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Variance Components
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Study Questions
Genetic Topics
# of Genes # of Genotypes
243
10
59,049
Let's look at an example with two genes, A and B. We will assign metric values to each of the alleles. The
A allele will give 4 units while the a allele will provide 2 units. At the other locus, the B allele will
contribute 2 units while the b allele will provide 1 units. With two genes controlling a trait, nine different
genotypes are poss ible. Below are the genotypes and their associated metric values:
AABB
1
12
AABb
11
AAbb
10
AaBB
10
AaBb
Aabb
2
8
aaBB
aaBb
aabb
The above graph shows the distribution of the data in the above table. This graph has the bell-shaped
curve that is indicative of the normal distribution. This has important implications for the manner in
which quantitative traits are analyzed.
This example demonstrates additive gene action. This means that each allele has a speicific value that it
contributes to the final phenotype. Therefore, each genotypes has a slightly different metric or
quantitative value that results in a distribution (or curve) of metric values that is similar approach a
continuous curve.
Other genetic interactions such as dominance or epistasis also affect the phenotype. For example, if
dominant gene action controls a trait, than the homozygous dominant and heterozygote will have the
same phenotypic value. Therefore, the number of phenotypes is less than for additive gene action.
Furthermore, the number of phenotypes that result from a specific genotype will be reduced further if
epistatic interactions between several loci affects the phenotype. Additive, dominance, and epistatic
effects can all contribute to the phenotype of a quantitative trait, but generally additive interactions are
the most important.
All of the above factors are genetic in nature, but the environment also affects quantitative traits. The
primary affect of the environment is to change the value for a particular genotype. Using our example
above, the value for the genotype AaBb might vary from 8-10. This variation would be the result of the
different environments in which the genotype was grown. The consequence of this environmental effect
is that the distribution even more resembles a normal distribution.
To illustrate the effect of environment on the expression of a genotype, look at the yields of winter
wheat at one North Dakota location (Casselton, ND) during the last ten years. (The data was kindly
provided by Dr. Jim Anderson, Dept of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND.) Any year
for year variation in yield for any one genotype is largely an effect of the environment.
Yield (bushels/acre)
Genotype
1986
47.9
55.9
47.5
1987
63.8
72.5
59.5
1988
23.1
25.7
28.4
1989
61.6
66.5
60.5
1990
0.0
0.0
0.0
1991
60.3
71.0
55.4
1992
46.6
49.0
41.5
1993
58.2
62.9
48.8
1994
41.7
53.2
39.8
1995
53.1
65.1
53.5
Therefore, the phenotype is a sum of the environmental and the genetic effects. Stated in a
mathematical format:
And one of the goals of quantitative genetics is to measure the contribution of genetic and
environmental factors on a specific phenotype. As you might imagine,the field of quantiative genetics
also studies other aspects of quantitative traits.