b2Jd
-329-
DATA - 28

tank, (Coldrey design).
System Parameters

Jet diameter. Runs 1-10 51-70 3"x 10- 3m Runs 11-20 4 x 10- 3m
&
-3 -3
Runs 21-30 5x 10 m Runs 31-40 8 x 10 mRuns 41-50
1 x 10- 2m
Liquid height
-5 2 -1
viscosity. Runs 51-55 2.2059 x 10- 5 .s-l J
Runs 56-60 2.8136 x 10-5m2. s -1
Runs 61-65 3.426 x 10- 5m2 .s- 1
Runs 66-70 4.0234 x 10- 5m2 .s-1
Liquid density. Runs 1-50 1018 Kg.m- 3
-3
Runs 51-55 1023 Kg.m
-3
Runs 56-60 1028 Kg.m
-3
Runs 61-65 1033 Kgom
-3
Runs 66-70 1035 Kg.m
-2
-330-
08 T A-28
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(S) CI~3/.:) (~Ii ::i) ;;Ut1nEK T tit: ( "C.:i (:(G. ~I~ 1.
fACTOK IS~ 2) I~& )
Le] :!.d"lt::-u5 J.~.'Sd~7 ~dl.o75 125,1.!+4 U.114514 U.30060

1 lth) J. Ji-US 4.':)071}4 7~7.9]9 do. ]y4d u.150815 U.b10002
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IDI
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L051J.Oo
7Llbl)
59.9Ud7
0.11'..!.335
0.:0625)
U.Ybl132
1.42&3
5 .U :'.'J5t:-US 7.Jut')l lilJb.91 S7.'122d D.3S2B)) 2.115876
0 7' ) ... ':::II::-U5 l./oSlo 1327.48 Sl.uJu7 U.434014 2.tW871
7 01 t).ujt::-us J.557;i1J 1.:.62.09 45.6171 U.527072 ).75dSS
•• 51
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11 44'J :.!.d2t;-uS .!.'14J19 511.400 1&).dB3 u.u044139 0.12u443
12 )07 J.JI::-uS .!.OZS7:l 59B.4S4 1':'8.70 0.UHd208l U.i9l0uS
I) 27J J.,i4E-tJS ).1)5538 6';16.3ij3 122.4l9 O.1I9438 O.3G410tS
14 207 4. JOi::-US ).405U4 794.]12 101.J46 0.1;539) u.451291
IS 144 .:..':151:;-05 J.':IJ85d d9l.6!lL 70.4':1S4 ...,.1':18469 u.oSI~O)
16 13l ).4':11::-05 4.J6d24 995.6U9 75.1346 U.2(413) 0.888692
17 III tl.U5£-05 4 • .;13tH 1097.17 07.41Ut 0.296478 1.139))
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I~ 7" 7.2.JtHJS 5.7S!11 UII.16 53. )471 O.U3407 1.02978
10 55 :;.':'0£-05 6.7]138 1534.22 41. 7724 u. ;]9725 3.25196
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a ]91..1 3.d:'~-05 1.'15544 5~].lU6 130.711 0.U7644U6 0.124J03
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2s 77 :;.:'b£-05 4.3Ud08 Illl. )8 SU. Y~4 (,).371024 1.332
2' 5" ':I. 73£-os 4.':I54dl 1411.03 41.')700 U.':''1,;7,:SI 1.1l2bU
30 SI U.uOulh)8 5.04227 1607.48 3'L'ISd6 'J.I)J64I& 2.~':f2jo
}I 976 1..::S4£-OS 0.7tdl::l45 J48.191 17).')06 u.Ul90)96 O.·.H'Juu08
32 670 4.':J5E-u5 0.90':'01.04 4~~.d4 .'!2to .101 'J.v .. ':JtlI72 U.04u711.7
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34 321 tI.6JE-u5 1.3UHD tlvl.174 l]u.'HS 0.oJll.'!fUI1: O.u'J7~.!01
3S JOb 7.1J£-05 I. ~ Jdld 05S.579 I )1.dll 0.10S051 0.120801
'0 I" d.:'tJ~-05 l.bu2d5 7,>7.109 9S.1'jOS 0.1.:.49]1 0.'!03":::'d
)7 109 9.7J£-05 I. '1).547 ~d2.200 d8.1447 :J.bI711 0. 309.'!1
3. 117 U.!)uUllUd 2.lU401 lOU4.l:Id 07.vu05 U.21000 'J.:'5059d
_._.. ----- ,._- 3~ 91- 0.OU0133 2.1):'561 12U5.9d ' Sd.d6l . u. )5d2 -. O.7~'J711 -- - _.. _-
4D 72 U.I)UOI412 I.dUtHI 1280.)) 4d.loolH 0.40373 0.'J:.4'Hl
41 IllS 3.04£-05 u."d8861 270 • .553 411j.d3'J U.0191101 0.0077:;510
42 ItJ41 :'.':15£-05 U.03U172 359.u72 JOu.12l v.Oll755 U.UI.,0759
.) B~4 5.:'':JJ::,,:,OS u • .;9891d 398.244 2bO.71S 0.0390613 U.0'::275\1)
44' bIb b.u5t::-U) u.770ll 4]8.d66 2OJ.1J18 0.0474365 0.u30:."07
4S SI6 b.03~-OS u.044041:\ 480.9)9 130.778 u.0569677 0.u400090
'b 41'J 7.04£-U5 0.991:\0';11 Sbij.7lJ 164.10 U.U790.588 0.Uo0255&
47 )13 8.4b£-05 l.u77u2 613.oCi7 129.017 0.092756 O.083lS02
4d 211 0.0001108 1.41057 80).742 104.12 0.159104 0.11:57022
4~ III 0.UU01412 1.7'J758 1024.26 71.3494 0.258387 0.38706
50 SB O.UOOI584 2.01655 1149.03 55.1144 0.325171 O.54b436
51 210 3.d4E-05 5.lojI7';1 73d.717 114.097 U.213378 0.9651:152
52 III 4.95£-05 7.UU191 952.25I 71.4)1:11 O. )54566 2.06887
S) 9U 5.4'J£-05 7.70576 1056.14 62.U644 0.436146 2.CS225
54 8S 6.U5E-05 CS.55789 1163.86 62.5396 0.529661 3.77732
SS 52 7.LJE-05 lU.Ill 1390.87 43.0871:\ 0.750421 6.44062
._ ... _-
;b 2B7 J.rl4£-05 5.4)179 ')79.164 15S.IjJ2 0.214421 0.970573
-_. - - - - S7 __ 17:.! .. 4.':151::-05 _ 7.UU191 746.579 11U.1>97. 0.3S6299 __ 2.U7d98. ___ --- -, ...--.
5S )40 5.4';11:;-U5 7.7&H6 821:1.024 96.5446 0.438276 2.8303
S' 102 b.05E-US H.557a9 912.4ti5 75.()475 0.532249 ].795711
bU 8U 7.13E-05 tu. 21.7 1090.46 6b.2M89 0.760118 6.47013
61 ))S 3.~4£-U5 5.43179 475.638 Id2.ull 0.1l5464 0.975294
62 201 4. 'I 5t::-05 7.0U191 613.127 129.361 O. )58032 2.08909
b) IS) 5.4'1£-u5 7.7057& 680.014 126.198 0.440409 2.85uu9
04 14d b. I15£-05 <.:S.5S7:i9 749.378 108.8Y3 O.534d)8 3.81424
oS .2 7.:nE-u5 IIJ.211 095.537 76.232l 0.763815 b.50904
06 4bb j".d4r:-U') ;.4JI1'J 405.01S 25).186 0.215881 O.9711d2
07 272 4.'15E':'05 7.00I'J1 522.089 175. 1)50 O. "J58725 2.(9)14
oS 221 5.4Y£-u5 7.7051& 57';1.U44 15h.54 0.441262 2.855b1
o. 107 b.IJ5t:-05 B.,)57M'J 6JB. Ju9 1)7.5a7 U.5)5874 3.82162
70 113 7.1)£-U5 1u.l.:.! 7 7&'2.567 93.1})] u.7b>294 6.52l24
-331-
DATA - 29

