CHA. Inelastic Material Behavior \3 o Multi-axia2 stress sixte > Qilune ariterion. 2 initiation oP inelastic response Al. Limitation on _uniaxtal stress -stmin data 4. Rate oP Loading, + High load rate - strain at Fracture vo reduced. material response to less ductile. increase yield strength and Young's medulh, 2. Low Temperature . o Low tempercture - material response ta brittle 3. High Terperature o High temperature ae creep + strom under constant laxd continues +o increase. umtiQ Rocture occurs, 4. Landing - unloading _ °DiPerent. sbpe fir unloading path. oBauschinger efPect ; + Compressive yield occurs hefire. ~Y. - Tension ~ compression yreld stresSes Ow 2Y. 5, MultiaxiaR Stress Stote. Convert to effective uniaxial stress and compare with uniaxial stress.42. Nonlinear Moteria Response Be Above linear regron ~ ebstic, plastic, viscoelastic viscoplastic, op fracture. oF x elastic. 25 plastic visoelastic viscoplastic e Nenlinear elastic ~ unleading path coincides with beading pth. » Plostic ~ Remains permanent strum after the load is relensed. o Viscoelastic ~ APter complete umlaading , Hs material will return to an umstroumed state. e Visceplastic ~ APier complete Unbading, the response changes with time, ut permanent strawn remauina. # Fracture ~ (1) linear = fracture, (2) nonlinear =>facture G) crock growth with load repetition => fracture A) rapid crack ——grewth =) fracture. 2. Hodels oP UnioxiaQ Stress -Stmin Curve, + Two types oP gieiding (abrupt 2 gradual) o v £ 8 c Y loadingelastic— perfectly -plastic elastic— linear strain hardening , . bosng (plastic) 7 lading cplstc) umloodsing (elostic) Unloading (elastic) 5 € — rigid perfectly plastic rig) strain hardening plastic relastic part lo ignored Cmetal Reming ) ~ Nonlinear elastic + umigue relation bid stress & stun Cpetentiad fimction) . path mdependent = Plastic > strain depends on the histery of leodvig & Unloading path dependent Ex Al elastic oT = om a plastic ve {34P - member Bree HW = Zeae P Le - member sites 0 =H = sAZeS ~ elastic region (E Em Cea “Eis Exs. Ep HE Fy = G(RG,CD,HS), = Ty (RS) = Ay. @) which member will yield first ? CHW,RS).Ce ae a ee ce “pia =AC4xSe-€ + fee) = OHA = A xscoxio%x looxie® = 112.0 KN «) Fully, platie Leool Fp. ak smembos a2 in the plashe Asgien. Pp 220: A =(kOy x2 + x3) A = ACA = Ax 500x108x lox! = 200 kN). (C) Load displacement diggram stage 4: a0 laste TH Tharizcntat stage 2 2 MN, RS ploste stage 3 i Re. H> plastic stage; CD plastic 6 “Pp D paar kD, Us Seba = ZeebLay = S20ao 1 = nam, - q K ® prA(axHt-e ¢axBe +Z-c) =] = = 2. =A s175 kN. US 2mm ® pz2cokN U=Sanm cd) Residuad farres in the members. Assume all oP them ara 4m the elastic Unleading elastic slope OA // DE Was _ 206 2e€ = 2.222 mm. has 2e BALE AP = EASE Puy = SPs = Pag = ORs = ew Lep2 Pro = Pry ~OP,F 25 4444 = 19.44 = bes 42 Pra = Frey —2ihq= 50 -Addu= 5.56 = Pus eo =Ror — 4Ro= 56- 22.22 = 27.73 artes 43. Wield Criteria. UmiaxiaR stress => mubtiaxial stress steko, o Plasticity theory - material behavior after initial yrdd. - yield criterion ~ initiation oP yielding. - Plow rule - plastic strewn increment us. stress increment - hardening rula - change oP yreld surface, 6 Yield criteria f{ép muttiaxial stress. - DeFine effective (epuivlen) uniaxial stress. Compare it rich uniaxial stress. - Described ora Dh by yred Function FQ). | — effective stress Ge - yield sure , £ =o, Ww often plotted in the principal stress space (Ui, Gi, Os)Be Principal stress Griterion (Rankine) 63 - Materia& yields when max. principal stress Ti reaches tensile strength ‘Y, — Wo