Greek Civilization:

Ancient Greek Civilization started around 1400BC and ended around 337BC with the rise of the Roman empire. The
older name for the Greece was Yunan and its capital was Athens. The feature of Ancient Greece was Poleis, a city-
state. It was the defining feature of the Greek political rule.

Before living in Poleis, during "Greek Dark Ages", people used to live scattered throughout Greece in small farming
villages. When the population of these villages grew, a sense of an organization started to evolve. They built a
marketplace and a community place which led to the formation of a government and some sort of constitution (a set
of laws). These set of laws helped to establish cities (Poleis) where the citizens had the right to vote and choose their
government and the government would collect taxes and raise an army. The modern democracy is said to be
practiced in Greece at that time and the words like politics, democracy and citizen have the Greek origin. Zeus was
the gods of god for Greek people and they also believed that each Poleis was protected by particular god or
goddesses, to whom they show a great deal of respect.

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Indus Valley Civilization:

Introduction:
For a long time it was believed that Indians are stay at home people and our civilization was only of recent origin. But
the excavation at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which led to the discovery of Indus Valley civilization, has set all these
doubts at naught
It has now been established beyond all doubts that India possessed one of the advanced civilisation at a time when the
English people were still living in the jungle age. This unique and important civilisation of the pre-historic times in
India was for the first time discovered by Daya Ram Sahni and R.D. Banerjee in 1921 and 1922.
Race of Indus Civilization:
There has been much controversy amongst the historians regarding the race to which the people of Indus Valley
civilization belonged. Different scholars have tried to speculate, mainly on the basis of human skeletons and skulls
found in the ruins, about their race.
While some scholars are of the opinion that they were Aryans. This point is not acceptable to Sir John Marshall.
Marshall holds that this civilization was quite different from the earlier civilization and that it was quite different from
that of the Aryans
Town Planning and Architecture of Indus Valley Civilization:
All the cities of the Indus Valley civilization such as Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, Chanhuduro, etc., display the
remarkable skill of the Indus valley civilization in town planning and sanitation.
Of a these Mohenjo-Daro is better preserved and its excavation has revealed the points that the successive cities were
built according In tin plan.
Social Life of the People of Indus Valley Civilization:
It has already been observed that the people of Mohenjo-Daro were of cosmopolitan character. Evidently these people
were attracted by the fertility and productivity of the area and came from different parts of Asia.
Food and Drinks:
The people of the Indus Valley were both vegetarian and non-vegetarian. They cultivated wheat, bailey rice and bred
cattle sheep, fish and poultry for food. They also used fish as food. They were also in the habit of taking fruits and
vegetables and date was the most favorite fruit of the people.

Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization:

By 1800 BCE, the Indus Valley Civilization saw the beginning of their decline: Writing started to disappear,
standardized weights and measures used for trade and taxation purposes fell out of use, the connection with the Near
East was interrupted, and some cities were gradually abandoned