tank.(Co1drey design).
System Parameters

-3
Jet diameter. Runs 1-10 & 51-70 3.0 x 10 m Runs 11-20
4.0 x 10- 3m Runs 21-30 5.0 x 10- 3m Runs 31-40
-3 ...;?
8.0 x 10 m Runs 41-50 1.0 x 10 ID
Liquid height in
-6 2 -1
Liquid kinematic Runs 1-50 1 x 10 m .s
2 -1
viscosity. Runs 51-55 2.103 x 1O- 6m • s
-6 2 -1
Runs 56-60 4.058 x 10 m. s
-6 2 -1
Runs 61-65 6.060 x 10 m.s
2
Runs 66-70 8.233 x 10- 6m .s -1
-3
Liquid density. Runs 1-50 1000 Kg. ID
-3
Runs 51-55 1003 Kg. m
-3
Runs 56-60 1006 Kg. ID
Runs 61-65 1007 Kg. ID-3
Runs -3
66-70 1009 Kg. ID
-2
Gravity. Runs 1-70 9.81 m.s.
-332-
DATA-29
RL':" 'iL-!!:: FU)I,;K..~ n: v!:: Lt}CI.T'l H.E:;'OiOL.DS ~tI:( r NG ~IU~!:::iTl1M PQIJEK
( S) (,'3/5) (.1/ S) :~LJ~.diR Tl'1E ("-G. :i (KG.:i"Z
j',\CTOl{ / S' 1) / s' 3)
, ~4
4l
2.81E-U)
].31:::-U5
3.9:;d97
4.1)071)4
llyob.1)
140U).d
l'L!oSbIJ
LU.0255
U.1I14d9
LJ. L )4042
U.37 J929
O.5':1'J216
jb 3.1:\41::-u5 5.43179 162YS.4 19.»)95 U.208581 'J.944137
4 )U 4. JI:IE-u5 0.1':1563 10506.9 17.1947 0.271369 1.4UIllS
; 'l'J 4.Y5iHJ5 7.UU1'J1 111J05.7 10.664 U. )46595 2.022)6
6 1.4IJE-US
7
d
"
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6.U5(:-05
1).1;):.II;:;-u5
7.76570
O. )j71:11j
IJ. '371:132
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2567).7
ld135
ld. b I y)
l';.nZ)
17.2.U59
0.42&)4
u.517752
u.62171:1)
2.. 7 5'J1)4
3.69239
4.~5Y4
; !.l b.q~f.-U5 1J.7lio5.1 ZY3bS.6 17.7U4) u.077366 5.52535
10 2O 7.13i::-05 ' LO.n7 )U681.1 lb.5721 U.1J'I41S b.3u168
11 'U l.d2i::;-u5 . 2.24379 8'J75.11 21.dlj97 U.Oo3275 U.l HDl)
;, 3. )£-u5
"
IJ
14
47
40
J.84E-05
4.JtH:-05
L.62572
3.U5538
).485U4
105U2.9
12221.5
13940.2
21.u771
21.0175
19.51H7
u.0806486
0.117327.
v.151645
0.189596
0.2987)1
0.443311
Ij 3H- 4.95£-u5 3.93858 15754.3 20.186) 0.1':1496 0.b]IJi).:i5
16 )4 5.491:::-05 4.30d24 17473 19.])29 0.23.816 D.i::I71979
17 )U 0.05E-05 4.1:11 JIB In".3 18.219 0.2912.3& 1.161:13
IH '8 6.0)E-05 5,2753 211Ul.2 18.075 0.)49753 1.53754
I' n 7.2)1:::-05 5.75271 23010.8 18.4663 0.415921 1.99389
:!o 2O H.4tlE-0; 6.7)1)8 l6IJ15.5 15.19 0.509415 3.IY446
1.d1!:::-05
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J.1:\4i-05
4. )8£-U5
1.43603
1. 9 5544
7180.14
'1777.21
22.6454
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U.U40496
0.075089
0.U4d401l
0.12236
14 ".., 4) 4.951::-05
2.131)43
·2.:;1009
11152.1
12.603.4
21.5102
1':t.:>dJ>
ll.u97:>927
1.1.124774
U.11:\158
U.2b2U97
,.
15
17
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5.4'JE-05
b.U5E-u5
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1..7 'JS67
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19.38b
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0.106391
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,8 1:I.4b~-Ll5 4. )uou8
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24 IJ. 73E-05 .:.. 'l 5481 24174 17.24)1 J. ':'d21O) 1.99061
30 '4 U.OUUIIUd S.642V '!d.lll.3 Id.d041 u.625163 2.9]945
JI 01 3.84£-u5 0.763845 0110.76 22.d7lt 0.0293316 0.0.)136707
3l .2 4.IJ5E-05 0.'18':'b44 7377.15 lu.7433 0.0487 ]99 u.U)99918
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34 52 0.63E-05 1.3I(8) 1')"0.6 ;! 1.1':' t6 u.I,)tH.;.]81 0.u90(;96.
» .6 7. 2 3~-05 l.43dld 11505.4 l':Ldl~7 fJ.IUJ'JtJ .J.ll46111
30 .1 8.':'b£-u5 1 • bt:12~5 1 )462.8 1'l.011l O.14,nb9 0.1.,90;4,
37 3b 9.7JE-US 1.93;47 1540).6 10.9U4! u.il)';Jll v.)u)l':'l
3. )4 lJ.lJOOll08 2.2u4UI 176]2.1 19.':'7U2 U.l:'41'Jlt 0.).440524
H )U u.Oool33 2.64561 1I164.9 l':L4U51 0.3S1d06 0.17 57':'fJ
4U 2b u.00u1412 2.80872 22409.8 17. 5024 ").)90591 u.'J!d162
.1 101 J.d4t:-u5 u.4tSaaol :'000.61 2 ... 51:119 0.0187722 0.0076:'7S1
.)
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4.95£-05
;.4YE-US
6.051::-05
v.630172
0.0'J891d
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6Y89.18
7702.1
2). ':129
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46 5b 7.84£-05 0.99d091 9'180.91 21.9403 0.0782.503 0.0050~u
47 4, 8.40E-05 1.07702 lu770.2 2Q.19lS U.U91116 0.U81771'l
.a 41 0.0001108 1.41057 14105.7 20.2319 0.156291 0.ld37l0
49 )) 0.UUU1412 1.79758 17975.8 19.1425 0,253819 0.380216
5U )1 0.UOO1584 2-01655 20165.5 19.4153 0.)19422 0.5)67]1.
51 42 3.84E-05 5.43179 7748.62 22.8194 0.209206 0.94697
;z )) 4.95£-05 7.00191 9988.46 21.2384 0.347634 2.02842
53 29 5.491::-U5 7. 7b576 IJ078.1 19.9985 0.427619 2.76732
;4 27 6.u5E-05 3.55789 12208.1 19.8655 0.519306 3.70347
;5 lJ 7.23E-05 10.227 14589.2 19.0581 v.741633 6.32059
5b 47 J.84E-05 5.4)179 4015.61 2S.536 o. 209~B2 0.94~802
)7 » 4.9S£-05 ].00191 5176.38 22.52)5 U.340074 2.0)449·
58 )) 5.49E-05 7.76576 5741.07 22. 7 57 0.428B98 2.7756 ,
59 JI b.U5£-05 d.557a9 6]26.68 22.8086 0,520859 ).71455
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5.43179
7.0u19L
2689
3466.29
26.6226
23.1691
0.743851
u.210041
O. )49021
1J.)3949
0.950746
2.0)651
b3 )4 5.4Y£-05 7.76570. 3844.43 23.4466 0.429324 2.77836
b4 j) 6.05E-05 0.55789 4236.58 24.2BOI 0.521317 3.71824
b~ l7 1.2)E-OS 10.227 5U&2.B9 22.3725 u.744591 6.34579
.6 "j.ij4E-05 5.43179 1979.27 0.210458
67
b.
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41
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4.95E-O;
5.49E-05
7. UO I'll
7.70570
1551.41
2B29.74
2B.7959
l6. ld71
2:5.5154
0.349714
0.4)0177
U.952634
2.04056
2.7~)Bd
b9 )4 '0.U5E-05 H. SS7!i9 )118.39 25.015H 0.521412 3.72562
70 JU 7.23£-u5 10.2.27 )72t1.6 24.'05dl O.7460b9 0.3584
-333-
DATA - 30

