RAY OPTICS mirror of radius of curvature 36 cm.

At what distance from the mirror

should a screen be placed in order to obtain a sharp image? Describe the
nature and size of the image. If the candle is moved closer to the mirror,
Mirror equation
how would the screen have to be moved?
Q3. A 4.5 cm needle is placed 12 cm away from a convex mirror of focal
length 15 cm. Give the location of the image and the magnification.
Describe what happens as the needle is moved farther from the mirror.
Q4. An object is placed at a distance of 15 cm from a convex lens of focal
length 15 cm. On the other side of lens, a convex mirror is placed such
that its distance, from the lens, equals the focal length of the lens. The
image formed by this combination to coincide with the object itself. Find
the focal length of convex mirror.[ CBSE Sample Paper]
AB is an object at a distance ‘u’
from
Refraction:
mirror MN and A’B’ is the real and
1. Deviation of light ray from its straight line path as it goes from one
inverted image formed by the mirror
medium to another.
at
2. Two cases:
a distance ‘v’ from it.
(i) Bends away from normal as light ray goes denser to rarer (DRA)
From figure
(ii) Bends towards normal as light ray goes rarer to denser (RDT)
 ABP   A’B’P(AA similarity) Note: No refraction if light ray move along normal
So A’B’/AB = PB’/PB -----------(1) 3. Reason:-Speed of light is different in different media
similarly 4. Effect:- All characteristics of light ray changes except frequency
A’B’F   MPF (AA similarity) 5. Rules: (i) Incident ray, normal and refracted ray lie on same plane
Therefore, (ii) Sin i/ sin r = 12 (RI of second medium wrt first)- Snell’s law
A’B’/PM = B’F/FP 6. In refraction light ray retrace their path so
A’B’/AB = B’F/FP --(2)(PM =
12 = 1/21
AB)
From equation (1) & (2) 7. Examples:
B’F/FP = PB’/PB 1.. Refraction through glass surface
(PB’-PF)/PF = PB’/PB
 Lateral Shift: - Perpendicular distance
(-v) – (-f)/ (-f) = (-v)/ (-u)
between incident and emergent ray.
or v –f/f = v/u
X = t sin (i-r)/ cos r
or uv –uf = vf
 Incident ray and emergent rays are parallel.
divide by uvf
2. Apparent depth:- The bottom of a tank filled with water appears to be
1/f = 1/u + 1/v
raised. Apparent depth = real depth/ refractive index of liquid

Linear Magnification:
8. Atmospheric refraction: It is due to difference in density of
m – Height of image (hi) = -V/ U atmospheric layers. Two phenomenon are
Height of object (ho) (i) Length of day increases by 4 mins:-
The sun is visible 2 mins before the actual
Q1- An object is placed at (i) 10 cm, (ii) 5 cm in front of a concave mirror sunrise and until a 2 mins after the actual
of radius of curvature 15 cm. Find the position, nature, and magnification sunset. The apparent flattening (oval
of the image in each case. shape) of the sun at sunset and sunrise
Q2. A small candle, 2.5 cm in size is placed at 27 cm in front of a concave is also due to the same phenomenon
(ii) Twinkling of stars
Q. A small pin fixed on a table top is viewed from above from a distance of
50cm. By what distance would the pin appear to be raised if it is viewed
from the same point through a 15cm thick glass slab held parallel to the
table? Refractive index of glass = 1.5. Does the answer depend on the
location of the slab?
a right angled prism ABC. The refractive indices of material of the prism
for red green and blue wavelength are 1.39, 1.44, and 1.47 respectively.
Trace the path of ray through the prism. How will the situation change if
these rays were incident normally on one of the faces of an equilateral
prism?
Refraction at spherical surface:

