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THE CRY OF BALINTAWAK
A CONTRIVED CONTROVERSY
Soledad Borromeo-Buehler
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Page 1 of 40
SOLEDAD BORROMEO-
BUEHLER
Educational Background:
• PhD in History – UC Berkeley
• Fulbright-Hays scholar

Page 2 of 40
SOLEDAD BORROMEO-
BUEHLER
Career:
-taught history at UP Diliman
-teaching assistant – UC Berkeley
-also taught at San Francisco State College, San
Jose State University, and the College of Almeda
© your company name. All rights reserved. Title of your presentation

Page 3 of 40
THE CRY OF BALINTAWAK: A
CONTRIVED CONTROVERSY
Date of Publication:
1998 (Ateneo De Manila University Press)

Page 4 of 40
AIMS
• To help resolve the controversy of the First Cry
which led to the Philippine Revolution of
1896.
• To resolve the questions on when and where
cedulas were torn and when and where the
initial skirmish between the revolutionaries
and the Spanish forces took place.

Page 5 of 40
4 INTERPRETATIONS OF THE
“CRY”
1. Traditional View of the Cry
2. Literal Interpretation
3. Formation of a Revolutionary Government
4. On Cedulas Torn

Page 6 of 40
PEOPLE MENTIONED IN THE
ARTICLE
1. Pio Valenzuela
-Balintawak (first encounter) (August 26) to Pugad
Lawin (cedulas torn) (August 23)
2. Briccio Pantas – Pugad Lawin (cedulas torn)
3. Cipriano Pacheco – Pugad Lawin (cedulas
torn)
4. Guillermo Masangkay – Balintawak (August
26, 1896)

Page 7 of 40

Page 8 of 40

Page 9 of 40
WHY IS THERE A CONTROVERSY OVER
THE FIRST CRY?
• Teodoro Agoncillo’s treatment of the subject
• The translation of el grito (The “Cry”) led to
the confusion
• Blatant distortion of historical facts by some
scholars

Page 10 of 40
4 DEVELOPMENTS THAT DISTORTED THE FACTS
REGARDING THE DATE AND VENUE OF THE “CRY”
1. Agoncillo’s flawed methodology that

ignored all documentary evidence in favor of
one source (memoirs of Pio Valenzuela)
2. Agoncillo’s decision to change the

interpretation of the phrase “Unang Sigaw”
to adapt it to Valenzuela memoirs. (tearing of
Katipuneros’ cedulas)

Page 11 of 40
4 DEVELOPMENTS THAT DISTORTED THE FACTS
REGARDING THE DATE AND VENUE OF THE “CRY”
3. Unauthorized use and misrepresentation of an

interview made by Agoncillo with Masangkay
dated October 11, 1947
4. Removal of an important piece of evidence

(the transfer of the 1911 monument of the Cry
from Balintawak in 1968 to UP Diliman)

Page 12 of 40

Page 13 of 40
Original
Inscription:
“Homenaje
del pueblo
Filipino a los
héroes del
’96”
26 August 1896
Cry of Pugad Lawin
3 September 1911

Page 14 of 40
DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF
THE CRY

Page 15 of 40
DIFFERENT ACCOUNTS OF
PIO VALENZUELA

Page 16 of 40
PIO VALENZUELA’S 1896 1911 Press Statement and Memoirs
Statements before the court 1947 Conversation with
of Judge Advocate Francisco Agoncillo
Olivé
-Valenzuela claimed that he -Night of August 24, 1896 – August 20, 1896-his arrival in
joined the Katipunan only “…we transferred to the Balintawak
around March, April or May village of Pasong Tamo (house
1895 (Moriones Affidavit of of Melchora)…” August 22, 1896 – meeting of
surviving Katipuneros: some 500 members of the
Valenzuela joined Katipunan -August 25, 1896 – “… Katipunan at the house and
in March 1895) sentinel atop a tall tree shouted yard of Apolonio Samson at
that he discerned some civil Kangkong.
-Late entry of Valenzuela to guards coming towards our
Katipunan because he way” (began the uprising as -Views were only exchanged
admitted that he did not know instructed by Bonifacio prior and no resolution was debated
anything about its founding to the scheduled date on 29 or adopted.
and early history. August 1896)
August 23, 1896 – “...over
-He was with Bonifacio and -night of August 25, 1896 – 1000 members of Katipunan
others that he was in stayed at a house in Kulyat. “I met and debated lengthily...” at
Balintawak on 23, 24, and 25 was in the company of Andres the yard of Juan Ramos in
August 1896 (confirmed by Bonifacio…” Pugad Lawin
Masangkay and Samson)

Page 17 of 40
Statements before the court 1947 Conversation with
Olivé
-also included in the accounts -August 26, 1896 – proceded “The discussion was whether
were his salary as physician of to Balara and stayed until the or not the revolution against
the Katipunan, derogatory next day the Spanish government
comments about Bonifacio, his should be started on 29
disapproval of the planned August 1896.”
uprising that led to his escape
and surrender to the -Teodoro Plata was the only
authorities. one who protested and fought
against an early war
-2 corrections he made:
*Date of attack of Civil Guard -Pantas and Pacheco were
in Balintawak: from 25 to 26 present.
August 1896
*Details of his flight from that -”…many of those present tore
place on the 25 August their cedulas and shouted:
“Long live the Philippines!”
-He left Balintawak with 2
guides on the night of 25, 1896
and went to Biñang.