tank, (Co1drey design).
Jet regime: Laminar
System Parameters
Tank diame ter. Runs 1-60 0.573 m

-3
·Je t diame ter. Runs 1-10 6.0 x 10 m Runs 11-20 & 41-60
2
8.0 x 10- 3m Runs 21-30 1.0 x 10- m •
2
Runs 31-40 1.2 x 10- m
Liquid height in Runs 1-60 0.573m
the tank.
-5 2 -1
Liquid kinematic Runs 1-40 3.3526 x 10 m.S
5 2 1
viscosity. Runs 41-45.3.729 x 10- m os-
5 2 1
Runs 46-50 4.4618 x 10- m .s-
5 2 1
Runs 51-55 5.0725 x 10- m .s-
5 2 1
Runs 56-60 6.0039 x 10- m .s-
-3
3
Runs 41-45 1035 Kg. m-
-3
Runs 46-50 1037 Kg. m
-3
Runs 51-55 1038 Kg. m
-3
Runs 56-60 1041 Kg. m
-2
-334-
DATA-30
.,",' ~ L It. r't. ::11.. :iAT 6 ':t::!.·JClTY r(E\':~Llt.L)$ ;!lH.~"; :1lJ:l£:~7L-:i i'WEK
( s) Cl' J/.:i) (."IS) :;t:~tHER r l~i[ {KG.:·! (:(G. :·\-2
FACTOR I SA '2.) I j.)
Iti'J" 5.tJ52!::-u') 1.7jb55 )19.731 J09.6;34 O.i)'j) 1446 U.13H67J

