CELL CYCLE AND MITOSIS

There are numerous processes that play great roles in the body of a living organism. In
eukaryotic cells, the stages of the cell cycle are divided into two major phases: interphase and
the mitotic (M) phase. During interphase, the cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA. In general,
interphase is a stage for cell to get ready for cell division. During the mitotic(M) phase, the cell
separates its DNA into two and divides its cytoplasm, forming new two daughter cells. The
preparation for division happens in three steps, the first stage is G1 stage. Second stage is s phase,
and the third stage is G2 stage. G1 phase or the first gap phase, an interval of cell growth before
the cells undergoes DNA replication. During this stage several all cellular contain in the cell are
duplicate except for chromosomes. As a result, the number of organelles in cell increase and the
volume of cytoplasm for the cell are also increase. After G1 phase, the cell undergoes the S phase
or the synthesis. In S phase or synthesis, the cell synthesizes a complete copy of DNA. It also
duplicates a microtubule organizing structure called centrosome. The centrosomes help separate
DNA during M phase. During the G2 phase or second gap phase, the cell grows more and makes
proteins and organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis.
Mitosis is one of this process which reproduce cells and it is a type of cell division that a
parent cell divides into two daughter cells. Mitosis is a fundamental process as it is the most basic
needed for any type of life sustainability. A living organism cell uses mitosis because not all cells
can last for a long time. Human beings shed millions of skin cells a day and without mitosis, it is
not easy to replace these lost cells. Development and growth of living organism is possible
through mitosis. Mitosis helps in cell development and many times living organism loss or shed
of certain skin cells they need to be replaced for an organism to survive. Now cells are easily
formed through mitosis and they are similar to the cells being replaced.
For the mitosis process to be successful, there are several stages that living organism cells
have to go through, and they are;
Prophase- In this stage the chromatin (a special protein that chromosomes are made up of)
condenses into chromosomes. The centriole split in this stage and moves to the opposite poles
where spindle threads for in between.
Metaphase- This is the stage where chromosomes lie on the equator of the cell and its attached
to the spindle of microfibers by its centromere.
Anaphase- At this stage, centromere splits and each chromosome divides into two sister
chromatids. The chromatids can now assemble at the opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase- A nuclear membrane forms around each of the daughter chromosomes gathered at
the poles of the cell. They later uncoil to form diffuse chromatin. The cytoplasm then divides
through a process known as a cytokinesis. It is a process whereby the cytoplasm of a single cell is
divided to form two daughter cells. It occurs for both plant cell and animal cell but there is a bit
different between each other. In animal cell, cytokinesis occurs by the formation of the cleavage
furrow. This cleavage furrow will deepen gradually. As a result, the cytoplasm will separate into
two daughter cells. In plant cells, a structure known as the cell plate forms midway between the
divided nuclei. This will become the spot where the cell walls will form.
There are three checkpoints in cell cycle. The checkpoints are G1 checkpoint, G2 M, and
the spindle checkpoint. This checkpoint will control the cell division and several enzyme reactions
occur at each checkpoint.
 CELL CYCLE AND
MITOSIS

Submitted by:
Mylene A. Agapito
DDM- 1

Submitted to:
Mr. John Michael Panoy