Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
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CURSO:
PETROGRAFIA GE153-R
DOCENTE:
ESTUDIANTE:
2019
FORMA, TAMAÑO Y CRISTALIZACIÓN DE GRANOS, TEXTURAS y
ESTRUCTURASPRINCIPALESEN ROCAS ÍGNEAS, SEDIMENTARIAS Y
METAMÓRFICAS
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FORM, SIZE AND CRYSTALLIZATION OF GRAINS, TEXTURES AND
PRINCIPAL STRUCTURES IN IGNICAL, SEDIMENTARY AND
METAMORICAL ROCKS
Depending on the symmetry elements, the crystals are subdivided into the following
large groups or crystallographic symmetry systems: monoclinic, orthorhombic,
tetragonal, trigonal, hexagonal, cubic.
Since the crystals have more than one crystallographic form, it is preferable to use the
term habit.
The habit of a crystal is its relative development in different ways and is determined by
the most dominant crystallographic form. The most common habits are: isometric,
binoculars, tabular, acicular.
GLASSES AND CRYSTALS
Igneous rocks are composed of either glass, crystals or both together. The molecules of
a crystal are arranged in a definite way unlike glass, their molecules have no stable
position. Glass is less dense than glass.
Magmas usually consist of many constituents.
DEGREE OF CRYSTALLIZATION
• Holocrystalline, is composed entirely of crystals.
• Mesocrystalline, mixture of crystals and glass.
• Holohialin, glass in its entirety.
The cooling and viscosity are determinants in the degree of crystallization.
GRAIN SIZE
• Faneritic: Crystals visible to the naked eye or with a hand lens. Diameters:> 5mm
coarse grain, 1 to 5 mm medium grain, <1 mm fine grain
• Afanitic: they can be microscrystalline, merocrystalline, cryptocrystalline or vitrial.
GLASS FORMS
• Euhedral: Crystal perfectly finished.
• Subhedral: Medium finished glass.
• Anhedral or allotriomorph: Crystals with irregular faces.
TEXTURE
It means size, shape and arrangement of the mineral components of the rocks.
• Panidiomorphic: Most crystals are Euhedrales
• Hypidiomorphic: Most crystals are subhedral
• Alotriomorphic: Most crystals are anhedral
MAIN TEXTURES OF THE IGNEAL ROCKS
Phaneritic (unimodal, equigranular) Afanitic (microscrystalline) Porphyritic (bimodal,
hyalocrystalline) Vitreous (Holohialin)
DEGREES OF AFANITICAL CRYSTALLIZATION
These are: microscrystalline (if the crystals are visible under a microscope),
Mesocrystalline, cryptocrystalline or vitreous (rocks with invisible crystals).
TEXTURES
Most typical textures of igneous rocks
Volcanic Rocks: Pyroclastic, Vitreous or Holohialin or Cryptocrystalline
Subvolcanic Rocks: Porphyryphafan, Afanitic, Mesocrystalline and Hyalocristaline
Hipabisal Rocks: Porphyritic, Hypidiomorphic or Subdiomorphic
Plutonic Rocks: Faneritic or granular, Pegmatitic and Aplitical.
Most typical textures of sedimentary rocks
Rock Texture
Limestone and Dolomite: Crystalline
The Sandstone: Clastic
Limolite (mud): Rounded, subangulous, angled
Argillita (mud): Rounded, subangulous, angled
Gap (O. Sed.): Angulose
Conglomerate (O.Sed): Rounded to subangulose
Chipboard (O. volcanic): Rounded to angled
Textures - structures of the main Metamorphic Rocks
Esquistosa, maculosa, gnísica y granulosa
JOHANNNSEN CLASSIFICATION
Grouping all felic minerals as light and all mafic as dark. Johannsen's classification is
based on the volume percentage of dark minerals.
Leukocratic Rocks: <30% mafic
Mesocratic Rocks: 30 - 60% Mafic
Melanocratic Rocks: 60 - 90%
Hypermelanic Rocks: 100%
CLASSIFICATION OF ELLIS (1948)
Based on Johannsen's color indexes
Holophélsicas: Color Index 10
Félsicas: Color index 10 to 40
Mafélsicas: Color index 40 to 70
Mafic: Color Index> 70
MACLA
Grouping of 2 or more minerals of the same species, which have turned a certain portion
of the circle.
Types of maclas
-Multiple models (more than 2 orientations and several individuals), these are:
Polysynthetic maclas (parallel), cyclic maclas (individuals with non-parallel planes).
-Contact and penetration screens
EUTETIC OR MIRMEQUITICAL CRYSTALLIZATION
Texture consisting of the cross-linking of minerals of different sizes revealing
simultaneous crystallization