Power System Protection

Electromagnetic Induction Relays

 Electromagnetic Induction Relays
• Mason-Chapter 2, pages 22-31
• Induction Disk (time overcurrent relay)
• Induction Cup (directional & distance relays)
• Basic Operation
• Operating Force Development
• Settings
– Pick-up
– Time dial

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 Basic Operation
• Operating force produced by out-of-phase
fluxes
• Force turns a rotor
• Rotor causes a movable contact to rotate
& touch a stationary contact
Transmission line protection
•Overcurrent relays- time & instantaneous w/
directional
•Distance relays

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Induction Disk Relay
(single quantity)

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Induction Disk Relay-Top View
(single quantity)

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Operation for Steady State AC

φ1 = 2Φ1 sin(ωt )
φ2 = 2Φ 2 sin(ωt + θ )

φ1 + φ2 = φOP α NiOP

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 By Lenz’s
Law, currents
are induced
as to oppose
the fluxes
(Eddie
Currents)

M=F x r Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 7

 Operating Force
φ1 = 2Φ1 sin(ωt )
φ2 = 2Φ 2 sin(ωt + θ )
Each flux pierces rotor & induces voltage which
causes current to flow, therefore AC only.

dφ1
iφ1 α α Φ1 cos(ωt )
dt
dφ
iφ 2 α 2 α Φ 2 cos(ωt + θ ), dF = idl × B
dt
F α φ ⋅i
FOP = F2 − F1
FOP α φ2 ⋅ iφ 2 − φ1 ⋅ iφ1
FOP α Φ1Φ 2 (sin(ωt + θ ) cos(ωt ) − sin(ωt ) cos(ωt + θ ))
FOP α Φ1Φ 2 sin(θ ) Important when designing a relay

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 Operating Force
FOP α Φ1Φ 2 sin(θ )
Design angle is fixed, therefore a
constant force

Φ1 = Φ 2 α NiOP
iOP = 2 I OP sin(ωt + θ )
FNET = k I N 2 I OP
2
− kS
At pick-up
FNET = 0 = k I N 2 I OP
2
− kS
1 kS
I OP = = I PU
N kI

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 Definition
• Pick-up occurs when
FOP>FRES
• IPU is the current at which
this occurs
FOP α φ 2 FOP = kφφ 2
φ α NI OP therefore FOP α ( NI OP )2
• Can obtain same FOP with
different combinations of
N and IPU
• Operating coil is tapped
so that pick-up can occur
at different values of IOP
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 Settings
• To change induction
disk settings
– Change N and I
Example:
FOP = kφ ( NI OP )
2
FOP=100 units of pick-up
k=1
NI=1x10
=2x5
=5x2
=10x1

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 Time Dial
(Inverse Time)
Is a means to control the time of operation
• A dial which changes the starting position
of the moving contact
– Low Time Dial
• Moving contact starts near the stationary contact
• Short operating time
– High Time Dial
• Moving contact starts far from stationary contact
• Long operating time

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General Operating Characteristics
of Inverse Time Relays

FNET depends on IOP/IPU

As well as Operating time

Inverse Time Curves

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 Device # 51

I OP I OP
I MPU = = αφ
I PU I TAP
and
Fαφ2
How long to pick-up?
Time Dial (TD)=3
ITAP = 2
IMPU = 9
_____ seconds
IOP= ____ A

Curves asymptotic to IPU Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 14

(1 multiple of PU)
 Summary-Induction Disk Unit
Advantages
• A smooth torque on AC with no vibration
• Various Time vs. Current characteristics
available
• Can be made to operate from
– one quantity
– sum or differences of quantities
– sine of angle between fluxes
• Can be operated continuously picked up
• High drop out (IDO = 0.95IPU)
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 Summary-Induction Disk Unit
Advantages
• May be directionally controlled
• Pick-up same on offset waves as on symmetrical
AC wave

Disadvantages
• Can not be used on DC
• Operating value effected by frequency
• Reset time is long

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4 Pole Cup Type Relay
Since I1 and I2 has different
angles (out of phase) the
cup moves without shading
rings.

•Two quantity relay

•Used for Directional
and Distance relays
•Instantaneous
applications

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 Summary-Induction Cup Unit
(4 pole or 8 pole type)
Advantages
• A smooth torque on AC with no vibration
• High Speed
• Various Time vs. Current characteristics
available
• Can be made to operate from
– one quantity
– sum or differences of two quantities
– product of two quantities times the sine of angle
between fluxes produced by such quantities
• Can be operated continuously picked up
• High drop out (IDO = 0.95IPU)
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 Summary-Induction Cup Unit
(4 pole or 8 pole type)
Advantages
• May be directionally controlled
• Pick-up same on offset waves as on symmetrical
AC wave
• Stable characteristics
• Rugged construction

Disadvantages
• Can not be used on DC
• Operating value effected by frequency
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 Directional Relays
Mason-Chapter 2, pages 29-34
– DC directional relays pgs. 42-44
– AC directional relays pgs. 44-49
• Two major types of directional relays
– Current-current
– Current-voltage

• Operating & polarizing quantities

• Oper. Principles & torque equation
• Polarizing quantities used in protective relays

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 Construction & Application
• Construction
– Electromagnetic induction
– Usually induction cup, high speed
• Application
– Often used with overcurrent relay to give sense of
direction