TOTAL INTERNAL REFRACTION

Critical angle: - It is the angle of incidence in denser medium for
which angle of refraction in rarer medium is 90 0.
When i = ic , then r = 900
so using snell’s law, denserrarer = sin ic / sin900
 = sin ic
denser rarer

rarerdenser = 1/ sin ic
TIR:- Let NOM = , NIM =  and NCM = 
Phenomenon of reflecting back of light ray in denser medium when it In  NOC , I is the exterior angle so i = +
strikes the interface with i > ic IN  NIC,  is the exterior angle so r =  -
Conditions:- (i) Light ray should go from denser to rarer (DRA) Using snell’s law 12 = Sin i/ sin r  i/r
(ii) Angle of incidence is greater than critical angle for pair of media (i > ic) or 12 = (+)/ ( -)
or 2/ 1 = (+)/ ( -)
or 2( -) = 1 (+)
or  (2- 1) = 1 + 2
or tan  (2- 1) = 1tan + 2 tan
or NM (2- 1) = 1 NM + 2 NM
MC MO MI
or (2- 1) = 1 + 2
(+R) (-u) (+v)
Practical Application or (2- 1) = 1 + 2
1. Optical fibre 2. Mirage 3. Brilliance of diamond (+R) (-u) (+v)
4. Total reflecting prism or 2 - 1 = (2- 1)
v u R
Lens maker formula:-
Assumptions:- 1. Point object 2. Thin lens
Ray diagram:-
The image formation can be seen in two steps

Ques: A small bulb is placed at the bottom of a tank containing water to a

depth of 80cm. What is the area of the surface of water through which
light from the bulb can emerge out? Refractive index of water is 1.33.
Q. Three rays of light – red, green and blue are incident on the face AB of
The first refracting surface forms the image I1 of the object O, so (-u)/ (+v) = (+f)/ (+v) – (+f)
Lens - medium = (lens - medium) -- (1)
v' u R1
Image I1 serve as virtual object for second surface that forms image I, so

medium - lens = (lmedium - lens) -- (2) Linear Magnification: m = Height of image = v

v v’ R2
Add equation (1) and (2)
medium - lmedium = (lens - medium) (1/R1 – 1/R2)
v u
medium (1/v - 1/u) = (lens - medium) (1/R1 – 1/R2)
(1/v - 1/u) = (lens - medium) (1/R1 – 1/R2)
medium
(1/v - 1/u) = (lens/ medium -1) (1/R1 – 1/R2)
Note : If lens >medium, no change in behavior of lens, If lens <medium, nature
of lens change and lens = medium lens becomes glass plate.
Question :- If f = 0.5 m for a glass lens, what is the power of the lens? (ii)
The radii of curvature of the faces of a double convex lens are 10 cm and
15 cm. Its focal length is 12 cm. What is the refractive index of glass? (iii)
Q2. A convex lens has 20 cm focal length in air. What is focal length in
water? (Refractive index of air-water = 1.33, refractive index for air-glass =
1.5.)
Q3. What changes in the focal length of a (i) Concave mirror and (ii)
Convex mirror occur when the incident violet light on them is replaced with
red light [2002]
Lens Formula: 1/f = 1/v – 1/u
Proof:
Height of object u
Power of lens:
 Light bending ability of lens is called its power.
 It is measured as reciprocal of focal length.
 Power (P) = 1/ f (in meter) or 100/ f (in cm)
 SI unit Diopter (D)
Combination of lens:
 1/ Fnet = 1/ F1 + 1/ F2 ………………...
 P = P1 + P2 + P3 ……………………..
 m = m1.m2.m3……………………………………..
Question:- Find the position of the image formed by the lens combination
Question: A beam of light converges at a point P. Now a lens is placed in
the path of the convergent beam 12cm from P. At what point does the
beam converge if the lens is (a) a convex lens of focal length 20cm, and
(b) a concave lens of focal length 16cm?
Question: Two lenses of powers (-15) D and +5 D are in a contact. What is
the focal length of the combination? An object of size 4 cm is placed at 20
cm from this combination. Find position and size of the image formed.
[2002]
Question: For a converging lens r1 =r2 = 24 cm and refractive index 1.6. (i)
calculate its focal length in air (ii) If lens is split vertically in two identical
parts, find focal length of each part.