2 In:. 0.)15£-0) '.!.l]]I'J J<J<J.bb) 241. 73'1 u.I':'5539 u. :17uB45
) 544 ';I ... 7JE-US J.J:d% 5'019.5:0 13S.2tl4 u.J:l7':'96 O.'H:'Z4d
4 2<)5 J.tJ'JUl.ltJ) ... :'06)7 7'l'J.n7 SM.:Hb4 u. ;1;)2154 2.16676
5 ll5 tJ.uutJ157'l 5.)oJti5 'J<J<J.Jlo 75.1775 U.':I(JY<JU) 4.23397
6 15:.) 1.l.uuUl~'JS b.7uiH llY<J. 3 L 59.lJo l. ]lUS4 7.)ld62
1 YS u.')')u:.!LL 7.0152.7 13<)8. 0 6 41. lbij) 1.7::S244 11.bO~6
•• ;33
11
u.iJUu':Slb
:J.uOO:.!tl5:! .
a.,:U274
'J.)7~Jl
IS<Jtl.bS )'J.7u3b
1073.4 3ts.049
2. )"ldo2
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17.3341
2u.0596
LU 5J O.UlJulH:.:.! Ll.ll')u2 171Jd.b4 3U.u14 l. ,'J47b7 24.bti]j
LL 1144 6.3l)i::-U5 1.'2.5b17 299.7':'0 335.7<)1 l.l.uo Id654 O.Oti56971
12 IUb'J <J.t.7JE-05' 1.08435 449.645 21-...427 O.184217 U.289274
LJ 5)U u.Uuu11b) 2.S1233 5'::19.495 131.7<)7 Ll.327461 0.6d5577
L4 2Jl U.UvOll:l<)5 J.76-..5 099.41:1 75.~lJb 0.737177 2.3156b
15 L9ll 0.OULl221 4.3%0'::1 1049 71.5104 1.u0202 3.07)02
Lb 140 U.UUU25:.!0 5.0~407 11'::18.99 57.6462 1.3u1185 5.4d461
.
L1
Lll
2U
LU5
"b
.L
U.lhJOlt;:.2
U.UUU3151:1
U.UuuJ473
5.65325
o.:!dltD
6.'IlHJ4,!
7.5]7
134l:1.98
1491:1.'::11)
1648.49
44.ij481:1
43.992
39.541:15
1.651:107
2.04728
2.47';)07
7.01121
10.7172
14.2:;':'8
"2) '"
u.uuLlJ7l:\'J 1791:1.49 30.50297 } .'1471 5 Id.SIOb
4bU9 0.31SE-u5 U.dlJJ'J47 2J'::I.7'J8 622.03 u.uS:.!393d 0.u351010
12 9]9 0.UUOL163 1.b071:19 4;'J.590 201.214 0.209575 0.2dOl:lll
4)1 1l.O;,JlJld95 2.412.413 71 '1. SIl4 12l.u51J iJ.,:.717'J3 O.9404n
,4 20) u.uuunl 1"HJ5 JJIJ.IIJIl 31.OS04 U.I) .. lo7'J 1.5u447
2S ZUb U.UUU.!5o:.!b ).!L57IJ ':ISIJ.IIJl 7U.'JI:I1:I4 \.I.6)(I)ul LL405
2b 1~7 U.l.luuJl5ij 4.tJ21H7 1191J.11:I 51:1.0]471 1.)h)26 :.. )dl)77
21 LU4 u.uuuHI:I1J 4.6.!Jbl:l ~43l:1. 79 :06.)]] 1.01:1011:1 7.5H11J3
Z3 III IJ.llUl)41115 ).nS":I7 1558.13 J6.odI:\5 2.Ll191 ~.1)4152
29 lb U.Uuu4421 5.,>.!d.!o t07d.7l:1 )7.5!Ju5 2.;6788 IL04n
lu 5iJ u.uuu4730 1).1J:.!'I.!d 1798.]9 ]u.5.!li7 1.~:'od4 1';'.~Ubl
lL 4141 0.) lSE-OS U. ))0297 1'J'I.J)l .;,9~ • .:)76 'J.'J3!J3d~6 v.v 1o9.!7d
32 IJH'J U.UUU120) 1.11/)5':1 )9';)./:163 2I1].Sbl 'J .1':' S 5)1J v.lJ5':'2J
)) SJ5 u.uOOU~'JS l.b75JJ 5'i9.oSJ lJ).·)o~ 0.327bJ4 u.457:'14
)4 441 u.uuuZ21 1.':'1 SJtil. 6'l9.j)2 lZl.5J2 0.'::':.5011 0.11:>535
)) lUL U.uuv2S2b 2.2331'1 7':19.327 90.oB~1 U.>1)2154 l.v1:l))B
)6 20t U.IJ\)I))ISd 2.71J191 999.)16 7u. 2~Z3 U.'109903 2.11698
11 L49 u.uuuJ7d'J ).]4':t7l:1 Il':tB.'J'J >0.oJU7 I.Ju'Jas ].oSb:.t
)ll 121 u.uuv4lU> J.1:I2915 1198.'J1J 52.d':t03 1.~J744 4.64'166
)9 102 1).0\)u.:.421 J. 'JiJdS2 I ]Y8.9H 44 • .,379 1.,3325 5 • .s0d22 .
4U 12 U.uuuS501 4.oI)421 17':'1.U5 )b.45H7 L.ioI9) It.11J55
41 ILL U.OUU116) l.:>l2)) S38.9tD 17b.dUH 0.328413 u.68757
42 nu U.IJOulH95 ).7b'J5 C;U8 • .,S7 d8.lJud) 0.7)932 l. 32239
4) loH O.IJuu2526 5.·).2407 1077.97 'Jb. ])26 1.)lJ65 5.500>&
44 91 U.Ouu)151:1 b.ldld) 1347.67 :..4."5u3 2.05323 hJ. 7 .. 1:14
4S 76 u.uu0370'J 7.537 1616.95 39.3264 2.95572 11:I.5b44
4b ,91 0.OuOI26) 2.SIZ33 450.461 223.U61 1).32':1048 0.688898
41 3dl 0.OUOIH95 3.7695 675.1:17 126.145 U.7':'0749 .!.326d8
4, Ln U.uou252b 5.02467 900.922 75.d087 1.)1619 5.51119
49 L25 0.Uu0315H 6.28133 1126. )) 57.2ll13 2.0572 10.7092
50 87 0.UOO)789 1.5)1 1)51.38 45.0184 2.':1614) Id.bUO)
SI 960 0.OUUI26) 2.511]) 396.228 2)8.727 U.329)65 0.689563
52 451 0.UI]U1095 ).7695 594.499 141:1.962 O.741~6) 2.J2911
53 229 u.OCJu2526 5.02467 792.456 90.4176 1.)174& 5.5165
54 168 u.ouu)15B 6.2tilB) 99U.727 7b.91:16 2.u51J19 10.7795
ss IL7 U.OUO)7d9 1.5)1 1188.68 60.542 2.96429 IH.~182
56 1311 u.UU01Ud 2. ')In) 334.76 326.012 0.330317 U.b'J155S
SI 52) U.IJOOltS95 3.7695 S02.273 170.476 U.743606 2.335d5
5ll J28 O.IJOU252b 5.U14b7 b69.52 12Q.507 1.32127 5.53244
59 Itn I).DuollSI:I b.281tS3 331.0)) H3.d593 2.vb514 10.8107
6U L)4 U.UUO)7ts9 7.5)7 1004.28 69.33S7 2.":17286 Id.672
-335-
DATA - 31

tank, (Co1drey design).
Resu1 ts: large tank tests.
System Parameters

3
Jet diameter. Runs 1-10 6.0 x 10- m Runs 11-20 & 41-60
-3 -2
8,0 x 10 mRuns 21-30 1.0 x 10 m Runs
31-40 1.2 x 10- 2m
Liquid height 1n
the tank. Runs 1-60 0.573 m
-6 2 -1
-6 2 -1
-6 2 -1
Runs 46-50 4.586 x 10 m. s .
-6 2 -1
Runs SI-55 6.072 x 10 m.s
-6 2 -1
Runs 56-60 9.868 x 10 m. s
-3
-3
Runs 41-45 1003 Kg. m
-3
Runs 46-50 1006 Kg. m
-3
Runs 51-55 1007 Kg. m
-3
Runs 56-60 1009 Kg. m
-2
-336-
OAT A-31
:i.e. T 1;'11: fLU\;,<,\Tt: VELOCITY RE'C'OLDS :1 IX I ~it: :()~lE:;n':H PO'rlEH.
( S) (,,')IS) (,!is) SU!'1BEN. TINE (KG.:1 (t<.G.!'1~2
fACTOR /S'2) / s' )
1 1J2 5.U5.lE-U5 1.7;J65S 1071').) 21.'>8)1 1l.U~U2564 0.134)7)

