Characteristics, Processes, & Ethics of Research

CHARACTERISTICS

 Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.

 Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
 Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a
problem.
 Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether
historical, descriptive, and experimental case study.
 Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.
 Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using
systematic method and procedures.
 Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable
the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.

PROCESS

1. Select a general problem.

2. Review the literature of the problem.
3. Select a specific research problem, question, or hypothesis.
4. Collect data.
5. Analyze and present or display data.
6. Interpret the findings and state conclusions or generalizations regarding the problem.

FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN SELECTING A RESEARCH PROBLEM

1. Researcher’s area of interest

2. Availability of funds
3. Investigator’s ability and training

ETHICS

Ethics generally is considered to deal with beliefs about what is right or wrong, proper or
improper, good or bad. According to a dictionary definition (Webster’s 1968), to be ethical is to
conform to accepted professional practice.

Ethical Considerations in Conducting Research.

1. Objectivity and integrity

2. Respect of the research subjects’ right to privacy and dignity and protection of
subjects from personal harm.
3. Presentation of research findings.
4. Misuse of research role
5. Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance
6. Distortions of findings by sponsor

Unethical Practices in Conducting Research.

1. Deceiving a respondent about the true purpose of a study.

2. Asking a respondent questions that cause him or her extreme embarrassment, guilt,
emotional turmoil by reminding him or her of an unpleasant experience.
3. Invading the privacy of a respondent.
4. Studying the respondents or research subjects without their knowledge.
5. When analyzing the data – revealing only part of the facts, presenting fats out of
context, falsifying findings or offering misleading presentations such as lying with
statistics.