Overcurrent Overcurent Overcurrent 67

relays relays with relays 50
sense of
direction
Logical
cond.
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 Operating principle
• Recall for single
Phase angle between fluxes
quantity
FOP = kφ Φ1Φ 2 sin(θφ )

shaded unshaded

• 2 fluxes produced
from 1 operating
quantity
• For a 2 quantities:
Φ1 produced by I1 (operating )
Φ 2 produced by I 2 ( polarizing )

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Single vs. Two Quantity Relays
• Single quantity relays (overcurrent, overvoltage)
– Phase angle between fluxes is fixed
– Magnitude of flux (current) produces operating torque
– Spring produces restraining torque
• Two quantity relays
– Phase angle between fluxes is variable
– Phase angle between fluxes produces +, - or 0 torque
• Responds to phase angle. It can discriminate if fault is
external or internal
– Relay responds to direction of current in the circuit

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 Current-Current Directional
Operating quantity is I1 (current)
Polarizing quantity is I2 (current)

T = kφ Φ1Φ 2 sin θφ
Between coil fluxes

T = k I I1 I 2 sin θ , θ = θφ
•Maximum torque at 90 degrees (TMAX)

Between input currents •Would like to get TMAX at other

angles, since I1 & I2 not always at 90
degrees
•Can get this by phase shifting Coil
Current

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 Changing Max Torque Angle
R = XL , θφ ≠ θ
R
I 2C = I2
R + jX L
R
I 2C = I2
2 R∠45° Current
I 2C = kI 2 ∠ − 45° division

T = kΦ1Φ 2C sin θφ
operating
T = k I I1 I 2C sin θφ
θφ = θ − (−45°) = θ + 45°
I 2C = kI 2 , k I' = kk I polarizing

T = k I' I1 I 2 sin(θ + 45°)

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 General Current-Current
Directional Relay Max torque for I 1

T = k I I sin(θ − φ )
'
I 1 2

θ − φ = θΦ
I1 → Operating quantity

I2 → Polarizing quantity

I 2C → Current in polarizing coil

φ → Design angle-between I and I 2 2C

θ → Between I and I
1 2
Not given

τ → Between I and I for max. torque

1 2
Given

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 General Current-Current
Directional Relay
Max torque

T = k I' I1 I 2 sin(θ − φ )
τ − φ = 90° ⇒ φ = τ − 90°
T = k I' I1 I 2 sin(θ − (τ − 90°))
T = k I' I1 I 2 sin(90° + (θ − τ ))
T = k I' I1 I 2 cos(θ − τ )
TNET = TOP − TRES = TOP − k S spring

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 Operating Characteristic

T = k I' I1 I 2 cos(θ − τ )
T = k I' I1 I 2 sin(θ Φ )

variable

θΦ θ −τ TOP

90 0 max+ Contacts closing

+ Contacts closing
0 < θ Φ < 180 − 90 < θ − τ < 90

0 or 180 90 or -90 0

- Contacts opening
− 180 < θ Φ < 0 90 < θ − τ < 270

-90 180 max - Contacts opening

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Current-Voltage Directional Relay
•Current-operating
•Voltage-polarizing

T = Φ1Φ 2C sin(θ − φ )
φ1 proportional to I1
φ2C proportional to I 2C
T = k I I1 I 2C sin(θ − φ )

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Current-Voltage Directional Relay
θ→ Angle between I1 and V

φ→ Design angle between V and I2C

τ→ Angle between I1 and V which

produces maximum torque

T = kV I1V sin(90 + (θ − τ ))
T = kV I1V cos(θ − τ )
TNET = kV I1V cos(θ − τ ) − k S

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 Ideal Polarizing Quantities
• Internal fault directional relay must develop
contact closing torque
– Positive torque to operate
• External fault directional relay must develop
contact opening torque
– Negative torque to operate
• Operating current reverses direction
• Polarizing quantity must have constant phase
angle
Phase Current (line current)-operating quantity

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 Directional Overcurrent Relays for
Ground Fault Protection
• Can be polarized by:
– Current
– Voltage
– Current & Voltage
In Transmission Lines, separate relays protect
phase faults and ground faults
•Phase relays- protect against any fault not
involving ground
•3 phase & phase to phase faults
•Ground relays- protect against faults
involving ground
•1 phase to ground faults
•Phase-phase to ground
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Polarizing Quantities for Directional
Relays (Current)
•Ground Relays
•Zero sequence current polarization for
directional ground relays

Polarizing
quantity

•Delta-Wye grounded power transformer

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Polarizing Quantities for Directional
Relays (Voltage)
•Ground Relays
•Zero sequence voltage polarization for
directional ground relays

•Wye grounded primary, open-delta

secondary potential transformers (PT)

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Directional Phase Relays

•Polarizing voltages used for directional phase relays

•Quantities shown are for one of the 3 needed relays
•For faults involving phases A & B
•IA is the operating quantity, V is polarizing

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 Directional Phase Relays

Quad Connection
Faulted Phases Operating Polarizing
Quantity Quantity
Note: VA can’t be used
A-B Relay IA VBC since a fault in Phase
A gives VA=0
B-C Relay IB VCA

C-A Relay IC VAB

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