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47 69 0.OOUlti95 3.1695 6575.66 22.491 0.71d605 2.25732
48 54 0.ouu2526 5.02467 8765.23 21.3212 1.27Ml5 5.34644
49 48 u.uuu3158 6.2tHB3 10958.) 21.1196 1.9957 lU.4472
50 39 U.OU03189 7.531 13147.8 20.I<sU7 2.8729 US.0442
51 97 0.OU012.6) 2.Sl2ll lllO.06 24.1214 0.319529 0.663969
52 75 0.uU01895 ).7695 4966.4 24.4468 0.719319 2.25956
S) 56 0.U002526 5.02467 6620.11 22.1109 1.27812 5.35IH
~. ·.a u.0003158 6.28183 8216.45 21.996 1.997b9 10.4576
55 41 0.UU03789 7.537 9930.17 21.2156 2.87576 13.0022
56 114 U.OUU(26) 2.512)) 2036.75 28.3489 0.320163 0.67u197
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-337-
DATA. - 32
'" tank,(Fossett & Prosser design).
Results: Variation of liquid height tests.
System Parameters
-3
Jet diameter. . Runs 1-32 6 x 10 m
Liquid height in the tank. Runs 1-4 0.287m Runs 5-8 0.306m Rillls 9-12
0.325m Runs 13-16 0.344m Runs 17-20 0.42Dm
Runs 21-24 0.439m Runs 25-28 0.458m Runs
29-32 0.478m
-5 2 -1
Liquid kinematic viscosit~ Runs 1-32 3.352 x 10 m oS
-3
-2
DATA - 33
Design : Inclined side entry jet flat base cylindrical

tank, (Fossett & Prosser design).
Resul ts: Variation of liquid height tests.·
System Parameters
Tank diame ter. Runs 1-32 0.573m
Jet diameter. Runs 1-32 6 x 10-3m
Liquid height in the tank.Runs 1-4 0.287m Runs 5-8 0.306m Runs 9-12
0.325m Runs 13-16 0.344m Runs 17-20 0.42Dm
Runs 21-24 0.439m Runs 25-28 0.458m Runs
29-32 0.478m
-6 2 -1
. -3
-2
-338-
DATA-32
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DATA-33
KU:, Tl:iE FLUWKATE VELOCITY REnOLDS !11XING :-1J:1DiTUM PQI.iER
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-339-
DATA - 34
tank,(Coldrey design).
Resul ts : Variation of liquid height tests.
System Parameters
Jet diameter. . Runs 1-32 8.0 x 1O- 3m
Liquid height in tank. Runs 1-4 0.43Om Runs 5-8 0.458m Runs 9-12
0.487m Runs 13-16 0.516m Runs 17-20 0.63Om
Runs 21-24 0.659m Runs 25-28 0.68Bm Runs 29-32
0.716m
Liquid kinematic
viscosity. -5 2 -1
Runs 1-32 3.3526 x 10 m.s
Liquid density. -3
Runs 1-32 1032 Kg. m
Gravity. Runs 1-32 9.81 m. s -2
DATA - 35
tank ,(Co1drey design).
Resu1 ts: Variation of liquid height tests.
System Parameters
Jet diameter. Runs 1-32 8.0 x 10- 3m
Liquid height in tank. Runs 1-4 0.43Om Runs 5-8 0.458m Runs 9-12
0.487m Runs 13-16 0.516m Runs 17-20 0.63Om
Runs 21-24 0.659m Runs 25-28 0.688m Runs 29-32
0.716m
Liquid kinematic
viscosity. -6 2 -1
Runs 1-32 1 x 10 m. s
Liquid density. -3
Runs 1-32 1000 Kg. m
Gravity. Runs 1-32 9.81 m.s -2
-340-
DATA-34
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22
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u.lJull~ll 4.3<JoUIJ
lllu9/:1.7
)516H.7
lO.4u)b
17.5Ll"J
0.JI130S . U.ob4)ld
U.';I7I5Js 3.55'::113
24 44 U.UUOllS42 5O.OS"325 45n6 17.5147 l.bU6b5 7.5b9
I> \45 b. 11 ')t:-L1S 1.151> 17 IJU49.) lU.ns U.U7'J3209 u.08)OJY':J
lb 'JU t).L)UUllt.d 2.;123.) 21)U98.7 lO.4247 U.117JUS 0.I)b4310
17 ().LJtJUl21 4.J'Jl)tJ9 J511)8.7
""I :>/:1
17.7'11:14 U.'I715J5 J.'»'JIJ
la 0.U\)U1114l 5.b5l:lS 4S11b 17.'J)U9 1.006b5 7.509
19 h."315E-05 1.15017 IIJ04'J.l n.I371 d. I )7'J3169 O.ut:l30J99
)0
]I
)2 .,.
9u O.UUUllb3
O.I)UU121
0.UUU~842
2. ' I l l l
4.]9I)UI)
5.I:>S]25
2OU98.7
J511)8.7
4512b
10./)21:'
I':J ,l.ib-24
I~. 7231
O.1l7J08
1I.Y71 ;Js
l.oUbbS
U.bb.43Id
J. )59lJ
7.509
-341-
Table 45. Uixing time factor relationships with jet Reynolds No.
Axial upward jet in a hemispherical base cylindrical tank. Fig. 38.
Log F
IO 2 = Log I0 3.152 x 10 5 - 1.2759.LOg
. _
Re.
J
Laminar (A641
1 12
Log F
lO 2 = Log l0 6.583 x 10 - 1.403 x 10 • LogIORe. Turbulent IA651
1 -2 J
Log F
lO 2 = LogIOl. 578 x 10 - 1.630 x 10 . Log10Re j Re. > 105 (A661
J
Axial upward jet in.a flat base cylindrical tank. Fig. 48.
5 Laminar
Log F3
.0
= Log l0 4.718.x 10 - 1. 2959. LOg_ Re.J IA67(
1 12
Log F = Log lO 9.635 x 10 - 1.596 x 10 • LoglORe. Turbulent IA681
lO 3 -2
1 J 5
Log F
lO 3 = Log lO 1.783 x 10- 1. 427 x 10 . LogIORe j Re.J > 10 IA69(
Axial downward jet in a flat base cylindrical tank. Fig. 45 •
= Log
.
8.774 x - 1.3l82.Log Re. Laminar IA701
lO lo
-1 J
= Log 1. 482 x - 1.585 x 10 . LoglORejTurbulent (Ani
lO
Inclined side entry jet flat base cylindrical tank,Fossett & Prosser
design. Fig. 50.
6
= Log 1.026 x 10 - 1.3482.Log Re Laminar lA721
lO IO j
2 -1
= Log lO l.354 x 10 - 1.755 x 10 . LoglORe j Turbulent lA73\
Inclined side entry jet flat base cylindrical tank,Coldrey design.

