Karnataka Law Society’s

Gogte Institute of Technology, Belgaum.

Math Project
Title: Graph Theory & Its Applications.

Project by,

Name Roll No. USN Signature

Rashmi Kadam 1323 GIT19CS118-T

Sumedha Kulkarni 1334 GIT19CS115-T

Vaishnavi B 1338 GIT19CS120-T

Hakkaladaddi

Priyanka R Retrekar 1342 GIT19CS157-T

 GRAPH THEORY
AND
ITS APPLICATIONS
CONTENTS…

1. Introduction

2. Preliminaries

3. Types of Graphs

4. Applications of Graph Theory in Everyday Life

 Google Maps
 Traffic Management
 Airline Scheduling

5. Applications of Graph Theory in Technology

 Data Mining
 GSM Mobile Phone Networks and Map Coloring
 Web Designing

6. Applications of Graph Theory in Branches of Science

 Graphs in Physics
 Graphs in Chemistry
 Graphs in Biology

7. Conclusion

8. References
 1. INTRODUCTION
In the entire report we discuss about the history and origin of the graph theory and its
applications in various fields such as in daily life,in technology and in the field of physics.The
main origin of graph theory came from the problem of Konigsberg Bridge . The city Konigsberg
was on the both sides of the river Pregel and included two large islands which were connected to
each other or to the city by seven bridges. There was a question in the mind of residents of
Konigsberg whether they could travel around the city, crossing each of the seven bridges once
and only once. In 1736 Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) turned his mind to the problem of
Konigsberg Bridge and he came to the conclusion that it did not matter how a man walked
around the land or where exactly bridges were, it was not possible to do this. This lead to the
concept of graph. Euler studied the problem of Konigsberg Bridge and established a structure to
resolve the problem called Eulerian Graph.In particular the term graph was introduced by
Sylvester in a paper published in 1878.Graph theory is a branch of discrete mathematics. It is the
study of graphs which are mathematical structures used to model pair wise relation between
objects.

A graph is made up of vertices V (nodes) and edges E (lines) that connect them. A graph is an
ordered pair G= (V, E,ϒ) where elements of set V are called the vertices or nodes of graph G and
elements of set E are called the edges of graph G. Here ϒ is a function which assigns each edge
of the graph G with two vertices.

Conceptually, a graph is formed by vertices and edges connecting the vertices.

Graphs are represented visually by drawing a point or circle for every vertex, and drawing a line
between two vertices if they are connected by an edge. If the graph is directed, the direction is
indicated by drawing an edge.
 2. PRELIMINARIES

The following are some of the important definitions frequently used in graph theory:

1. A walk on a graph is a finite alternating sequence of vertices and edges, beginning and ending
with vertices, such that each edge is incident to its proceeding and following vertices. Length of
a walk is given by the number of edges in the walk.

2. A trail is a walk in which all edges are distinct.

3. A path or simple path is an open walk (walk whose beginning and ending vertices are not
same) in which no vertex appears twice or more.

4. A circuit is a path which ends at the same vertex where it begins.

5.An Euler path is a simple path in a graph which visits every edge of the graph exactly once.

Example: Fig.1 has Euler Path BDCABC as each edge appears exactly once.

6. A graph which contains either Euler path or Euler circuit is called Eulerian Graph.

7. A path which contains each vertex of graph exactly once is called Hamiltonian path.
8. A circuit that contains each vertex of graph exactly once except for the first and the last vertex
is called Hamiltonian circuit.

9. The graph which contains either Hamiltonian path or Hamiltonian circuit is known as
Hamiltonian graph.

Terminology:
Two vertices which are incident with a common edge are adjacent. An edge with identical ends:
a loop. An edge with distinct ends: a link. „

3. TYPES OF GRAPHS:
 Finite graph: Both the vertex set and edge set are finite. Simple graph: it has no loops
and no two of its links join the same pair of vertices.
 Complete Graph:It is a Simple graph with Each pair of vertices is joined by an edge.
Complete graph of n vertices: Kn.
 Empty graph:A graph with no edges.

 Bipartite graph:Vertex set can be partitioned into two sets X and Y. Each edge has one
end in X and one end in Y.

 Complete Bipartite Graph: each vertex of X is joined to each vertex of Y. Denoted by

Km,n.
  Planar Graph: Two edges in a diagram of a graph may intersect at a point that is not a
vertex Graphsthat have a diagram whose edges intersect only at their ends are called
planar.

4. APPLICATIONS OF GRAPH THEORY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

There are n-number of applications of graph theory, few are represented as follows:

 Google Maps

Google Maps are to find a shortest route from one destination to another. The destinations are
Vertices and their connections are Edges consisting distance. The optimal route is determined by
the software. Schools/ Colleges are also using this technique to pick up students from their stop
to school. Each stop is a vertex and the route is an edge. A Hamiltonian path represents the
efficiency of including every vertex in the route.

Ex: Shortest distance with Google Maps.

  Traffic Management

Graph Theory can also be used for Traffic Management. The functioning of traffic lights can be
done by thus technique.

