A THREE-TERMINAL DEVICE

The r Parameters
r primarily denotes the internal resistance to the transistor
 The r Parameters
 r’b – effect is usually small that it can be replaced
by a short circuit
 r’c – is about 100 kilo ohms that it can be replaced
by an open circuit
 r’e – appears between emitter and base current
- the resistance “seen” looking into the emitter of
a forward-biased transistor
 A model is the combination of circuit elements, properly
chosen, that best approximates the actual behaviour of a
semiconductor device under specific operating conditions.

the ac equivalent of a network is obtained by:

1. Setting all dc sources to zero and replacing them by a short-

circuit equivalent

2. Replacing all capacitors by a short-circuit equivalent

3. Removing all elements bypassed by the short-circuit

equivalents introduced by steps 1 and 2

4. Redrawing the network in a more convenient and logical

form
 REMOVAL OF THE DC SUPPLY AND
REPLACING ALL CAPACITORS BY A SHORT
ORIGINAL CIRCUIT
CIRCUIT EQUIVALENT (steps 1 & 2)

REMOVAL OF THE
ELEMENTS BYPASSED
BY THE SHORT CIRCUIT
EQUIVALENT AND
REDRAWING THE
CIRCUIT (steps 3 & 4)
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
For a common-base configuration on the figure with IE = 4 mA, α=0.98, and an ac
signal of 2 mV applied between the base and emitter terminals:
(a) Determine the input impedance.

(b) Calculate the voltage gain if a load of 0.56 k is connected to the output terminals.

(c) Find the output impedance and current gain

Common Base Configuration with RE and RC
For the network below, determine:
a. re
b. Zi
c. Av
d. Ai
Solution:
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Given : β=120 and IE = 3.2 mA for a common-emitter configuration
with ro= determine:
(a) Zi. (b) Av if a load of 2 k is applied.

(c) Ai with the 2 k load.

CE Emitter Fixed -Bias Configuration

1. Removal of the effect Vcc,

C1 and C2
2. Substituting the r’e model into the network
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Voltage Divider Bias Configuration
SAMPLE PROBLEM
CE EMITTER-BIAS CONFIGURATION
Solving for Zi Solving for Av

Solving for Zo

Phase Relation
The negative sign in
Av reveals a 180deg
phase shift between
Vi and Vo
Solving for Ai
SAMPLE PROBLEM
For the network below without CE (unbypassed), determine:
Solution
EMITTER FOLLOWER CONFIGURATION

Emitter-follower configuration Substituting the rE equivalent circuit to

the ac equivalent network
 Solving for Zo
Solving for Zi

Solving for Av
Solving for Ai
SAMPLE PROBLEM
For the emitter follower network, determine:
Solution
 COLLECTOR FEEDBACK
CONFIGURATION

Substituting the rE equivalent circuit to

Emitter-follower configuration the ac equivalent network
The level of input impedance can have a significant impact on the
level of signal that reaches the system(or amplifier)
SAMPLE PROBLEM
For the system on the figure, determine the level of input impedance.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
For the system on the figure, determine the level of output impedance
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
For the BJT amplifier of Fig. 7.14, determine:
(a) Vi. (b) Ii.

(c) Zi. (d) Avs

.