Fig. 52 •
5
= Log 7.518 x 10 - 1. 3411. LogloRe. Laminar IA741
lO -1 J
2
= Log 1.029 x 10 - 1. 726 x 10 . LoglORe j Turbulent (A751
lO
-342-
2.00% by weight 0
'1'-2 CMC in water
(N.m )
0.75%
Weight % of 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00

C!'1C in water
n 0.881 0.873 0.865 0.859 0.844 0.832 0.825 0.784
3
K x 10 9.10 21.0 43.2 71. 7 149 235 318 538
f
3
).1 x 10 4.14 10.8 21.5 36.1 71.5 106 140 192
-2 -1 n-2'
).1 (N.s.m ) K
f, (I;g .m s )
Fig. 65. plot of shear stress against shear rate for I.C.I. Edifas
(B) CMC
-343-
10 3 r -______________________________________________,
L 2 2.00% by weight of
(N.m )
CMC in water
1. 75%
1.50%
1.25%
1.00%
0.75%
0.50%
1
10
0.25%
{lu
ar
Weight % CMC 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1. 25 1.50 1. 75 2.00

in water
n 0.980 0.974 0.934 0.892 0.887 0.831 0.759 0.746
3
KfX 10 4.60 17.7 48.9 139 298 686 1450 1780
3
).l x 10 . 4.10 15.3 34.1 79.9 175 293 432 4.99
-2 ( Kq.m.-1 s n- ~
).l (N.s.m, ) K
f
Fig. 66 Plot of shear stress against shear rate for Hoescht 28429, C~!C.
-344-
Table 46 Photographic results.
If required for viewing the cine films are available on

application to the .Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough
University of Technology.
Run Film Jet Jet Liquid Jet Film Film

f10wrate diameter kinematic Reyno1ds speed exposure
,
3 -1 No. f
Q. (m.s ) d(m) vi cosity Re. (frames/
J v(m2.s-l) J sec)
(Hemispherical base cylindrical tank, axial upward .jet, side view)

-5 -3 lx10- 6
1 1 2.820xlO 7xl0 5130 16 11.0
-5 7x10- 3 1x10- 6 7004
2 1 3. 850x10 32 8.0
-5 7x10- 3 lx10- 6
3 1 6.050x10 11005 32 8.0
-5 7x10- 3 1x10- 6
4 1 8.460x10 15389 64 5.6
-4 7x10- 3 lxl0- 6
5 1 1.100x10 20010 64 5.6
-5 -2 1x10- 6
6 1 3. 850xl0 1.5x10 3268 16 11.0
-5 -2 1x10- 6
7 1 6.050xlO 1.5x10 5136 16 11.0
-5 -2 1x10- 6
8 2 8.460x10 1.5x10 7182 16 11.0
-4 -2 lxl0- 6
9 2 1.100x10 1.5xl0 9338 16 11.0
-4 -2 1x10- 6
10 2 1. 410x10 1.5xl0 11969 16 11.0
5 -2 1xl0- 6
11 2 3. 850x10- 1.5xlO 3268 16 11.0
5 -2 1x10- 6
12 2 4. 950x10- 1.5x10 4202 16 11.0
(Hemisp!1erica1 base cylindrical tank, axial upward jet, plan view)

-5 -3 1x10- 6
l3 2 2.820x10 7xlO 5130 16 11.0
-5 7xl0- 3 1xl0- 6
14 2 3.850x10 7004 16 11.0
-5 7xlO- 3 1x10- 6
15 2 6.050x10 11005 32 8.0
5 3 6
16 3 8. 460x10- 7xl0- 1xl0- 15389 64 4.0
-5 -2 1xlO- 6
17 3 3.850x10 L 5K10 3268 16 8.0
-5 -2 1xlO- 6
18 3 4.950x10 1.5xl0 4262 16 B.O
-5 -2 1xlO- 6
19 3 6.050xlO 1.5x10 5136 16 8.0
5 -2 1xlO- 6
20 3 2. 82Ox10- 1.5xl0 2394 16 8.0
(Hemispherical base cylindrical tank, axial upward jet, side view,CMC)
2 6
21 3 4.300x10- 5 1.5x10- 3.500x10- 1040 16 8.0
-5 _2 -6
22 3 2.700x10 1.5xl0 4.211xl0 544 16 8.0
5 -2 -6
23 4 6. 750xlO- 1.5x10 3. 789x10 1512 16 8.0
-5 -2 -6
24 4 5.4oox10 1.5xl0 2.554x10 1795 16 8.0
-5 -2 -6
25 4 2.175x10 1.5x10 6.175x10 299 12 9.5
-345-
Runs were also tried over the range Re. 80 - 200;however as the
J
jet flows were almost totally laminar, they were not recorded.
Some signs of turbulence were seen down to about Re. = 100;
J
below this the jet flow was completely laminar.
Run Film.Jet Jet Liquid Jet Film Film
roll flow3at~1 diameter kinematic Reynolds speed exposure
Q. (m • s ) d(m) vis:fosj. ty No. frames/ f'
J \) (m • S 1) Re. sec)
J
(Flat base cylindrical "tank, axial upward jet, side view)
2
26 4 3.850xlO- 5 1.5xlO- lxlO- 6 3268 16 11.0
5 2 6
27 4 1.4l0xlO- L5xlO- lxlO- 11969 32 8.0
5 2 6
28 5 4.95OxlO- L5xlO- lxlO- 4202 16 11.0
5 2 6
29 5 6.050xlO- 1. 5xlO- lxlO- 5136 16 11.0
5 2 lxlO- 6 "
30 5 8.460xlO- 1.5xlO- 7182 32 8.0
5 2 lxlO- 6
31 5 1. 750xlO- 1.5xlO- 1486 12 14.0
5 2 lxlO- 6
32 5 2.l50xlO- 1. 5xlO- 1825 12 14.0
5 3 lxlO- 6
33 6 3. 850xlO- 7xlO- 7004 12 14.0
34 5
6 1. 750xlO- 7xlO-
3 lxlO- 6 3183 16 11.0
5 3 lxlO- 6
35 6 2.l00xlO- 7xlO- 3820 16 11.0
(Flat base cylindrical tank, axial upward jet, plan view)