 ABO   A’B’O (AA similarity)

so AB/ A’B’ = OB/ OB’ ----------(1) Refraction through Prism
and  MOF   A’B’F (AA similarity) The angles of incidence
so MO/A’B’ = OF/ B’F and refraction at the first face
but MO = AB AB are i and r1,while the angle
hence AB/A’B’ = OF/ OB’– OF ---(2) of incidence (from glass to air)
from eq 1 & 2 at the second face AC is r
OB/OB’ = OF/ OF – FB’ and the angle of refraction or
emergence e.
In  AQNR A + QNR = 1800 (As AQN = ARN = 900) ------ (i)
In  QNR,  QNR + r + r’ = 1800 -----------------(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii) A = r + r’ ----------------(iii)
As ‘’ is the exterior angle in QMR, so
 = (i-r) + (e-r’)
or  = (i +e) – (r+r’)
or  = (i +e) – A -------------------------------------------(iv)
Thus angle of deviation (angle between incident ray produced and
emergent ray produce backward) depends
on angle of incidence. On increasing angle
of incidence, angle of deviation decreases
to a minimum value and on further increasing
angle of incidence, angle of deviation also
increases. Thus variation between ‘i’ and ‘’
is shown in fig
At minimum deviation position of prism
path of light becomes parallel to the base
so i = e and r = r’
hence r = A/2 using equation (ii)
and min = 2i – A
and i = (A + min)/2
Using Snell’s law
ag = sin i/ sin r
ag = sin [(A + min)/2]
sin A/2
for thin lens: min = (ag -1)A
Dispersion through prism:-
 The phenomenon of splitting of light into its component colours is
known as dispersion.
 Dispersion takes place because the refractive index of medium for
different wavelengths (colours) is different.
 In Vacuum all colours have same speed while in a dispersive
medium, different colours have different speed. Red colour travel
the fastest so its Refractive index is minimum because ( = Cvacuum/
Cmedium) so it suffer least deviation and violet maximum.
 Thick lenses could be assumed as made of many prisms,
therefore, thick lenses show chromatic aberration due to
dispersion of light.
 The first prism splits the white light
into its component colours, while
the inverted prism recombines them
to give white light. Thus, white light
itself consists of light of different
colours, which are separated by
the prism.
Ques: A prism is made of glass of unknown refractive index. A parallel
beam of light is incident on a face of the prism. The angle of minimum
deviation is measured to be 40°. What is the refractive index of the
material of the prism? The refracting angle of the prism is 60°. If the
prism is placed in water (refractive index 1.33), predict the new angle
of minimum deviation of a parallel beam of light.
Question: At what angle should a ray of light be incident on the face
of a prism of refracting angle 60° so that it just suffers total internal
reflection at the other face? The refractive index of the material of the
prism is 1.524.
Ques: Find angle of minimum deviation for equilateral prism of
refractive index 3. [2006]
Ques:- Why is there two values of angle of incidence for a given value
of . State the significance of point of minimum deviation ‘p’ on the
graph.
RAINBOW
The rainbow is an example of the dispersion of sunlight by the water
drops in the atmosphere. This is a phenomenon due to combined effect of
dispersion, refraction and reflection of sunlight by spherical water droplets
of rain.
Condition to observe:- An observer can see a rainbow only when his
back is towards the sun.
There are two types of rainbow
Primary rainow:- Sunlight is first refracted as it enters a raindrop,
which causes the different wavelengths
(colours) of white light to separate.
Longer wangelength of light (red) are
bent the least while the shorter
wavelength (violet) are bent the most.
Next, these component rays strike the
inner surface of the water drop and get
internally reflected if the angle
between the refracted ray and normal to
the drop surface is greater then
the critical angle (48º, in this case). The reflected light is refracted again
as it comes out of the drop. It is found that the violet light emerges at an
angle of 40º related to the incoming sunlight and red light emerges at an
angle of 42º. red light from drop 1 and violet light from drop 2 reach the 1. Simple microscope:- A simple magnifier or microscope is a
observers eye. The violet from drop 1 and red light from drop 2 are converging lens of small focal length. Object is kept in between the focus