effect from other principal streses. Met acurate Por ductile materials, but geod Rr brrtele matarrol. q Si _ S “} ‘C; Ti 2 D7. Trax Fi Tine = FEF 2. Max. Princ Strawn Criterion -Mox. principal strain reaches yield strain oP uniaxial test ee, G-vZ& - For biaxial stress, € = © te . Thug, yield cam begin far Tie Mot accury far ductile maternal. Relatively good for brittle material. Je = max |G- PT -vOe | : ePRetve stress. aejtk To. When J3=03. Stain - Energy _Donsity Criterion [44 ~ Materia gields when 3D straim-energy demity = stran- energy density oP uniaxial test af yield. Ge loos Gar(GTh+BH +0) ] = = biaxiol stress %=0a=0, W370 Us = 3 C20-v) 07] = 3k Y? => ae when 3 T= YNZ pao -Umiaxia2 stress GiaT, Ti=G3F0 SET = 5BY* THY at yield. - 30 stress - Yied surface ta gllipsaid. 2 O45 7 Oy v=o, sphere, radius =4A. Yielding oP Ductile Metals ce -Resistence te shear farce along the slip planes s relatively smal. = yield criterion le based on shear stress, 1. Max. ear Stress Criterion ~ Material yields when Tmay = may. shear at yield in unioxio£ test. Gnox = ib (Giax ~Trin) = G = uniaxia? +ensien test T £ & Ye ne=yY, O2=G=0. i 7-2 -fi regular hexagon in principal stress space. - Good agreement with experimental resulto - Pure shear test Tr io about 15% higher than Tresaa theory. =) conservative criterion. oO Safe region Failure in max. shear stress theory Safe in distortion energy theory Tresca Criterion o von Mises Criterion2. Distertional Energy _ Density Con Mises) Criterion ae - Materio2 yields when distortion strain energy density = distortion strain energy density at yield in the Umioxial -tonsile test. - Distortion energy = energy associated with a change in +he shape of a body. —— 7 volumetric distertional density Ue = ae LoPM+ G+ B*- 2-CHGT +9 B BH) Tm = Oh = strain energy density with Ti =Ti 203 =Tin. = ae COP 4 Ont 4G —2> (Tah +m Tm + OT) | - 3 as) go +Gt035 2 Ons 4= [ 3 al Q = {a2 Coos on TR+T TAG}= Distortion onergy um ID (T=Y, G=G=0) Ar = a Udy = S G= x6) 1 7g LOT PHO -y+ (G-GF] = BY = Yield fiction von Mises stress. - second deviatoric stress invariant Ja ~ Alternative yield Function = =O - Use octahedral stress Toct tm pp. IB. = = $0.47], | - Yield surface ta a cylinder that covers Tres hexagon. | - Biaxial stress i ellipsoid im G\-0 plane, | ~ Accurate fir ductile metal. more accurat +than Tres.eX) T=-h=T, G=0. \43_ -ven Mises yield Function Po3g2-Y=0 0 on max. shear stress Tina = 2ITR-Tal = T Thus, material yields ad T= Thay = Ty = GF =e = o5T1T. Max. shear stress avitenon T= os -. Tresca criterion to amore conservative, — Thesca to easier to opply. - ven Mises criterion has aortinueus normal vector =) convenient Rr computational plasticity, 3. Hydrostatic Stress 8. 7C— plane - hyhostatic stress does not contribute to yield, r hydrostatic axis two planes are diPRerent by Vin, eet plane. vw - T-plome : deviatoric plane with j= 03=G=Gn=o0,Von Mises. —von Hises yield surface io circle in 7-plane. —Tresca yield surface vo regular hexagon. 4.5. Alternative Yield Criteria 4. Mohr-Coulomb Yield Criterion Rock & concrete depends on hydrostatic stress, = compressive Om increase> gield resistance diPPerent yield stesses fer tension 4 compression. — Materia properties :;cohesten C G Cintemal frrcticn 4. = Mohr-Coubmb giatd Finction C Ti>02 793) PT — 1D tension ne coo 1 aing 1D compression 2c Co Yo= 2c cog (Theo, B=-Ye) Inaing (2%, G==0)- when YF & Ye are availabe, mactrus? ihe properties ¢ cat TRE, singh EE = Yied surface to irregular hexagon. in 76 plane, z. Brucker -Prager ‘field Criterion. — Generalization oP vn Mises criterion with hydrostatic stress. ~ Yield function _ 2.20 _ 66 coo . 