2
36 6 3.850xlO- 5 1.5xlO- lxlO- 6 3268 16 8.0
2
6 2.65OxlO- 5 1.5xlO- lxlO- 6 2250
37 16 8.0
5 2 lxlO- 6 1825
38 6 2.l50xlO- 1.5xlO- 12 9.5
39 6 6.050xlO- 5 1.5xlO- 2 lxlO- 6 5136 32 5.6
5
7 3.850xlO- 7xlO- 3 lxlO- 6 7004 32
40 5.6
(Flat base cylindrical tank, axial upward jet, side view,CMC)
40A Run aborted
41 7 2.500xlO- 5 1.5xlO- 2 4. 211xlO- 6 504 12 8.0
42 7 2.325xlO- 5 1.5xlO- 2 7.298xlO- 6 270 12 9.5
43 7 6.75OxlO- 5 1.5xlO- 2 3. 789xlO-6 1512 16 8.0
44 8 4.000xlO- 5. 1.5xlO- 2 3. 368xlO-6 1008 16 8.0
45 8 5.600xlO- 5 1.5xlO- 2 2.667xlO- 6 1782 16 8.0
46 8 4.400xlO- 5 1.5xlO- 2 1. 3l9xlO-5 283 12 8.0
47 8 1.750xlO- 5 7xlO- 3 lxlO- 6 3183 16 H.O
S 3 6
48 8 2.1GOxlO- 7xlO- lxlO- 3820 16 11.0
-346-

roll flow3at~1 diameter kinematic Reyno1ds speed exposure
Q. (m • s ) d(m) vis~osilY No. Re. (frames / f'
J v(m • s ) J sec)
(Flat base cylindrical tank, axiai upward jet, side view, jet raised above
floor)
-5 5x10- 3 1x10- 6
49 9 2.700xlO 6877 16 11.0
-5 5x10- 3 1xlO- 6
50 9 2.200x10 5604 16 11.0
51 9 2.82OxlO- 5 1x10- 2 1x10- 6 3591 16 11.0
52 -5 1x10- 2 1x10- 6
9 2.175x10 2769 12 14.0
-5 -2 1x10- 6
53 10 2. 750x10 1.5x10 2334 12 14.0
54 10 4.40Ox10- 5 1.5x10-2 1x10- 6 3735 12 14.0
Runs 49 & 50 Jet elevated 10 diameters above the floor.

Runs 51 & 52 Jet elevated 5 diameters above the floor.
Runs 53 & 54 Jet elevated 3.333 diameters above the floor.
(Inclined side entry jet, side view)

-5 -2 1x10- 6
55 10 3. 85Ox10 1.5x10 3268 16 2.8
-2
56 10 3. 850xlO- 5 1.5x10. 1x10- 6 3268 12 14.0
5 -2 1xlO- 6
57 10 2. 82OxlO- 1.5x10 2394 12 14.0
-5 -2 1x10- 6
58 10 2.450x10 1.5x10 2080 12 14.0
-5 - 2 -6
59 11 2.150x10 1. 5x10 1xlO 1825 12 14.0
-2 -6
60 11 2.525x10- 5 1.5xlO 1x10 2143 12 14.0
-5 -2 -6
61 11 8.475x10 1.5x10 10010 7194 32 8.0
-5 7x10- 3 1x10- 6
62 11 3. 850x10 7004 32 8.0
-5 -2 1x10- 6
63 11 2. 725xlO 1.5x10 2313 16 8.0
-5 -2 1x10-6'·.
64 11 2. 375x10 1.5x10 2016 16 8.0
-5 -2 1xlO- 6
65 12 2. 450xlO 1.5xlO 2080 12 14.0
-5 -2 1x10- 6
66 12 3. 850xlO 1. 5x10 3268 16 11.0
Runs 63 & 64 Fossett & Prosser design; all other runs Co1drey design.
(Inclined side entry jet, side view, CMC)

-2 -6
67 12 3.600x10- 5 1.5x10 6.063x10 504 12 8.0
68 12 5.100x10- 5 1. 5x10- 2 6
2.863x10- 1512 16 8.0 .
-5 -2 -6
69 12 3.675x10 1. 5x10 3.088x10 1010 16 8.0
-4 -2 -6
70 12 1.600x10 1.5x10 7.579xlO 1792 32 5.6
-5 -2 1. 521x10- 5
71 12 3.600x10 1. 5x10 201 12 8.0
-347-

rd1 flow5aEi diameter kinematic Reynolds speed exposure
Q. (m.s ) d(m) vis~o~ity No. Re. (frames/ f'
J v(m.s ) J sec)
(Inclined side entry jet, front on view to the jet) •
-5 -2 lxlO- 6
72 13 2.820xlO 1.5xlO 2394 12 11.0
73 -5 -2 lxlO- 6
13 2.450xlO 1.5xlO 2080 12 11.0
-5 -2 lxlO- 6
74 13 8.475xlO 1.5xlO 7194 32 6.3
(Inclined side entry jet, plan view)

-5 . -2 -6
75 13 2. 82OxlO 1.5xlO lxlO 2394 16 11.0
76 13 2.45OxlO-5 1.5xlO-2 1xlO- 6 2080 12 14.0
-5 -2 lxlO- 6
77 13 2.100xlO 1.5xlO 1783 12 14.0
78 13 3. 85OxlO- 5 1.5xlO-2 lxlO- 6 3268 24 9.5
79 13 8.475xlO- 5 1. 5xlO-2 lxlO- 6 7194 32 8.0
-348-
Table 47 Laminar length and turbulent cone angle data for Figs. 56 &57.
Hemispherical base cylindrical tank axial upward jet.
Run Jet Reynolds Turbulent Jet Laminar length

No. Re. cone angle diameter i/d
J a (Degrees) d(m)
°
-2
25 299 25.1° 1.5xlO 20
22 544 26.2° 1.5xlO-2 12.33
21 1040 . 24.5° 1.5xlO-2 6.67
-2
23 1512 23.9° 1.5xlO 3
-2
24 1795 23.3° 1.5xlO 0.5
-2
11 3268 22.1° 1.5xlO
1 5130 22.6° 7xlO- 3
-2
7 5136 22.0° 1.5xlO
2 7004 23.9° 7xlO- 3
-2
8 7182 23.3° 1.5xlO
3 11005 21.9° 7xlO- 3
-2
10 11969 22.4° 1. 5xlO
4 15389 22.6° 7xlO- 3
Flat base cylindrical tank, axial upward jet.

-2
42 270 23.6° 1.5xlO 10
-2
46 283 26.0° 1.5xlO 26.67
-2
41 504 23.7° 1.5xlO 14
-2
44 1008 23.9° 1.5xlO 8.67
-2
43 1512 24.1° 1.5xlO 7
-2
45 1782 23.3° 1.5xlO 2
-2
53 2334 22.3° 1.5xlO
52 2769 23.8° lxlO- 2
47 3183 22.3° 7xlO- 3
-2
26 3268 22.6° 1.5xlO
51 3591 23.0° lxlO- 2
-2
54 3735 23.3° 1.5xlO
-2
28 4202 22.5° 1.5xlO
49 6877 22.1° 5xlO- 3
33 7004 21. 6° 7xlO- 3
-2
30 7182 23.2° 1.5xlO
-2
27 11969 23.3° 1.5xlO
-349-
Run Jet Reynolds Turbulent Jet Laminar length