Page 18 of 40
Statementsbefore the court 1947 Conversation with
Olivé
Other corrections made by

him:
-He left Balintawak on the
night of 25 August 1896 on
instructions from Bonifacio,
that he proceeded to
Montalban to encourage its
residents to rise up in arms.
-The supremo invited him to
join the “movement of
defensive concentration” on
the expectation of an attack
that evening from the Civil
Guard. Valenzuela said that he
demurred…

Page 19 of 40
1896 VERSION VS. MEMOIRS

Page 20 of 40
1896 Statements Memoirs
Arrival in August 22, 1896 August 20, 1896

Balintawak
Arrival of Early morning of August 22, 1896 August 19, 1896

Bonifacio and
companions
Discussions or Discussions in Kangkong – August Inconclusive “exchange of views”

exchange of 23, 24, and 25, 1896 –August 22, 1896
views in
Kangkong
On cedulas torn August 23, 1896


Page 21 of 40
• Since his 1896 court statements after the
revolution were damaging his credibility,
Valenzuela tried to nullify them, by alleging
these were made “under duress.”

Page 22 of 40
• Agoncillo considered the Valenzuela memoirs
a better source.

Page 23 of 40
GUILLERMO MASANGKAY’S
EXPOSE ON THE “CRY”
• Jose P. Santos published a signed statement by
Valenzuela, Pantas, and Pacheco about the
supposed “Cry of Pugad Lawin”
• -refuted by Masangkay

Page 24 of 40
• “…when the Cry of Balintawak took place,
Valenzuela and Pantas already fled to
surrender to the Spaniards, while Pacheco was
never there.”
• Assembly in Balintawak at the invitation of
Bonifacio.
• Bonifacio laid out the plan for general uprising
against the Spanish government

Page 25 of 40
• Bonifacio and other katipuneros tore up their
cedulas.
• Pantas, Valenzuela, and Plata opposed the
uprising.

Page 26 of 40
• “…the alarm was raised that the civil guards
were coming. The first to flee were Pantas and
Valenzuela. For this reason, they could not
have witnessed the ‘Supreme Cry’ that
launched the [fight for] the independence of
the Philippines at that moment; neither did
they smell gunpowder of the first shots.”

Page 27 of 40
BRICCIO PANTAS’ RESPONSE
• He denied Masangkay’s revelations.
• Criticized the Balintawak uprising as ill-
prepared and counter-productive.
• He and his colleagues did not oppose the
planned revolution.
• They did not escape from Balintawak.

Page 28 of 40
BRICCIO PANTAS’ RESPONSE
• He and Valenzuela were sent by Bonifacio to
perform errands elsewhere.
• Alleged that Valenzuela was a cofounder of the
Katipunan.
• Laong raids on the evening of 25 August 1896
(same with the accounts of Valenzuela and the
Spanish sources)

Page 29 of 40
PANTAS’ NEW ACCOUNT OF
THE BALINTAWAK EVENTS
• Unknown to the Bonifacio group, he left
Balintawak while Bonifacio and Plata debated
the idea of an attack on Fort Santiago.
• Suggested a literal interpretation of the term
“Cry” because he could not provide any
information about the Cry of Balintawak

Page 30 of 40
• Assembled at the place of Apolonio Samson
[no mention is made of Pugad Lawin at all]
• The first encounter [allegedly] took place in
Santa Mesa.
• His family burned the minutes of Katipunan
meetings in the wake of mass arrests and
executions

Page 31 of 40
• A revolutionary government was formed in
Caloocan in late June or early July 1896 in the
form of a War Cabinet.
• The founding fathers of the Katipunan were
Deodato Arellano, Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro
Plata, Ladislao Diwa, and Valentin Diaz.

Page 32 of 40
CIPRIANO PACHECO’S
RESPONSE
• He insisted on the Pugad Lawin version
• He contradicted Valenzuela by asserting that
Teodoro Plata made a speech in Pugad Lawin
in support of the revolution and enjoined his
fellow katipuneros to tear their cedulas.

Page 33 of 40
WHICH INTERPRETATION?
• Agoncillo discarded the Masangkay version
“because in 1932 he [Masangkay] said that the
Cry took place on 26 August 1896, he nullified
in 1947, in the course of an interview with
him, that the cry took place on 24 August
1896.”

Page 34 of 40
CRITICISMS TO
AGONCILLO’S CLAIM
• Transcript of 1947 interview with Masangkay
in Tagalog was found in the Masangkay papers
together with a self-addressed, self-stamped
envelope.

Page 35 of 40

Page 36 of 40
• Agoncillo’s transcript contains only
Masangkay’s answers to Agoncillo’s
questions, but not the questions themselves.
• August 24 & 26, 1896 - cedula shredding in
the Masangkay version

Page 37 of 40
• “When I questioned Masangkay on the subject
in the early 1960s, he said that Agoncillo was
mistaken, because neither Pio Valenzuela nor
Emilio Aguinaldo were in Balintawak at the
time.”

Page 38 of 40
• “If, as Masangkay explained, the tearing of
cedulas in Balintawak signified an act of
defiance against continued Spanish rule and an
irrevocable commitment to support the planned
uprising, is it conceivable that those who
strongly opposed that uprising would have torn
their cedulas? Would these have dared flee and
surrender to the Spanish authorities without
this very important document?”

Page 39 of 40
CONCLUSION
• 1896 Court Statements of Valenzuela – more
reliable
• Valenzuela’s memoirs- poor credibility
• Cry of Pugad Lawin -invention

Page 40 of 40

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THE CRY OF BALINTAWAK

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1. Agoncillo’s flawed methodology that

2. Agoncillo’s decision to change the

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3. Unauthorized use and misrepresentation of an

4. Removal of an important piece of evidence

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Other corrections made by

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Arrival in August 22, 1896 August 20, 1896

Arrival of Early morning of August 22, 1896 August 19, 1896

Discussions or Discussions in Kangkong – August Inconclusive “exchange of views”

On cedulas torn August 23, 1896

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