directed at level above or below the observer. Thus the observer sees a and optical center of the lens to get virtual, enlarged image of the object.
rainbow with red colour on the top and violet on the bottom.
Secondary Rainbow:-
When light rays undergoes two internal
reflections inside a raindrop, instead of
one as in the primary rainbow, a
secondary rainbow is formed
It is due to four-step process. The
intensity of light is reduced at the Linear magnification:
second reflection and hence the m = angle subtended by the image ()
secondary rainbow is fainter than angle subtended by object () when u = -D and observed without instrument
the primary rainbow. Further, the m = tan / tan
order of the colours is reversed in it m = AB/ (-u)  m = D/u
AB/ (-D)
Scattering of light:- For focused on near point Eye focused at infinity
Rayleigh law of scattering - The amount of scattering is inversely 1/f = 1/v – 1/u u=f
proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength. I = 1/4 1/f = 1/(-D) – 1/(-u) m = D/f
As sunlight travels through the earth’s atmosphere, it gets scattered 1/u = 1/f +1/D
(changes its direction) by the atmospheric particles. Light of shorter so m = D (1/f +1/D)
wavelengths is scattered much more than light of longer wavelengths m = D/f +1
Blue colour of the sky:- Since blue has a shorter wavelength than red
and is scattered much more strongly. In fact, violet gets scattered even 2. Compound Microscope:
more than blue, having a shorter wavelength.But since our eyes are more (a) Construction: Consist of 2 lenses.
sensitive to blue than violet, we see the sky blue. 1. Objective (O): smaller focal length and smaller size. Towards object
White Colour of the cloud:- Large particles like dust and water droplets 2. Eye piece (E): larger focal length and larger size. Towards eyepiece
present in the atmosphere behave differently. Large scattering objects do  Length of microscope = OE (distance between lenses)
not follow Rayleigh Law of scattering i.e.all wavelengths are scattered (b) Image formation: Object AB is kept beyond focus of objective (u>fo)
nearly equally. Thus, clouds which have droplets of water with a >>  so its real, and magnified image A’B’ is formed. Image A’B’ serves as
are generally white. object for eyepiece. As A’B’ is in between focus and optical center of
Red colour of the sun at sunset/ sunrise:- eyepiece so its virtual and magnified image A”B” is formed.
At sunset or sunrise, the sun’s rays have to
pass through a larger distance in the
atmosphere.Most of the blue and other
shorter wavelengths are removed by
scattering.The least scattered light reaching
our eyes, therefore, the sun looks reddish.
This explains the reddish appearance of the sun and full moon near the
horizon.
Danger signals are red:- Beacause red colour is the least scattered
colour so it can travel larger distance as compare to other colours in a
dispersive medium. Magnification:
Optical Instrument:- m = mome
m =(- vo/ uo) (D/ ue) so m = (- fo) (1/fe +1/D)
For focused on near point Eye focused at infinity Length of microscope: Length of microscope:
1/fe = 1/v – 1/ue ue = fe L = OE L = OE
1/fe = 1/(-D) – 1/(-ue) m = (- vo/ uo) (D/fe) = OB’ + B’E = OB’ + B’E
1/ue = 1/fe +1/D also vo  L and uo  fo = IfoI + IueI = IfoI + IfeI
so m = (- vo/ uo) (D/ ue) so m = - (L/ fo) (D/fe)
or m = (- vo/ uo) D(1/fe +1/D)
Resolving power:
or m = (- vo/ uo) (D/fe +1)
Resolving power  Diameter of objective/ wavelength of light from object
Length of microscope: Length of microscope:
To increase resolving power diameter of objective should increase.
L = OE L = OE
Note: 1. Larger aperture also increases its light gathering power so final
= OB’ + B’E = OB’ + B’E
image will be brighter.
= IvoI + IueI = IvoI + IfeI
2. Terrestrial telescope
Resolving power:
Reflecting Telescope:
Resolving power = 2 sin /  Telescopes with mirror objectives are
 is refractive index of medium between object and microscope. called reflecting telescopes.
Advantages of reflecting telescope over refracting:
TELESCOPE 1. No aberration
(Chromatic or Spherical) Cassegrain Telescope
(a) Construction: Consist of 2 lenses. 2. Required less mechanical support
1. Objective (O): larger focal length and larger size. Towards object 3. Easy to construct/ low cost
2.Eye piece (E): smaller focal length and smaller size. Towards eyepiece