89 EE KRG) onpression = aang . é ** Bestame) k= eed Ponesin. 3. Hill's Criterion Br O} ic Harterials - Generalization oP von Mises criterion. — Let XYZ be 3 yield tensile stragth oP 1,2.3-dirs, and Siz, Six. Sag: shear yield strength. 2A BIP Rh, 2Gapie yy 2H= "YR, ale aM SE 22 Sh - Fer isotropic material, OR =6G@=6H=L=H=), » Mises.46. General Nielding = Failure load : load Re which the load-dePlection curve for the member beames nanlinean. “lew bourd load far goneral yielding maces, Fully plastic lead : all cross-sections are yielded. [pl supper bound. fan elastic—perfectly plastic met. 6 Failure Load —towsion Re = a ee: oe el bending ¢ My = G ore 4 © Fully Plastic Load : ” elastic-perfectly plastic mat. ae M=ybh-Axa . tae EG at Yagy ) fee= Ga ke at got . -- a leaake! | = Eguilibriwm oP moment | ZMz = ee M= Hep = -Tn the elastic region Vaz = KY hy Mep = 2 4376 )o"s a[ tye" }, = ag gbery + ye(t)- buy = dYbh’- 3Yb8TMep = £YbK- -4yb (ah fo aa kh becames large Hep~> SMy = Mp Pull plastic mmamowk. - Residual bending smomert Apply Mx=—Mep elastiath, => Ten (4) Residua2 stress = Jep —Oe. 2. Fiuthy Plastic Moment ~ gielding either tenaten or aompressisn over the entire cress-sectian. hy q Bextral b ken Hp = 3, Shear EPPect fir Beam Bendurg _ L = (Ss oe But, T to small for most beam,Example 4A When M=h28Mr, By =? Mep = My [2 - sp] = hasty = Foy | GR Sete ARG. : = _h br" ae 7 aR, 6. Comparison of Failure Criteria -Tresca 2 von Mises criteria are acceptable fn Tsetropic ductile metals. — When fielding occurs fr tensile test : A) max. princip2 stress TT RY. 2) Max. principal stmin & = Ey © Y/E) 3) stram energy density Us = xs 4) max. shear stress Tmo = Se (=Y/2) 5) distortion energy density Ug = Vay (=7%) 6) Cctohedral stress Tae = FY. 6. Interpretation oP Failue Criteria = Max. diPPerence b/t Thesca 2 um Mises to sheahHw; Solve problems 44 4.17 4.26 433 [Bs 4.4. The members AD and CF in Figure P44 are made of elastic-perfectly plastic structural steel, and member BE is made of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy (see Appendix A for proper ties). The members each have a cross-sectional area of 100 mn. Determine the load P =P; that initiates yield of the structure and the fully plastic load Pp for which all the members yield. pear 12m FIGURE P4. 4.17. The structural stee! in a T-beam has a yield strength ¥ = 260 MPa (Figure P4.17). The critical section of the beam is suibjected to a moment that causes compression in the top fibers of the beam, Determine the fully plastic moment Mp. 200 mn—>} 50mm 200 mm 50mm} FIGURE P4.17 4.26. Consider a cantilever beam of rectangular cross section of width and depth A, A lateral force P is applied at the free end of the beam (Figure P4.26). The beam material is elastic perfectly plastic (see Figure 4.44). ‘a, Determine the load P = Py that causes initial yield in the beam. b. Determine the load P = Pp that produces complete yielding of the cross section in flexure. Compute the ratio Pp/Py. FIGURE P4.26 4.33. The shat in Figure P4.33 is supported in flexible bearings at A and D, and two gears B and C are attached to the shaft at the locations shown, The gears are acted on by tangential forces as shown by the end view. The shalt is made of a ductile steel having a yield stress ¥ = 290 MPa. Ifthe factor of safety for the design of the shaft is SF = 1.85, determine the diameter of the shaft using the maximum shear-stress criterion for the initiation of yielding failure. o 8) |300 mm FIGURE P4.33