Bergstrom-Boyce and

Three-Network models

Arturo Valentin, PhD

March 10, 2016

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 “Panta Rhei”
trelax
Deborah number: De 
t prob
Term coined by Markus Reiner,
founder of the Society of Rheology

trelax   No flow

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 Motivation
Stress Relaxation
Stress

stretched and held

at fixed length Elastic: De ? 1
Viscoelastic: De  1
 Time

Viscous: De ? 1
trelax
De 
t prob
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 What is viscoelasticity?
• Time dependent, dissipative process
– Thermodynamically irreversible
– No separate elastic and plastic regimes
– Material always flows
• Can recover an “equilibrium” response
as a special case  trelax   
– Viscous response vanishes
– Non-dissipative
– Typically modeled as hyperelastic
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 Dissipation

Hysteresis (internal dissipation)

Bergstrom & Boyce (1998)

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 Rate dependence

Strain rate dependence

Bergstrom & Boyce (1998)

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 Relaxation

2 3 Stress relaxation
1 4

1 3

Bergstrom & Boyce (1998)

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 Equilibrium response

Equilibrium response
(i.e., hyperelastic)

Bergstrom (1999)
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 Approach
• Idealize material as a system of parallel
networks
• Individual networks can be either elastic
or viscoelastic
Rheological
Representation

Viscoelastic
Elastic

Dissipative and
time-dependent

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 Kinematics (motions)
• All networks must move together Rheological
Representation
• Each network may have
independent material properties
and rheological description
• In principle, there may be n
networks deforming in parallel
• Motion of a network may be
decomposed into elastic and
inelastic parts
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 Kröner-Lee decomposition
Motions decomposed:
Elastic part
Inelastic (viscous) part

Xi  X X e
i
v
i

Inelastic  X v 1
deformation rate D X
v
i
v
i i

i  1,..., n
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 Constitutive description
Inelastic part: time dependent behavior (flow
rate) which depends in part on the inelastic
motions and associated driving stress.

i  i  Xi  ,
Inelastic
flow rate ˆ v

Inelastic D v
Flow
deformation D  i N , N 
v
i
v
i
v
i
i
direction
rate D v
i

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 Bergstrom-Boyce
viscoelasticity
• Time-dependent “reptation” as entangled Rheological
Representation
polymer chains slide relative to each other
• Two parallel networks: one hyperelastic
(A), the other viscoelastic (B) Network A Network B
• Viscoelastic response depends on inelastic
chain stretch and a driving stress
• Elastic response of network B is scaled to
that of network A by a ratio

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 Bergstrom-Boyce
Captures essential viscoelastic behavior
Hysteresis
Time-dependence
Dissipations (optionally, heat generation)
Neglects irreversible behaviors:
Mullins effect
Damage (e.g., changing shear modulus)
Plasticity (permanent set)
• Static and implicit dynamic analyses only
• 3D solid/shell elements and 2D
axisymmetric/plane strain elements
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 Bergstrom-Boyce
viscoelasticity
These assumptions are excellent
approximations for behavior of:
• Filled rubbers
• Nitrile rubbers
• Silicone rubbers
• Various other elastomers

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 Bergstrom-Boyce
viscoelasticity in ADINA
Not limited for use with a
single hyperelastic model
– Eight chain
– Arruda-Boyce
– Ogden
– Mooney-Rivlin
– Sussman-Bathe
– Hyperfoam

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 Bergstrom-Boyce
viscoelasticity in ADINA
Not limited for use with a
single hyperelastic model
– Eight chain
– Arruda-Boyce
– Ogden
– Mooney-Rivlin
– Sussman-Bathe
– Hyperfoam

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 Bergstrom-Boyce
viscoelasticity in ADINA
Inelastic flow rule

B  K1    1  K 4  MB 
v K2 K3
B

 
v
tr X vT
B X vB 
B
3

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 Limitations

Cyclic strain
softening

www.ing.unibs.it/~avanzini/

Bergstrom-Boyce model cannot

capture this behavior.

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 Three-Network Model
Generalization of the Bergstrom- Bergstrom & Bischoff (2010)
Boyce viscoelastic model
• One purely elastic network (C)
• Elastic responses of A&B use the
eight-chain model (shear modulus and
locking stretch)
• Irreversible, damage-like shear
modulus “softening”
• Includes temperature dependent
material properties

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 Three-Network Model
Viscoelastic effects, irreversible, time-,
temperature-, and load history-dependent
changes to the material’s effective stiffness.

These more complex behaviors

are important when modeling:
• Polyethylene
• Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
“Teflon”
• Various other synthetic polymers

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 Evolving shear modulus
Viscoelastic network B’s elastic
response can soften as a function of
network A’s inelastic flow rate history.

 B     B   B final   A

Initial condition: B  B init

B  B final
monotonically www.ing.unibs.it/~avanzini/

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 Three-Network Model
Implemented as a separate material model
Includes hyperelastic response
Can include thermal effects/expansion
Can capture heat generation
Requires substantially more input than
Bergstrom-Boyce model
• Static and implicit dynamic analyses only
• 3D solid/shell elements and 2D
axisymmetric/plane strain elements
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 Three-Network Model
in ADINA

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 Three-Network Model
in ADINA

Bergstrom & Bischoff (2010)

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 Thermal effects

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 Comparisons
Bergstrom-Boyce
 Can be used with any of ADINA’s
hyperelastic rubber models
 Relatively simple
Three-Network
 Separate material model
 Captures evolving, irreversible
changes in shear modulus
 More complexity
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 Validation & verification
“Small punch test”

coin-shaped specimen (TNM)

quarter-symmetry
frictional contact
27-node elements

punch Large displacements

and strains

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 Mechanical parameters
(UHMWPE)
Quantity (network) Value
Locking stretch 3.25
Bulk modulus 6000 MPa
Pressure dependence of flow 0.073
Shear modulus (A) 200 MPa
Flow resistance (A) 3.25 MPa
Stress exponent (A) 30
Initial shear modulus (B) 293 MPa
Final shear modulus (B) 79.1 MPa
Evolution rate (B) 31.9
Flow resistance (B) 20.1 MPa
Stress exponent (B) 30
Shear modulus (C) 10.0 MPa
Relative contribution of I2 (C) 0.23

From Bergstrom & Bischoff (2010)

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 Validation & verification

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 Validation & verification

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 Validation & verification

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 Validation & verification

3D runtime: ~1 hour
Axisymmetric: ~1 minute
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 Evolving shear modulus
Viscoelastic network B’s elastic
response can soften as a function of
network A’s inelastic flow rate history.


 B     B   B final   A

Initial condition: B  B init

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 Evolving shear modulus

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 Dissipations
• Recall hysteresis/energy loss
– “Stress work”
– Arises from viscous dissipations

ADINA outputs the internal dissipations

resulting from all viscoelastic networks.

Dint  T : D
v v

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 Dissipations

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 Heat generation

Energy dissipated as heat

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 Potential problems
*** ERROR NO. A4063 ***

No convergence in stress update BB net-B for eg, el = 2 25

Model {BB/TN}
Network {A/B}
Location

Stress update is an
iterative procedure within
each Newton iteration

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 Recommendations
• Enable ATS
• Use shorter time steps

Increasing maximum number of stress

update iterations is less effective.

It is NOT recommended to loosen the

stress update tolerance RTOL as this
will introduce accumulating errors in
our time-dependent problem.
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