VALENA,JHERICA L.

November18,2010

BSN1A Miss Blezy Ann B.Corbillon

Nursing theory is the term given to the body of knowledge that is used to supportnursing practice. In
their professional education nurses will study a range of interconnected subjects which can be applied
to the practice setting. This knowledge may be derived from experiential learning, from formal sources
such as nursing research or from non-nursing sources. To speak of nursing theory is often difficult.
Nursing is many things to many people. Most universally agreed upon is that Nursing is a science
involving people, environment and process fueled by a vision of transcendence in the context of
healthcare. It is interesting to note that 90% of all Nursing theories have been generated in the last 20
years. Many schools encourage students to formulate personal philosophies or mid-range theories of
Nursing as part of their curriculum. Some might argue that this multiplicity of theory is detrimental to
the practice and undermines common vision. Others would say that the nature of the young science is
sufficiently far reaching to require such tactics to elicit true consensus.

Nursing models are conceptual models, constructed of theories and concepts. They are used to
help nurses assess, plan, and implement patient care by providing a framework within which to work.
They also help nurses achieve uniformity and seamless care.

History of nursing models

There is no specific date and place nursing theory took place. The evolution of nursing is not a new
process, it has been in occurrence since the most basic of medical interventions started to be
practiced. Within the western model of nursing there is a clear progression of nursing from mothers, to
nuns, to doctor "assistants", to finally being recognized as a separate, complementary role in the
medical team. Presently nurses have more autonomy than ever, and on going theory development and
an exploration of professional borders are essential for the continued growth of the professional.

1. Helen Erickson

2. Virginia Henderson

3. Imogene King

4. Madeleine Leininger

5. Betty Neuman

6. Dorothea Orem

7. Ida Jean Orlando (Pelletier)

 8. Hildegard Peplau

9. Rosemarie Rizzo-Parse

10. Isabel Hampton Robb

11. Martha E. Rogers

12. Callista Roy

13. Katharine Kolcaba

14. Katie Eriksson

15. Dr. Jean Watson

16. Paterson & Zderad

17. Boykin & Schoenhofer

Purposely omitted from this list is that most famous of all nurses, Florence Nightingale. Nightingale
never actually formulated a theory of nursing science but was posthumously accredited with same by
others who categorized her personal journaling and communications into a theoretical framework.

Also not included are the many nurses who improved on these theorists' ideas without developing their
own theoretical vision.

Examples of nursing models

The models used vary greatly between institutions and countries. However, different branches of
nursing have different "preferred" nursing models. These are summarized below:

Family nursing
 Family centered care

 Self - care deficit

Psychiatric nursing
 Roy's model of nursing

 Tidal Model

 Children's nursing
 Casey's model of nursing
prenatal nursing
 Ramona T Mercer maternal role attainment
Adult nursing
  Nightingale's model of nursing

 Roper, Logan and Tierney

 Orem's Model of Nursing

Community and rehabilitation nursing
 Orem's Model of Nursing
Critical care nursing
 Synergy model of nursing
Holistic nursing
 Rogers: Science of Unitary Human Beings

 McGill Model of Nursing

 Parse: Human Becoming

 Erickson, Tomlin & Swain: Modeling and Role-Modeling

 [[Newman: Health as Expanding

Consciohttp://www.nursingtheory.net/gt_nursingcaring.html</ref>
Future of nursing models

Nursing models have been criticized for failing to provide holistic care, and preventing nurses from
thinking "outside of the box". This has been compounded by many hospitals who have developed "pre-
printed" care plans that have been misused by nurses who have failed to customize these generic care
plans to the patient. An example of this would be using a standard care plan for appendectomy for an
elderly patient with multiple pathology (for instance diabetes, angina pectoris and a history
of myocardial infarction). Evidently, the patient's care needs would be very different from a fit-and-
healthy 20 year old male with no previous medical history who neither smokes nor drinks. It is up to the
professional to tailor the care plan to suit the individual patient.

Models of nursing have always been accused of being "out of touch" with the harsh reality of patient
care, and creating yet more unnecessary paperwork for nurses to complete.

Technological advances may produce client specific nursing models.

See also

Nursing portal

 Nursing
  Category: Nursing theory

 Nursing process

 Nursing assessment

References

External links
 Nursing Theory Page

 Nursing Theories and Sub-Theories

 Nurses.info

 Nursing Theory Network

 Nightingale's Notes on Nursing at project Gutenberg

 Care Plan/Theory Samples

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 Categories: Nursing theory

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