For ex: If L1, L2, ..., L6 represent the dead ends of a lane where L1, L2,… are the lanes, then
each vertex represents the traffic lane. Since there are chances of accident if cars from lane L1 &
L2 have green lights at the same time, you draw an edge between L1 & L2on the graph.
Similarly we need to couple each pair of vertices to form the graph.

The vertices are grouped in such a way that they can have green lights t the same time.

 Air line scheduling

Airlines are scheduled in such a way that the all the aircrafts should have different paths at the
same time. Here the airlines are the vertices and the paths travelled by them are considered the
edges. By using graph theory all airline scheduling is managed.
 5. APPLICATIONS OF GRAPH THEORYIN TECHNOLOGY

 Data Mining
Data mining is process ofperceiving required information from huge data
with the help of various methods. Mostly the datawe deal with in data science can be shaped as
graphs. These graphs can be mined utilizing knownalgorithms and various techniques in graph
theoryto understand them in better way, e.g. in socialnetworks every person in the network could
besupposed as a vertex and any connection betweenthem is supposed as an edge. Any problem
relatedto logistics could be modelled as a network. Graphis captivating model of data backed
with a strongtheory and a set of quality algorithms to solverelated problems.

 GSM Mobile Phone Networks and MapColoring

All mobile phones connect to the GSMnetwork by searching for cells in the neighbors.Since
GSM operate only in four distinct frequencyranges, it is clear by the concept of graph theorythat
only four colors may be utilized to color thecellular regions. These four different colors areused
for proper coloring of the regions. The vertexcoloring algorithm can be used to allocate at
mostfour distinct frequencies for any GSM mobilephone network.
  Web designing
Website designing can be modeled as a graph,where the web pages are entitled by vertices and
the hyper links between them are entitled by edgesin the graph. This concept is called as web
graph.Which investigate the interesting information?Other implementation areas of graphs are in
webcommunity. Where the vertices represent classes ofobjects, and each vertex representing one
type ofobjects, and each vertex is connected to everyvertex representing other kind of objects. In
graphtheory such a graph is called a complete bipartitegraph. There are many benefits graph
theory inwebsite development like: Searching andcommunity discovery, Directed Graph is used
inweb site utility evaluation and link structure. Alsosearching all connected component and
providing easy detection.

6. APPLICATIONS OF GRAPH THEORY IN BRANCHES OF SCIENCE

 GRAPHS IN PHYSICS
Graph theory is also used in the field of physics. Generally, graph theory concepts are used in
different electrical circuits.The current, voltage and resistance on a circuit can be drawn by using
graph theory concept. When we want to show the flow of current in circuits then we can use
directed graphs. Also we can connect the different physical process with the help
of graph theory concepts.

For example, the below circuit acts as a graph with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 as nodes and the connections as
edges.
  GRAPHS IN CHEMISTRY
The structural formulae of covalently bondedcompounds are graphs; they are known as
constitutional graphs. Graph theory provides thebasis for definition, enumeration,
systematization,codification, nomenclature, correlation, and computer programming. The
chemicalinformation is associated with structural formulaeand that structural formulae may be
systematicallyand uniquely indexed and redeemed. One doestranslate chemical structures into
words bynomenclature rules. The importance of graphtheory for chemistry originates mainly
from theexistence of the phenomenon of isomerism, whichis extenuated by chemical structure
theory. Thistheory accounts for all constitutional isomers byusing purely graph-theoretical
methods. Using Graph theory we can make mathematical model of chemical phenomena. We
can make natural model of a molecule where vertices represent atoms & edges represent the
bond.

The above figures show how chemical molecules are represented as graphs.
  APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY
Graph theory is used in many areas of biology. Graph can be used in drug target identification,
determining a protein’s or gene’s function. The concepts of graph theory can be also used in
studying the structures of DNA and RNA. If we wantto study the food chain of different animals
in a ecological system, then we draw some arrow diagrams which represent thedependence of
one animal upon another for their food. This diagram can be considered as graph where the
animals arevertices of graph and they must be connected if any one of them depends on other for
food.
 7. CONCLUSION
The main objective of this article is to present the importance of graph theory in different
branches of science and oureveryday life . Here we have discussed only a few applications of
graph theory. There are many application of graph theoryin different branches like economics,
logistics etc. Therefore graph theory has developed into a subject itself with variety of
applications.

8. REFERENCES
 A, Prathik; K, Uma; J, Anuradha, (2016);"AnOverview of application of Graph theory".
 Balaban, A. T., Ed. Chemical(1967),"Applications of Graph Theory"; Academic Press:
London.
 Besjana; Tosuni; Albania; "Some interesting topics of Graph Theory in Modern
ComputerScience and Engineering" ISSN 1946-4690.
 Daniel Marx, “Graph Coloring problems and their applications in scheduling”.
 Harary, Graph Theory, Narosa Publishing House, (2013).
 N.Deo, Graph Theory, Prentice Hall of India, Private Ltd, New Delhi, (2007).