MEIOSIS- cell division intended for sex cells
 Meiosis I – Reductional Division
 Meosis II- Equational Division
REDUCTIONAL DIVISION
Prophase I
the chromosomes have already duplicated.
During prophase I, they coil and become shorter and
thicker
 LEPTOTENE
-Chromosomes are long thin thread
-This is the stage after G2
 ZYGOTENE
-Chromosomes are paired (Homologous
chromosome)
 PACHYTENE
-Chromosomes are tightly paired
-This is the stage where crossing over takes
place
-There is Synaptonemal Complex
Protein that will facilitate the actual
crossing over or the sharing of the
genetic material.
*Crossing over- sharing of the genetic material
 DIPLOTENE
Tetrad/ Bivalent chromosomes
*Synapsis- pairing of the homologous
chromosome
*Bivalent Chromosomes- Chromosomes that
has the same homologous but this is already
double stranded or the sister chromatid of the
chromosome
*Chiasma- actual point where crossing over
takes place
 DIAKINESIS
-Chromosomes will just be moving at the
equatorial plate so that there will be movement
towards the opposite pole of cell
Metaphase I
The pairs of chromosomes (bivalents) become
arranged on the metaphase plate and are attached to
the now fully formed meiotic spindle
Anaphase I
Anaphase I begins when the two chromosomes of each
bivalent (tetrad) separate and start moving toward
opposite poles of the cell as a result of the action of the
spindle. Notice that in anaphase I the sister chromatids
remain attached at their centromeres and move together
toward the poles.
Telophase I
At each pole, during this stage, there is a complete
haploid set of chromosomes (but each chromosome still
has two sister chromatids). A cleavage furrow appears,
and by the end of this stage the parent cell has divided
into two daughter cells. This separation of the cytoplasm
is called cytokinesis.
=2 Daughter Cell
P II
M II
A II
T II
 Relevance of having 2 genetically unidentical
chromosome?
For Variation. There will be uniqueness in
offspring because the sperm and egg cell that
has been utilized are not the same.
 How Mitosis differ from Meiosis I?
MITOSIS
-There is same number of the chromosome
-Cells involved in this process are body cells
-There are no sharing of genetic material
-Chromosomes align in a single line when it is on
metaphase stage
-There is splitting of centromere
MEIOSIS
-There is a reduction in the number of
chromosomes
-Sex cells are involved
-There is sharing of genetic material
-Chromosomes are align in equatorial plate in pairs
-There is no splitting of centromere.
The chromosomes simply move towards the
opposite pole without splitting of centromere
that is happening randomly
 Difference of Mitosis from Meiosis II MEIOSIS – This will ensure that the organism resulting
from fertilization will always be a diploid number
MEIOSIS II
*prior to Gametogenesis happen what is being done is
-There are 4 unidentical cells produced
Meiosis I and Meiosis II
-Cell has a haploid number of chromosome
 How is meiosis related to Mendelian laws of
MITOSIS inheritance?
-There are 2 identical cell produced -Law of segregation
-Cell has a diploid number of chromosomes Same with anaphase where in there is
movement of chromosome/ separating
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS -Law of Independent Assortment
-Chromosome align in equatorial plate in a single Same thing happen in anaphase I and anaphase
line II. There is independent assortment of the
 Relationship of Meiosis and Fertilization chromosome.
Meiosis is the one that prepares the cell to undergo
fertilization. If there is no Meiosis, there will be no It is meiosis that will ensure that the cell has
egg cell and sperm cell that is being utilized in unidentical genetic component. Meiosis will ensure
fertilization. Meiosis is involved in the process of that the chromosome that is separating/
Gametogenisis segregating have already sharing genetic material
-Spermatogenesis during the prior stage of meiosis. So that the
-Oogenesis resulting daughter cell will be unidentical to each
other
 Fertilization- mating of egg and sperm cell in
order to form zygote that has a diploid number
 If cell division during gametogenesis is non-meiotic,
what is the consequence in the future generation of
the diploid organism?

There will be chromosomal abnormality that will

cause death for organism. Because the meiosis is
the one that will bring the chromosomes into
haploid that when fertilization happen, the two
haploid bring together to come up with diploid

CHROMOSOMES

Somatic/ Sex cell Total

Autosome Diploid
HUMANS 44 xy 44 xx 46
DROSOPHILA 6 xy 6xx 8
ALLIUM 18 xy 18 xx 20
CEPA
Phaseolous sp. DEVELOPING MICROSPORE

-scientific name of bean POLLEN GRAIN

STIGMA, STYLE, OVARY 2 Cell:

-Part of the flower that is involved in the reproductive -Generative Cell- cell that will generate
cell.
-Tube cell- developed in pollen tube
-Part of pistil or stamen

(2N) MEGASPORE MOTHER CELL

-End product of mitosis POLLEN TUBE will develop sperm nuclei with egg nuclei
to form ZYGOTE
-will undergo meiosis
And other Sperm Nuclei will meet the polar nuclei in
(4) MEGASPORE order to form endosperm
-3 generates, 1 will continue EMBRYO
DEVELOPING MEGASPORE -developing zygote that will later give rise to epicotyl,
hypocotyl then later on will give rise to a new plant.
-Continuously develop and will result to meiosis II

EMBRYO SAC DROSOPHILA

-Megaspore became embryo 1. SPERMATOGONIA
-Immature egg cell
-Will undergo the process of mitosis -There are 8 chromosomes
*End of mitosis, there will be 8 cell that you can see in 2. PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE
the embryo sac*
-There are 8 chromosomes
(3) ANTIPODAL CELL -No mitotic division happened just simply
-result of mitotic division enlargement of cell.
-g2 state
(2) POLAR NUCLEI CELL 3. SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTE
(2) SYNERGIDS CELL - 2 Secondary spermatocyte because cytokinesis
happened
(1) EGG CELL -4 Chromosomes each
ANTHER -Process: Meiosis I will give rise on secondary
spermatocyte having half of the number of
-Part of stamen
chromosome
FILAMENT 4. SPERMATIDS
-Holds the anther -4 cell
-undergo mitotic division -result of meiosis II
-There are 4 chromosomes (haploid number)
(2N) 5. SPERMATOZOA or MATURED SPERM CELL
-mitotic division -matured cell is result of spermiogenesis
MICROSPORE MOTHER CELL
*SPERMIOGENESIS- development of flagella of
-undergo meiotic division sperm cell
HAPLOID MICROSPORE *SPERMATOGENESIS- formation of sperm cell
OOGONIUM
-Immature egg cell resulting from oogenesis
-there are 8 chromosomes

PRIMARY OOCYTE
*Meiosis I
Because of spherical shape, there will be uneven
division of cytoplasm during cytokinesis
-there are 8 chromosomes
SECONDARY OOCYTE
-4 chromosomes
-big cell
FIRST POLAR BODY
-Small cell
FIRST POLAR BODY
OVUM or OOTID
SECOND POLAR BODIES
-degenerate during the process of fertilization
OVUM
-Continuous in the process of fertilization
ZYGOTE
EGG