No. Re. cone angle diameter l'ld
J " (Degrees) d(m)
°
Inclined side entry jet in a flat base cylindrical tank.
-2
67 504 24.8° 1. 5xlO 16.67
-2
69 1010 24.0° 1.5xlO 5.33
-2
68 1512 24.0° 1.5xlO 2
·22.8° -2
70 1792 1. 5xlO 1.33
-2
59 1825 21.0° 1. 5xlO 1
-2
58 2080 22.2° 1.5xlO 0.83
-2
60 2143 23.5° 1. 5xlO
-2
57 2394 22.6° 1.5xlO
-2
56 3268 21.1° 1. 5xlO
-2
55 3268 21.4° 1.5xlO
62 7004 21.4° 7xlO- 3
-2
61 7198 22.4° 1.5xlO
-350-
Table 48 Axial centre1ine velocity data for Fig. 58.
Hemispherical base cylindrical tank,axia1 upward jet.
x Run 2 Kun 3 Run 4

d
V V/V V V/Vx V V/V
x -1 x x -1 x -1 x
(mos ) (m. s ) (m. s )
o LOOO 1.572 2.198
14030 00432 2.31 0.407 2.46 00928 2.37
28060 0 0320 3.13 0.204 4.90 0.495 4.44
42090 0.152 6.58 0.163 6.13 0.293 7.50
57014 O.lCO 10 0.102 9.80 0.229 9.60
d = 7 x 10- 3m
x Run 8 Run 11
d V V/V V V/V
x -1 x x -1 x
(m.s ) (m.s )
o 0.479 0.218
6.67 0.435 1.10 0.136 1.60
-2
13.33 0.172 2.79 0.074 2.95 d = 1.5x10 m.
20 0.112 4.27 0.064 3.40
26067 0.096 5.00 0.036 6.06
Flat base cylindrical tank, axial upward jet
x Run 47 x Run 26 Run 28

d V V!V x d V V/V
x
V V!Vx
x -1 x -1 x -1
(m. s ) (m. s ) (m. s )
o 0.455 o 0.218 0.280
14.30 00192 2.376.67 0.128 1. 70 0.168 1.67
28.60 0.125 3.6413.33 000862 2.54 00140 2.00
42090 0.067 6.79 20 0 0068 3.21 0.128 2.19
57.14 0.054 8.4026.67 0.045 4.55 0.065 4.31
-351-
Table 49. Recirculation velocity data for Fig. 59.
Hemispherical base cylindrical tank, axial upward jet.
X Run 2 Run 3 . Run 4

r V
V V V".., V/V
d re_ V re re -1
l (m.s
-1) re
(m. s ) (m.s )
0 1.000 1.572 2.198
-3
89 0.044 22.73 0.065 24.18 0.090 24.42 d = 7xlO m
102 0.040 25 . 0.060 26.20 0.078 28.18
116 0.032 31.25 0.060 26.20 0.060 36.63
133 0.024 41.67 0.045 34.93 0.052 42.27
X Run 8 Run 11 V
r V
V V -
d I'e V re V
-1 re -1 re
(m.s ) (m.s )
0 0.479 0.218 -
-2
42 0.065 7.37 0.020 10.9 d 1.5 x 10 m
48 0.064 7.48 0.020 10.9
54 0.035 13.69 0.011 19.82
62 0.027 17.74 0.010 21.80
Flat base cylindrical tank, axial upward jet.
Run 26 Run 28
X Run 47 X
r r V
V V/V V/V re_ V/V
d re re d V re re l . re
-1 (m. s )
-1 (m. s )
(m.s )
0 0.455 0 0.218 0.280
89 0.020 22.75 42 0.030 7.27 0.025 11.2
102 0.019 23.95 48 0.026 8.38 0.021 13.33
116 0.015 30.33 54 0.012 18.17 0.017 16.47
133 0.0125 36.40 62 O.OlO 21.80 0.015 18.67
d = 7 x 10-3m -2
d = 1.5 x 10 m

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Loughborough University

Liquid jet mixing in tanks

• A Doctoral Thesis. Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

for the award of Doctor of Philosophy at Loughborough University.

Metadata Record: https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27787

Please cite the published version.

For the full text of this licence, please go to:

.___________l::~~_~_ }__ &_~__c.:-:. ___ -- --- ----- -- --

20 U!!.:.I~:~~Y'N c of'''', 16 1'1)..1{ 1990

11.., 30 NOV 1969

ASHLEY GlHLYM CHARLES LANE

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

for the award of

Doctor of Philosophy of the Loughborough University of Technology.

Supervisor Dr. P. Rice. Dept. of Chemical Engineering.

CS) A.G.C.Lane 1981

~ghborough Uni .... ortitw

Methods and mechanisms of liquid mixing have received only

Jet mixing is one of the main alternatives to using 'mechanical

A new design of jet mixer was produced and its performance

photography. This enabled a~...examination of the liquid flow patterns

Finally, as the results from the quantifative and qualitative

The work described in this thesis was carried out by me in

No part of this thesis has previously been submitted by me

1st December, 1981

Finally special thanks go to my Mother, Father and Gillian

Is but to reveal what already exists.

1.0 The principle and applications of liquid jet mixing

1.1 Mechanisms of liquid mixing. 2.

1.5 Applications and examples of liquid jet mixing. 7

2.0 The flow behaviour and mixing ability of a liquid into

2.2.5 Volumetric throughput. 19

2.2.6 Velocity concentration and ~emperature

3.0 Theories of mixing time for a liquid jet mixer. 59

3.2 Published mixing time correlations. 60

3.3.1 Theoretical approach taken by this investigation

4.0 Experimental work. 75

5.0 Jet mixing in a hemispherical base cylindrical tank

6.0 Jet mixing in a flat base cylindrical tank with an

6.1 Introduction. 131

7.0 Jet mixing in a flat base cylindrical tank with

7.1 In troduc tion . 158

7.2.1 Introduction. 158

8.0 A flow characterisation study of liquid jet mixers. 180

8.1 Introduction. 181

8.3.7 Entrainment capahility of the jet. 194

9.0 Selection and design of liquid jet mixing systems. 209

9.1 Introduction. 210

10.0 Conclusions and recommendations for further work. 243

10.1 Conclusions. 244

Figure No, Page No,

1. A liquid jet mixing system incorporating an inclined

24. Jet mixer design incorporating an axial upward

32. Plot of mixing time factor against jet Reynolds

42. Plot of mixing time factor against jet Reynolds No.

43. Plot of mixing time factor against jet Reynolds No.

44. Plot of mixing time factor against jet Reynolds No.

Table No. Page No.

1. Cost comparison of mechanical and jet mixers (6). 6

19. .Range of experimental variables covered by small

46. Photographic results. 344

Plate No. Page No.

1 I:. 2. Arrangement of equipment for mixing time tests. 89

List of Symbols Units

.___________l::~~_~_ }__ &_~c.:-:. _ -- --- ----- -- --