Question: A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 140cm
 Length of telescope = OE (distance between lenses)
and an eyepiece of focal length 5.0cm. What is the magnifying power of
(b) Image formation: Object AB very far so its real and inverted image
the telescope for viewing distant objects when (a) the telescope is in
A’B’ is formed at the focus of objective lens (v0 = f0). Image A’B’ serves as
normal adjustment (i.e., when the final image is at infinity)? (b) the final
object for eyepiece. As A’B’ is in between focus and optical center of
image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision (25cm)?
eyepiece so its virtual and magnified image A”B” is formed.
Question: A person with a normal near point (25cm) using a compound
microscope with objective of focal length 8.0 mm and an eyepiece of focal
length 2.5cm can bring an object placed at 9.0mm from the objective in
sharp focus. What is the separation between the two lenses? Calculate
the magnifying power of the microscope,
Question: compound microscope consists of an objective lens of focal
length 2.0cm and an eyepiece of focal length 6.25cm separated by a
distance of 15cm. How far from the objective should an object be placed
in order to obtain the final image at (a) the least distance of distinct vision
Magnification:
(25cm), and (b) at infinity? What is the magnifying power of the
m = angle subtended by the image () microscope in each case?
angle subtended by object () Question: Find resolving power of telescope having diameter of objective
m = tan / tan 6 cm and wavelength used is 540 nm. [2006]
m = (A’B’/ ue)/ (A’B’/ fo) Question: In a compound microscope fo = 4 cm and fe = 10 cm. An object
m = -fo/ ue is kept at 6 cm from the objective lens. (i) Calculate magnifying power and
For focused on near point Eye focused at infinity length of microscope if final image is at D. [2006]
1/fe = 1/v – 1/ue ue = fe Question: How do the light gathering power of telescope changes, if the
1/fe = 1/(-D) – 1/(-ue) m = -fo/ fe aperture is doubled? [2006]
1/ue = 1/fe +1/D
Question: Two astronomical telescopes T1 and T2 have same magnifying It occurs when the cornea is not spherical in shape. Astigmatism results
power. The ratio of their aperture of objective is 3:2. (i) Which one produce in lines in one direction being well focused while those in a perpendicular
brighter image (ii) Which one has high resolving power. Explain [2006] direction may appear distorted. Astigmatism can be corrected by using a
Question: Define the term resolving power of microscope. How does the cylindrical lens of desired radius of curvature with an appropriately
resolving power of a compound microscope change on (i) Decreasing the directed axis. This defect can occur along with myopia or hypermetropia.
diameter of the objective (ii) Increasing the focal length of the objective.
Justify [2006]
Question: In a compound microscope fo = 1cm and fe = 2 cm and tube
length is 20 cm. Find its magnification. [2005]
Question: Why must both the objective and eye piece of a compound
microscope have short wave length? [2005]
Question: Which of the two lenses will you select for constructing a best
possible telescope? Find magnification and length of the telescope when final
image is formed at infinity (relaxed eye)
Lenses Power Aperture
L1 6D 1cm
L2 3D 8cm
L3 10D 1cm
Question: How resolving power of a micro scope is affected when (i) frequency
of incident light is increased (ii) focal length of objective is increased (iii)
aperture of the objective lens is increased (iv) refractive index of the medium
between the object and objective lens increases.. [2007]
Q:- Two convex lenses of equal length, but of aperture A 1 and A2 (A2 < A1) are
used as objectives lenses in two astronomical telescopes having identical
eyepiece. Compare the ratio of their (i) resolving power (ii) magnifying power
(iii) intensity of image formed by them. Which one you preferred and why?
[CBSE Sample Paper]
Q. Why should our eyes be positioned not on the eyepiece but a short distance
from it for best viewing?

Defects of eye and their remedy:

1. Short sightedness: Image is formed before retina (inability to see far
objects). It can be corrected using Concave lens

2. Long sightedness: Image is formed beyond retina (inability to see

close objects). It can be corrected using Convex lens

3. Astigmatism: