• Organisms differ in their physical traits

due to the different genes that they have.

• Why are having these traits important to

these organisms?
These traits allow these organisms to be
well suited to their environment.
• In living things, form
and function are
closely intertwined.
• The way physical
structures or organs
are constructed are
related to the way
they function in living
things.
Walrus whiskers
For detecting food
in murky waters
Jerboa hind legs For moving quickly
through sand
Form Function
• Anatomy • Physiology
• The study of structure • The study of how the
and body parts that different body parts
make up an organism. work together in a
living organism.
1. The layers that make up the skin.
2. The way blood flows from the
heart to the different parts of the
body.
3. The different bones that make up
the human ear.
4. The process of oxygen absorption
in the lungs.
Directional Terms
• It tells us where body parts are
located with reference to the
body in anatomical position.

Can you give examples of

directions?
• Anterior (ventral): located toward the
front.
Windpipe (trachea) is anterior to the
esophagus.
• Posterior (dorsal): located toward the
back.
The heart is posterior to the rib cage.
• Superior : located above another part,
or toward the head.
The face is superior to the neck.
• Inferior : below another part, or toward
the feet.
The navel is inferior to the chin.
• Medial: nearer than another part to an
imaginary midline of the body.
The bridge of the nose is medial to the
eyes.
• Lateral : farther away from the midline.
The eyes are lateral to the nose.
• Proximal : closer to the point of
attachment or closer to the trunk.
The elbow is proximal to the hand.
• Distal: farther from the point of
attachment or farther from the trunk or
torso.
The hand is distal to the elbow.
• Superficial (external): located near the
surface.
The skin is superficial to the muscles.
• Deep (internal): located away from the
surface.
The intestines are deep to the spine.
• Central: situated at the center of the body or
an organ.
The central nervous system is located along
the main axis of the body.
• Peripheral: situated away from the center of
the body or an organ.
The peripheral nervous system is located
outside the central nervous system.
 Superior or Inferior
The knees to the waist.
 Anterior or Posterior
The heel to the toes.
 Deep or Superficial
The heart to the ribs.
• Regions of the Body
• Divides the body
into different planes.
• Done when you have
to analyze body
parts in sections.
• A sagittal
(median) plane
extends
lengthwise and
divides the
body into right
and left
portions.
• A frontal
(coronal) plane
also extends
lengthwise, but it
is perpendicular
to a sagittal
plane and
divides the body
or an organ into
anterior and
posterior
portions.
• A transverse
(horizontal) plane
is perpendicular to
the body’s long
axis and therefore
divides the body
horizontally to
produce a cross
section.
• A transverse cut
divides the body
or an organ into
superior and
inferior portions.
• Life is characterized by
hierarchical levels of
organization, each with
emergent properties.
• Animals are multicellular
organisms with their specialized
cells grouped into tissues.
• In most animals, combinations of various
tissues make up functional units called
organs, and groups of organs that work
together form organ systems.
• For example, the human digestive
system consists of a stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, and several
other organs, each a composite of
different tissues.
• Tissues are groups of cells with a common
structure and function.
• Different types of tissues have different
structures that are especially suited to their
functions.
• A tissue may be held together by a sticky
extracellular matrix that coats the cells or
weaves them together in a fabric of fibers.
• The term tissue is from a Latin word
meaning “weave.”
Animal tissues fall into four
broad categories:
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nervous
• Epithelial tissues coat the body’s internal
and external surfaces with one or more
layers of tightly packed cells.
• They cover organs and line the inside of
hollow organs and body cavities.
• The diverse functions of epithelial tissues
include protection, nutrient absorption
along the intestinal tract, and gas diffusion
in the lungs.
• These tissues also form glands, organs that
secrete substances into ducts or into the
bloodstream.
• Glands release breast milk, sweat, saliva,
tears, mucus, hormones, enzymes, and
many other important secretions.
• The most widespread tissue type in a
vertebrate’s body is connective tissue and it
consists of cells that are scattered within the
extracellular matrix rather than being attached
to one another.
• Connective tissues fill spaces, attach
epithelium to other tissues, protect and
cushion organs, and provide both flexible and
firm structural support.
• Unlike epithelial tissues, connective tissues
never coat any body surface.
• Muscle tissue consists of cells that
contract (become shorter) when
electrically stimulated.
• Contraction occurs when protein
filaments composed of actin and myosin
slide past one another.
• Abundant mitochondria in muscle cells
provide the energy for contraction.
• Nervous tissue conveys information
rapidly within an animal’s body.
• Sensory cells detect stimuli such as the
scent of a rose or a prick of its thorn.
Other cells then transmit that information
along nerves to the central nervous
system (brain and spinal cord), which
helps you interpret what you experience.